What is the etiology of religious revolution? The principal law governing it is that any marked change either in scientific knowledge or in ethical feeling necessitates a corresponding alteration in the faith. All the great religious innovations of Luther and his followers can be explained as an attempt to readjust faith to the new culture, partly intellectual, partly social, that had gradually developed during the later Middle Ages.
[Sidenote: Faith vs. works]
The first shift, and the most important, was that from salvation by works to salvation by faith only. The Catholic dogma is that salvation is dependent on certain sacraments, grace being bestowed automatically (ex opere operato) on all who participate in the celebration of the rite without actively opposing its effect. Luther not only reduced the number of sacraments but he entirely changed their character. Not they, but the faith of the participant mattered, and {746} this faith was bestowed freely by God, or not at all. In this innovation one primary cause was the individualism of the age; the sense of the worth of the soul or, if one pleases, of the ego. This did not mean subjectivism, or religious autonomy, for the Reformers held passionately to an ideal of objective truth, but it did mean that every soul had the right to make its personal account with God, without mediation of priest or sacrament. Another element in this new dogma was the simpler, and yet more profound, psychology of the new age. The shift of emphasis from the outer to the inner is traceable from the earliest age to the present, from the time when Homer delighted to tell of the good blows struck in fight to the time when fiction is but the story of an inner, spiritual struggle. The Reformation was one phase in this long process from the external to the internal. The debit and credit balance of outward work and merit was done away, and for it was substituted the nobler, or at least more spiritual and less mechanical, idea of disinterested morality and unconditioned salvation. The God of Calvin may have been a tyrant, but he was not corruptible by bribes.
We are so much accustomed to think of dogma as theesseof religion that it is hard for us to do justice to the importance of this change. Really, it is not dogma so much as rite and custom that is fundamental. The sacramental habit of mind was common to medieval Christianity and to most primitive religions. For the first time Luther substituted for the sacramental habit, or attitude, its antithesis, an almost purely ethical criterion of faith. The transcendental philosophy and the categorical imperative lay implicit in the famoussola fide.
[Sidenote: Monism]
The second great change made by Protestantism was more intellectual, that from a pluralistic to a monistic {747} standpoint. Far from the conception of natural law, the early Protestants did little or nothing to rationalize, or explain away, the creeds of the Catholics, but they had arrived at a sufficiently monistic philosophy to find scandal in the worship of the saints, with its attendant train of daily and trivial miracles. To sweep away the vast hierarchy of angels and canonized persons that made Catholicism quasi-polytheistic, and to preach pure monotheism was in the spirit of the time and is a phenomenon for which many parallels can be found. Instructive is the analogy of the contemporary trend to absolutism; neither God nor king any longer needed intermediaries.
[Sidenote: Political and economic aspects]
(2) In two aspects the Reformation was the religious expression of the current political and economic change. In the first place it reflected and reacted upon the growing national self-consciousness, particularly of the Teutonic peoples. [Sidenote: Nationalism and Teutonism] The revolt from Rome was in the interests of the state church, and also of Germanic culture. The break-up of the Roman church at the hands of the Northern peoples is strikingly like the break-up of the Roman Empire under pressure from their ancestors. Indeed, the limits of the Roman church practically coincided with the boundaries of the Empire. The apparent exception of England proves the rule, for in Britain the Roman civilization was swept away by the German invasions of the fifth and following centuries.
That the Reformation strengthened the state was inevitable, for there was no practical alternative to putting the final authority in spiritual matters, after the pope had been ejected, into the hands of the civil government. Congregationalism was tried and failed as tending to anarchy. But how little the Reformation was really responsible for the new despotism and the divine right of kings, is clear from a comparison with {748} the Greek church and the Turkish Empire. In both, the same forces which produced the state churches of Western Europe operated in the same way. Selim I, a bigoted Sunnite, after putting down the Shi'ite heresy, induced the last caliph of the Abbasid dynasty to surrender the sword and mantle of the prophet; thereafter he and his successors were caliphs as well as sultans. In Russia Ivan the Terrible made himself, in 1547, head of the national church.
[Sidenote: Capitalism]
Protestantism also harmonized with the capitalistic revolution in that its ethics are, far more than those of Catholicism, oriented by a reference to this world. The old monastic ideal of celibacy, solitude, mortification of the flesh, prayer and meditation, melted under the sun of a new prosperity. In its light men began to realize the ethical value of this life, of marriage, of children, of daily labor and of success and prosperity. It was just in this work that Protestantism came to see its chance of serving God and one's neighbor best. The man at the plough, the maid with the broom, said Luther, are doing God better service than does the praying, self-tormenting monk.
Moreover, the accentuation of the virtues of thrift and industry, which made capitalism and Calvinism allies, but reflected the standards natural to the bourgeois class. It was by the might of the merchants and their money that the Reformation triumphed; conversely they benefited both by the spoils of the church and by the abolition of a privileged class. Luther stated that there was no difference between priest and layman; some men were called to preach, others to make shoes, but—and this is his own illustration—the one vocation is no more spiritual than the other. No longer necessary as a mediator and dispenser of sacramental grace, the Protestant clergyman sank inevitably to the same level as his neighbors.
{749} [Sidenote: Intellectual aspect]
(3) In its relation to the Renaissance and to modern thought the Reformation solved, in its way, two problems, or one problem, that of authority, in two forms. Though anything but consciously rational in their purpose, the innovating leaders did assert, at least for themselves, the right of private judgment. Appealing from indulgence-seller to pope, from pope to council, from council to the Bible and (in Luther's own words) from the Bible to Christ, [Sidenote: Individualism] the Reformers finally came to their own conscience as the supreme court. Trying to deny to others the very rights they had fought to secure for themselves, yet their example operated more powerfully than their arguments, even when these were made of ropes and of thumb-screws. The delicate balance of faith was overthrown and it was put into a condition of unstable equilibrium; the avalanche, started by ever so gentle a push, swept onward until it buried the men who tried to stop it half way. Dogma slowly narrowing down from precedent to precedent had its logical, though unintended, outcome in complete religious autonomy, yes, in infidelity and skepticism.
[Sidenote: Vulgarization of the Renaissance]
Protestantism has been represented now as the ally, now as the enemy of humanism. Consciously it was neither. Rather, it was the vulgarization of the Renaissance; it transformed, adapted, and popularized many of the ideas originated by its rival. It is easy to see now that the future lay rather outside of both churches than in either of them, if we look only for direct descent. Columbus burst the bounds of the world, Copernicus those of the universe; Luther only broke his vows. But the point is that the repudiation of religious vows was the hardest to do at that time, a feat infinitely more impressive to the masses than either of the former. It was just here that the religious movement became a great solvent of conservatism; it made the masses think, passionately if not {750} deeply, on their own beliefs. It broke the cake of custom and made way for greater emancipations than its own. It was the logic of events that, whereas the Renaissance gave freedom of thought to the cultivated few, the Reformation finally resulted in tolerance for the masses. Logically also, even while it feared and hated philosophy in the great thinkers and scientists, it advocated education, up to a certain point, for the masses.
[Sidenote: The Reformation a step forward]
In summary, if the Reformation is judged with historical imagination, it docs not appear to be primarily a reaction. That it should be such is botha prioriimprobable and unsupported by the facts. The Reformation did not giveouranswer to the many problems it was called upon to face; nevertheless it gave the solution demanded and accepted by the time, and therefore historically the valid solution. With all its limitations it was, fundamentally, a step forward and not the return to an earlier standpoint, either to that of primitive Christianity, as the Reformers themselves claimed, or to the dark ages, as has been latterly asserted.
[1] S. Reinach:Cultes, Mythes et Religions, iv, 467.
{751}
The amount of important unpublished documents on the Reformation, though still large, is much smaller than that of printed sources, and the value of these manuscripts is less than that of those which have been published. It is no purpose of this bibliography to furnish a guide to archives.
Though the quantity of unpublished material that I have used has been small, it has proved unexpectedly rich. In order to avoid repetition in each following chapter, I will here summarize manuscript material used (most of it for the first time), which is either still unpublished or is in course of publication by myself. SeeLuther's Correspondence, transl. and ed. by Preserved Smith and C. M. Jacobs, 1913 ff;English Historical Review, July 1919;Scottish Historical Review, Jan. 1919;Harvard Theological Review, April 1919;The N. Y. Nation, various dates 1919.
From the Bodleian Library, I have secured a copy of an unpublished letter and other fragments of Luther, press mark, Montagu d. 20, fol. 225, and Auct. Z. ii, 2.
From the British Museum I have had diplomatic correspondence of Robert Barnes, Cotton MSS., Vitellius B XXI, foil. 120 ff.; a letter of Albinianus Tretius to Luther, Add. MS. 19, 959, fol. 4b ff; and a portion of John Foxe'sCollection of Letters and Papers, Harleian MS 419, fol. 125.
From the Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia, collection of autographs made by Ferdinand J. Dreer, unpublished and hitherto unused letters of Erasmus, James VI of Scotland (2), Leo X, Hedio, Farel to Calvin, Forster, Melanchthon, Charles V, Albrecht of Mansfeld, Henry VIII, Francis I (3), Catherine de' Medici, Grynaeus, Viglius van Zuichem, Alphonso d'Este, Philip Marnix, Camden, Tasso, Machiavelli, Pius IV, Vassari, Borromeo, Alesandro Ottavio de' Medici (afterwards Leo XI), Clement VIII, Sarpi, Emperor Ferdinand, William of Nassau (1559), Maximilian III, Paul Eber (2), Rudolph II, Henry III, Philip II, Emanuel Philibert, Henry IV, Scaliger, Mary Queen of Scots, Robert Dudley (Leicester), Filippo Strozzi, and others.
From Wellesley College a patent of Charles V., dated Worms, March 6, 1521, granting mining rights to the Count of Belalcazar. Unpublished.
Prom the American Hispanic Society of New York unpublished letter ofHenry IV of France to Du Font, on his conversion, and letter of HenryVII of England to Ferdinand of Aragon.
Encyclopaedia Britannica.[11] 1910-1. (Many valuable articles of a thoroughly scientific character).
The New International Encyclopaedia, 1915f. (Equally valuable).
Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche.[3] 24 vols. Leipzig. 1896-1913. (Indispensable to the student of Church History; The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religions Knowledge, 12 vols., 1908 ff, though in part based on this, is far less valuable for the present subject).
Wetzer und Welte:Kirchenlexikon oder Encyclopädie der katholischenTheologie und ihrer Hülfswissenschaften. Zweite Auflage von J. Card.Hergenröther und F. Kaulen. Freiburg im Breisgau. 1880-1901. 12vols. (Valuable).
Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, hg. von H. Gunkel, O. Scheel, F. M. Schiele. 5 vols. 1909-13.
The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, Stanley Leathes. London and New York. 1902 ff. Vol. 1.The Renaissance. 1902. Vol. 2.The Reformation. 1904. Vol. 3.The Wars of Religion. 1905. Vol. 13.Tables and Index. 1911. Vol. 14.Maps. 1912. (A standard co-operative work, with full bibliographies).
Weltgeschichte, hg.v.J. von Pflugk-Harttung: Das Religiöse Zeitalter, 1500-1650. Berlin. 1907. (A co-operative work, written by masters of their subjects in popular style. Profusely illustrated).
E. Lavisse et A. Rambaud:Histoire générale du IVe siècle à nos jours.Tome IV Renaissance et réforme, les nouveaux mondes 1492-1559. 1894.Tome V.Les guerres de religion 1559-1648. 1895.
R. L. Poole:Historical Atlas of Modern Europe. 1902.
W. R. Shepherd:Historical Atlas. 1911.
Ramsay Muir:Hammond's New Historical Atlas for Students. 1914.
A list of general histories of the Reformation will be found in the bibliography to the last chapter.
An excellent introduction to the bibliography of the public documents of all countries will be found in theEncyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. "Record."
On economic changes see bibliography to chapter xi; on exploration, chapter ix; on universities, chapter xiii, 3. On printing:
J. Janssen:A History of the German People from the Close of the Middle Ages, transl. by M. A. Mitchell and A. M. Christie. 2d English ed. 16 volumes. 1905-10.
A. W. Pollard:Fine Books. 1912.
T. L. De Vinne:The Invention of Printing. 1878.
Veröffentlichungen der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft. 1901 ff.
H. Meisner und J. Luther:Die Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst. 1900.
Article "Typography" in Encyclopedia Britannica. (The author defends the now untenable thesis that printing originated in Holland, though the numerous and valuable data given by himself point clearly to Mayence as the cradle of the art).
SECTIONS 2 and 3.The Church, Causes of the Reformation
C. Mirbt:Quellen sur Geschichte des Papsttums und der römischen Katholizismus.[3] 1911. (Convenient and scholarly; indispensable to any one who has not a large library at command).
The Missal, compiled from the Missale Romanum. 1913.
The Priest's New Ritual, compiled by P. Griffith. 1902. (The rites of the Roman Church, except the Mass, partly in Latin, partly in English).
The Catechism of the Council of Trent, translated into English by J. Donovan. 1829.
Corpus Juris Canonici, post curas A. L. Richteri instruxit Aemilius Friedberg. 2 vols. 1879-81.
Codex Juris Canonici, Pii X jussu digestus, Benedicti XV auctoritate promulgatus. 1918.
Thomas Aquinas:Summa Theologiae. Many editions; the best, with a commentary by Cardinal Cajetan (1469-1534) inOpera Omnia, iussu impensaque Leonis XIII PP. vols. 4-10. 1882 ff.
The Summa theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. 1911 ff. (In course of publication, as yet, 6 vols).
Von der Hardt:Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium. 6 vols. 1700.
D. Mansi:Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Vols. 27-32.Venice. 1784 ff. (Identical reprint, Paris, 1902).
Most of the best literature of the 14th and 15th centuries, e.g., the works of Chaucer, Langland, Boccaccio and Petrach [Transcriber's note: Petrarch?].
Special works of ecclesiastical writers, humanists, nationalists and heretics quoted below.
V. Hasak:Der christliche Glaube des deutschen Volkes beim Schlusse des Mittelalters. 1868. (A collection of works of popular edification prior to Luther).
G. Berbig: "Die erste kursächsische Visitation im Ortland Franken."Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, iii. 336-402; iv. 370-408. 1905-6.
E. Friedberg:Lehrbuch des katholischen und evangelischenKirchenrechts.[5] Leipzig. 1903.
L. Pastor:History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages. English translation,[2] vols. 1-6 edited by Antrobus, vols. 7-12 edited by R. Kerr. 1899 ff. (Exhaustive, brilliantly written, Catholic, a little one-sided).
Mandel Creighton:A History of the Papacy 1378-1527. 6 vols. 1892 ff. (Good, but in large part superseded by Pastor).
F. Gregorovius:A History of Rome in the Middle Ages, translated byA. Hamilton. vols 7 and 8. 1900. (Brilliant).
Schaff's History of the Christian Church. Vol. 5, part 2. The Middle Ages. 1294-1517, by D. S. Schaff. 1910. (A scholarly summary, warmly Protestant).
J. Schnitzer:Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Savonarolas. 3 vols. 1902-4.
J. Schnitzer:Savonarola im Streite mit seinem Orden und seinemKloster. 1914.
H. Lucas:Fra Girolamo Savonarola.[2] 1906.
H. C. Lea:An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy.[3] 2 vols. 1907. (Lea's valuable works evince a marvelously wide reading in the sources, but are slightly marred by an insufficient use of modern scholarship).
H. C. Lea:A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in theLatin Church. 3 vols. 1896.
Aloys Schulte:Die Fugger in Rom, 1495-1523. 2 vols. Leipzig. 1904. (Describes the financial methods of the church. The second volume consists of documents).
E. Rodocanachi:Rome au temps de Jules II et de Léon X. 1912.
H. Böhmer:Luthers Romfahrt. 1914. (The latter part of this work gives a dark picture of the corruption of Rome at the beginning of the 16th century).
W. R. Inge:Life, Light and Love. 1904. (Selections from Eckart,Tauler, Suso, Ruysbroeck, etc.).
H. Denifle: "M. Eckeharts lateinische Schriften und dieGrundanschauung seiner Lehre."Archiv für LiteraturundSprachgeschichte. ii. 416-652.
Meister Eckeharts Schriften und Predigten aus dem Mittelhochdeutschenübersetzt von H. Buttner. 2 vols. 1912.
H. Seuses Deutsche Schriftenübertragen von W. Lehmann. 2 vols. 1914.
J. Taulers Predigten, übertragen von W. Lehmann. 2 vols. 1914.
Thomas à Kempis:imitatio Christi. (So many editions and translations of this celebrated work that it is hardly necessary to specify one).
The German Theology, translated by Susannah Winkworth. 1854.
Kuno Francke: "Medieval German Mysticism."Harvard TheologicalReview, Jan., 1912.
G. Siedel:Die Mystik Taulers. 1911.
M. Windstosser:Étude sur la 'Théologie germanique.'1912.
W. Preger:Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter. 3 vols. 1874-93.
History and Life of the Rev. John Tauler, with 25 sermons, translated by Susannah Winkworth. 1858.
M. Maeterlinck:Ruysbroeck and the Mystics, with selections fromRuysbroeck, translated by J. T. Stoddard. 1894.
J. E. G. de Montmorency:Thomas à Kempis, his Age and his Book. 1906.
A. R. Burr:Religious Confessions and Confessants. 1914. (The best psychological study of mysticism).
J. Wyclif's Select English Works, ed. by T. Arnold. 1869-71. 3 vols.
J. Wyclif's English Works hitherto unprinted, ed. F. Matthew. 1880.
F. Palacky:Documenta Magistri J. Hus. 1869.
The Letters of John Huss, translated by H. B. Workman and R. M. Pope. 1904.
Wyclif's Latin Works have been edited in many volumes by the WyclifSociety of London, the last volume being theOpera minora, 1913.
John Huss:The Church, translated by D. S. Schaff. 1915.
H. C. Lea:A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages. 3 vols. 1888.
G. M. Trevelyan:England in the Age of Wyclif[2]. 1899.
F. A. Gasquet:The Eve of the Reformation[2]. 1905.
F. Palacky: Geschichte von Böhmen.[3] 1864 ff. 5 vols.
J. H. Wylie:The Council of Constance to the Death of John Hus. 1900.
H. B. Workman:The Dawn of the Reformation. The Age of Hus. 1902.
Count F. Lützow:The Hussite Wars. 1914.
Count F. Lützow:The Life and Times of Master John Hus. 1909.
D. S. Schaff:The Life of John Hus. 1915.
Most of the bibliography in this chapter is given below, in the chapters on Germany, England and France.
Freher et Struvius.Rerum German icarum Scriptores. (1717.) pp. 676-1704: "Gravamina Germanicae Nationis . . . ad Caesarem Maximilianum contra Sedem Romanam."
C. G. F. Walch:Monumenta medii aevi. (1757.) pp. 101-110."Gravamina nationis Germanicae adversus curiam Romanam, tempore NicolaiV Papae."
B. Gebhardt:Die Gravamina der deutschen Nation gegen den römischenHof. 1895.
Documents illustrative of English Church History, compiled by Henry Gee and W. J. Hardy. 1896.
A. Werminghoff:Geschichte der Kirchenverfassung Deutschlands imMittelalter. Band I.[2] 1913.
A. Störmann:Die Städtischen Gravamina gegen den Klerus. 1916.
The Utopia of Sir Thomas More. Ralph Robinson's translation, withRoper's Life of More and some of his letters. Edited by G. Sampson andA. Guthkelch. With Latin Text of the Utopia. 1910. (Bohn'sLibraries).
Der Briefwechsel des Mutianus Rufus, bearbeitet von C. Krause. 1885.
J. Reuchlins Briefwechsel, hg. von L. Geiger. 1875.
E. Böcking:Hutteni Opera. 1859-66. 5 vols.
Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum: The Latin Text with an English translation, Notes and an Historical Introduction by F. G. Stokes. 1909.
Des. Erasmi Roterodami Opera Omnia, curavit J. Clericus. 1703-6. 10 vols.
Des. Erasmi Roterodami Opus Epistolarum, ed. P. S. Allen. 1906 ff. (A wonderful edition of the letters, in course of publication. As yet 3 vols).
The Colloquies of Des. Erasmus, translated by N. Bailey, ed. by E. Johnson. 1900. 3 vols.
The Praise of Folly. Written by Erasmus 1509 and translated by John Wilson 1668, edited by Mrs. P. S. Allen. 1913.
The Epistles of Erasmus, translated by F. M. Nichols. 1901-18. 3 vols. (To 1519).
The Ship of Fools, translated by Alexander Barclay. 2 vols. 1874. (Sebastian Brandt'sNarrenschiffin the old translation).
P. Monnier:Le Quattrocento. 2 vols. 1908. (Work of a high order).
L. Geiger:Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland. 1882. (In Oncken's Series). 2d ed. 1899.
J. Burckhardt:Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien. 20. Auflage von L. Geiger. Berlin. 1919. (Almost a classic).
P. Villari:Niccolò Machiavelli and His Times, translated by Mrs.Villari[2]. 4 vols. 1891.
W. H. Hutten:Sir Thomas More. 1900.
J. A. Froude:The Life and Letters of Erasmus. London. 1895.(Charmingly written, but marred by gross carelessness).
E. Emerton:Erasmus. New York. 1900.
G. V. Jourdan:The Movement towards Catholic Reform in the early XVICentury. 1914.
A. Humbert:Les Origines de la Théologie moderne. Paris. 1911.(Brilliant).
A. Renaudet:Préréforme et Humanisme à Paris 1494-1517. 1916.
List of References on the History of the Reformation in Germany, ed. by G. L. Kieffer, W. W. Rockwell and O. H. Pannkoke, 1917.
Dahlmann-Waitz:Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte.[8] 1912.
G. Wolf:Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte. 2 vols. 1915-16.
A. Morel-Fatio:Historiographie de Charles-Quint. Pt. 1 1913.
B. J. Kidd:Documents illustrative of the Continental Reformation. 1911.
T. M. Lindsay:A History of the Reformation. Vol. 1, In Germany. 1906.
J. Janssen:op. cit.
K. Lamprecht: Deutsche Geschichte, vols. 4 and 5. 1894.
T. Brieger:Die Reformation. (In Pflugk-Harttung'sWeltgeschichte: Das religiöse Zeitalter 1300-1650. 1907; also printed separately in enlarged form).
G. Mentz:Deutsche Geschichte 1493-1648. 1913. (The best purely political summary).
M. de Foronda y Aguilera:Estancias y viajes del Emperador Carlos V, desde el dia de su nacimiento hasta el de su muerte. 1914.
Bibliography in Catalogue of the British Museum.
Dr. Martin Luther's Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, von Knaake und Andern. Weimar. 1883 ff. (The standard edition of the Reformer's writings, in course of publication, approaching completion. As yet have appeared more than fifty volumes of the Works, and, separately numbered: Die Deutsche Bibel, 4 vols., and Tischreden, 4 vols.).
Dr. Martin Luther's Briefwechsel, bearbeitet von E. L. Enders (vols. 12 ff. fortgesetzt von G. Kawerau). 1884 ff. (In course of publication; as yet 17 volumes).
Luther's Briefe, herausgegeben von W. L. M. de Wette. 6 vols. 1825-56.
Luther's Primary Works, translated by H. Wace and C. A. Buchheim. 1896.
The Works of Martin Luther, translated and edited by W. A. Lambert, T. J. Schindel, A. T. W. Steinhaeuser, A. L. Steimle and C. M. Jacobs. 1915 ff. (To be complete in ten volumes; as yet 2).
Luther's Correspondence and other Contemporary Letters, translated and edited by Preserved Smith. Vol. 1, 1913. Vol. II, in collaboration with C. M. Jacobs, 1918.
Conversations with Luther, Selections from the Table Talk, translated and edited by Preserved Smith and H. P. Gallinger. 1915.
Melanchthonis Opera, ed. Bretschneider und Bindseil. 1834 ff. In Corpus Reformatorum vols. i-xxviii.
J. Köstlin:Martin Luther, fünfte Auflage besorgt von G. Kawerau. 2 vols. 1903. (The standard biography. The English translation made from the edition of 1883 in no wise represents the scholarship of the last edition).
A. Hausrath:Luther's Leben, neue Auflage von H. von Schubert. 1914.(Excellent).
H. Grisar:Luther. English translation by F. M. Lamond. 1913 ff. (Six volumes, representing the German three. A learned, somewhat amorphous work, from the Catholic standpoint, but not unfair).
H. Denifle:Luther und Lutherthum in der ersten Entwicklung[2]. 3 vols. 1904 ff. (G. P. Gooch calls "Denifle's eight hundred pages hurled at the memory of the Reformer among the most repulsive books in historical literature"; nevertheless the author is so wonderfully learned that much may be acquired from him).
A. C. McGiffert:Martin Luther, the Man and his Work. 1911.
Preserved Smith:The Life and Letters of Martin Luther[2]. 1914.
O. Scheel:Martin Luther, vom Katholizismus zur Reformation.[2] 2 vols. 1917. (Detailed study of Luther until 1517. Warmly Protestant).
W. W. Rockwell:Die Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen. 1904. (Work of a high order).
SECTIONS 2-5.The Revolution
Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Karl V, herausgegeben von A. Kluckhohn and A. Wrede. 1893 ff. (Four volumes to 1524 have appeared).
Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken, herausgegeben durch das Königliche Preussische Institut in Rom. Erste Abtheilung 1533-59. 1892 ff. (As yet have appeared vols. 1-6, 8-12).
Emil Sehling:Die Evangelischen Kirchenordungen des XVI Jahrhunderts. 5 vols. 1902-13.
E. Armstrong:The Emperor Charles V[2]. 2 vols. 1910.
Christopher Hare:A Great Emperor. 1917. (Popular).
O. Clemen:Flugschriften aus der Reformationszeit. 4 vols. 1904-10.
O. Schade:Satiren und Pasquille aus der Reformationszeit.[2] 3 vols. 1863.
H. Barge:Der deutsche Bauernkrieg in zeitgenossischen, Quellenzeugnissen. 2 vols. (No date, published about 1914. A small and cheap selection from the sources turned into modern German).
J. S. Schapiro:Social Reform and the Reformation. 1909. (Gives some of the texts and a good treatment of the popular movement).
E. Belfort Bax:The Peasants' War in Germany. 1889. (Based chiefly on Janssen, and unscholarly, but worth mentioning considering the paucity of English works). See also articles Carlstadt, Karlstadt, T. Münzer, Sickingen, etc. in theEncyclopaedia of Religious Knowledgeand other works of reference.
W. Stolze:Der deutsche Bauermkrieg. 1908.
P. Wappler:Die Täuferbewegung in Thüringen 1526-84. 1913.
B. Bax:Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists. 1903.
P. Wappler:Die Stellung Kursuchsens und Landgraf Philipps von Hefssen zur Täuferbewegung. 1910.
F. W. Schirrmacher:Briefe und Akten zur Geschicte des Religionsgespräches zu Marburg 1529 und des reichstages zu Ausburg, 1530. 1876.
H. von Schubert:Bekenntnisbildung und Religionspolitik 1529-30. 1910.
W. Gussmann:Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Augsburgischen Glaubensbekenntnises. Die Ratschläge der evangelischen Reichsstände zum Reichstag zu Augsburg. 3 vols. 1911.
Politische Korrespondenz des Herzog und Kurfürst Moritz von Sachsen, hg. v. E. Brandenburg. 2 vols. (as yet), 1900, 1904.
S. Cardauns:Zur Geschichte der Kirchlichen Unions—undReformbestrebungen 1538-42. 1910.
P. Heidrich:Karl V und die deutschen Protestanten am Vorabend desSchmalkaldischen Krieges. 2 vols. 1911-12.
G. Mentz:Johann Friedrich, vol. 3, 1908.
See also the works cited above by Armstrong, Pflugk-Harttung, Janssen,Pastor,The Cambridge Modern History, and documents in Kidd.
Documents in Kidd, and treatment inThe Cambridge Modern History.
Ada Pontificum Danica, Band VI 1513-36. Udgivet af A. Krarup og J. Lindbaek. 1915.
C. F. Allen;Histoire de Danemark, traduite par E. Beauvois, 2 vols. 1878.
P. B. Watson:The Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa. 1889.
Specimen diplomatarii norvagici . . . ab vetustioribus inde temporibus usque ad finem seculi XVI. Ved Gr. Fougner Lundh. 1828.
J. Lund: Histoire de Norvège . . . traduite par G. Moch. 1899.
Norges historie, fremstillet for det norske folk afA. Bugge, E. Hertzberg, O. A. Johnsen, Yngvar Nielsen, J. E. Sars, A. Taranger. 1912.
C. Zivier:Neuere Geschichte Polens. Band I. 1506-72. 1915.
T. Wotschke:Geschichte der Reformation in Polen. 1911.
A. Berga.Pierre Skarga 1536-1612. Étude sur la Pologne du XVIe siècle et le Protestantisme polonais. 1916.
F. E. Whitton:A History of Poland. 1917. (Popular).
Ulrichi Zwinglii operaed. Schuler und Schulthess, 8 vols. 1828-42.
Ulrich Zwinglis Werke, hg. von Egli, Finsler und Köhler, 1904 ff. (Corpus Reformatorum, vols. 88 ff). As yet, vols. i, ii, iii, vii, viii.
Ulrich Zwingli's Selected Works, translated and edited by S. M. Jackson. 1901.
The Latin Works and Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli, ed. S. M. Jackson, vol. i, 1912.
Vadianische Briefsammlung, hg. von E. Arbenz und H. Wartmann, 1890-1913. 7 vols. and 6 supplements.
Der Briefwechsel der Brüder Ambrosius und Thomas Blaurer, hg. von T. Schiess, 3 vols. 1908-12.
Johannes Kesslers Sabbata, hg. von E. Egli and R. Schoch. 1902. (Reliable source for the Swiss Reformation 1519-39).
Documents in Kidd.
S. M. Jackson:Huldreich Zwingli. 1900.
W. Köhler: "Zwingli" in Pflugk-Harttung'sIm Morgenrot derReformation, 1912.
E. Egli:Schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte. Band I, 1519-25. 1910.
F. Humbel:Ulrich Zwingli und seine Reformation im Spiegel der gleichzeitigen Schweizerischen volkstümlichen Literatur. 1913.
Cambridge Modern History, Lindsay, etc.
H. Barth:Bibliographie der Schweizer Geschichte. 3 vols. 1914 f.
Bibliography in G. Wolf,Quellenkunde, vol. 2.
On Jetzer seeReligion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, s.v. "Jetzer Prozess," and R. Reuss: "Le Procès des Dominicains de Berne,"Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, 1905, 237 ff.
P. Burckhardt:H. Zwingli. 1918.
W. Köhler: Ulrich Zwingli.[2] 1917.
Ulrich Zwingli: Zum Gedächtnis der Zürcher Reformation, 1519-1919, ed. H. Escher, 1919. (Sumptuous and valuable).
Amtliche Sammlung der älteren eidgenössischen Abschiede, Abt. 3 und 4. 1861 ff.
J. Strickler:Aktensammlung zur Schweizer Reformationsgeschichte. 1878.
J. Dierauer:Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. BandIII. 1907.
Hadorn:Kirchengeschichte der reform.Schweiz. 1907.
G. Tobler:Aktensammlung zur Geschichte der Berner Reformation. 1918.
E. Egli:Analecta Reformatoria. 2 vols. 1899-1901.
Bibliography in Wolf:Quellenkunde, ii.
Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les Pays de langue française[2], pub. par A. L. Herminjard. 9 vols. 1878 ff.
Calvini Opera omnia, ed. G. Baum, E. Cunitz, E. Reuss, 59 vols. 1866 ff. (Corpus Reformatorumvols. 29-87).
John Calvin:The Institutes of the Christian Religion, translated byJ. Allen. Ed. by B. B. Warfield. 2 vols. 1909.
The Letters of John Calvin, compiled by J. Bonnet, translated from the original Latin and French. 4 vols. 1858.
J. Calvin:Institution de la religion chrestienne, réimprimée, sous la direction d' A. Lefranc par H. Chatelain et J. Pannir. 1911.
The Life of John Calvinby Theodore Beza, translated by H. Beveridge. 1909.
A. Lang:Johann Calvin. 1909.
W. Walker:J. Calvin. 1906. (Best biography).
H. Y. Reyburn:John Calvin. 1914.
J. Doumergue:Jean Calvin. As yet 5 vols. 1899-1917.
E. Knodt:Die Bedeutung Calvins und Calvinismus für die protestantische Welt. 1913. (Extensive bibliography and review of recent works).
E. Troeltsch: "Calvin,"Hibbert Journal, viii, 102 ff.
T. C. Hall: "Was Calvin a Reformer or a Reactionary?"HibbertJournal, vi, 171 ff.
Étienne Giran:Sébastien Castellion. 1913. (Severe judgment ofCalvin from the liberal Protestant standpoint).
Allan Menzies:The Theology of Calvin. 1915.
H. D. Foster:Calvin's programme for a Puritan State in Geneva 1536-41. 1908.
F. Brunetière: "L'oeuvre littéraire de Calvin."Revue des DeuxMondes, 4 série, clxi, pp. 898 ff. (1900).
E. Lobstein:Kalvin und Montaigne. 1909.
A. Molinier, H. Hauser, E. Bourgeois (et autres):Les Sources de l'histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'en 1815. Deuxième Partie. Le XVIe siècle, 1494-1610, par. II. Hauser. 4 vols. 1906-1915. (Valuable, critical bibliography of sources).
Recueil générale des anciennes lois francaises, par Isambert, Decrusy, Armet. Tomes 12-15 (1514-1610). 1826 ff.
Ordonnances des rois de France. Règne de François I. 10 vols. 1902-8.
Michel de L'Hôpital: Oeuvres complètes, ed. Dufey. 4 vols. 1824-5.
Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sons le règne de François Ier (1515-36), ed. par L. Lalanne. 1854.
Commentaires de Blaise de Monluc, ed. P. Courtreault. 2 vols. 1911 ff.
Mémoires-journaux du duc de Guise 1547-61, ed. Michaud et Poujoulat. 1839.
Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, ed. par L. Lalanne, 11 vols. 1864-82.
Histoire Ecclésiastique des Églises reformées au Royaume de France, ed. G. Baum et E. Cunitz, 3 vols. 1883-9. (This history first appeared anonymously in 1580 in 3 vols. The place of publication is given as Antwerp, but probably it was really Geneva. The author has been thought by many to be Theodore Beza.)
Memoires of the Duke of Sully. English translation in Bohn's Library. 3 vols. No date.
Crespin:Histoire des martyrs, persecutés et mis à mort pour la verité de l' Évangile. Ed. of 1619.
Mémoires de Martin et de Guillaume du Bellay, ed. par V. L. Bourilly et F. Vindry. 4 vols. 1908-1920.
Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française, pub. par A. L. Herminjard. 9 vols. 1878 ff.
J. Fraikin:Nonciatures de la France. Vol. i, Clement VII, 1906.
Lettres de Catherine de Médicis, publiées par H. de la Ferrière et B. de Puchesse. 10 vols. Paris. 1880-1909.
Catalogue générale de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Actes Royaux. Vol. i, 1910.
A. M. Whitehead:Gaspard de Coligny. 1904.
Louis Batiffol:The Century of the Renaissance, translated from theFrench by E. F. Buckley, with an introduction by J. E. C. Bodley. 1916.
J. W. Thompson:The Wars of Religion in France 1559-76. 1909.
E. Lavisse:Histoire de France. Tome Cinquième. I. Les guerres d' Italie. La France sous Charles VIII, Louis XII et François I, par H. Lemonnier. 1903. II. La lutte contre la maison d'Autriche. La France sous Henri II, par H. Lemonnier. 1904. Tome Sixième. I. La Réforme et la Ligue. L'Édit de Nantes (1559-98), par J. H. Mariéjol. 1904. (Standard work).
H. M. Baird:The Rise of the Huguenots in France, 2 vols. 1879.
H. M. Baird:The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 2 vols. 1886.
H. N. Williams:Henri II. 1910.
E. Marcks:Gaspard von Coligny: sein Leben und das Frankreich seiner Zeit. 1892. (Excellent, only Volume I, taking Coligny to 1560, has appeared).
P. Imbart de la Tour:Les Origines de la Réforme. I. La France Moderne. 1905. II. L'Eglise Catholique et la Crise de la Renaissance. 1909. III. L'Évangélisme (1521-38). 1914. (Excellent work, social and cultural rather than political).
E. Sichel:Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformation. 1905.
E. Sichel:The Later Years of Catherine de' Medici. 1908.
C. E. du Boulay:Historia Universitatis Parisiensis. Tomus VI. 1673.
J. Michelet:Histoire de France. Vols. 8-10. First edition 1855 ff. (A beautiful book; though naturally superseded in part, it may still be read with profit).
W. Heubi:François I et le mouvement intellectuel en France. 1914.
A. Autin:L' Échec de la Réforme en France au XVI, siècle.Contribution à l' Histoire du Sentiment Religieux. 1918.
L. Romier:Les Origines Politiques des Guerres de Religion. 2 vols. 1911-13.
L. Romier: "Les Protestants français à la veille des guerres civiles,"Revue Historique, vol. 124, 1917, pp. lff, 225 ff.
E. Armstrong:The French Wars of Religion. 1892.
C. G. Kelley:French Protestantism 1559-62. Johns Hopkins UniversityStudies, vol. xxxvi, no. 4. 1919.
N. Weiss:La Chambre Ardente. 1889.
H. Pirenne:Bibliographie de l'Histoire de Belgique. Catalogue des sources et des ouvrages principaux relatifs à l'histoire de tous les Pays-Bas jusq'en 1598.[2] 1902.
Kervyn de Lettenhove:Relations politiques des Pays-Bas et d'Angleterre. 10 vols. 1882-91. (Covers 1556-76).
Resolution der Staaten-Generaal 1576-1609. Door N. Japikse. As yet 4 vols. (1576-84.) 1915-19.
Corpus documentorum Inquisitionis. . .Neerlandicae. . . Uitgegeven door P. Predericq. Vols. 4-6, 1900 ff.
Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica. . . Uitgegeven door S. Cramer en F. Pijper. 1903-14. 10 vols.
Collectanea van Gerardus Geldenhauer Noviomagus. . . Uitgegeven . . . door J. Prinsen. 1901.
La Chasse aux Luthériens des Pays-Bas. Souvenirs de Francisco de Enzinas. Paris. 1910. (Memoirs of a Spanish Protestant in the Netherlands. This edition is beautifully illustrated).
Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, publiée . . . par M. Gachard. 1847-57. 6 vols.
Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, publiee . . . par M. Gachard. 5 vols. 1848-79.
H. Grotius:The Annals and History of the Low Country-Wars, Rendered into English by T. M[anley]. 1665.
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, of Elizabeth, ed. J. Stevenson and others. London 1863-1916. (19 volumes to date; much material on the Netherlands).
H. Pirenne:Histoire de Belgique. Vols 3 and 4. 1907-11. (Standard work. A German translation by F. Arnheim was published of the third volume in 1907, before the French edition, and of the 4th volume, revised and slightly improved, in 1915).
P. J. Blok:History of the People of the Netherlands. Translated byRuth Putnam. Part 2, 1907, Part 3, 1900. (Also a standard work).
E. Grossart:Charles V et Philippe II. 1910.
Felix Rachfahl:Wilhelm von Oranien und der niederländische Aufstand.Vols. 1 and 2. 1906-8.
Ruth Putnam:William the Silent(Heroes of the Nations). 1911.
P. Kalkoff:Anfänge der Gegenreformation in den Niederlanden. 1903.(Monograph of value).
Geschiedenis van de Hervorming en de Hervormde Kerk der Nederlanden, door J. Reitsma. Derde, bijgewerkte en vermeerderde Druk beworkt door L. A. von Langeraad . . . en bezorgd door F. Reitsma. 1916.
J. I. Motley:The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 1855. (A classic, naturally in part superseded by later research).
J. F. Motley:The Life and Death of John of Oldenbarneveld. 1873.
J. C. Squire:William the Silent. (1918).
Bibliographies inCambridge Modern History, and in thePoliticalHistory of England, by Pollard and Fisher, for which see below.
Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII, arranged by J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie. 20 vols. (Monumental).
Similar series of "Calendars of State Papers" have been published forEnglish papers preserved at Rome (1 vol. 1916), Spain, (15 vols.),Venice (22 vols), Ireland (10 vols.), Domestic of Edward VI, Mary,Elizabeth and James (12 vols.), Foreign Edward VI (1 vol.), Mary (1vol.), Elizabeth (19 vols. to 1585). Milan (1 vol. 1912).
The English Garner: Tudor Tracts 1532-88, ed. E. Arber. 8 vols. 1877-96.
Documents illustrative of English Church History, compiled by H. Gee and W. J. Hardy. 1896.
Select Statutes and other Constitutional Documents 1558-1625, ed. G. W. Prothero.[2] 1898.
The Statutes of the Realm, printed by command of George III. 1819 ff.
Select Cases before the King's Council in Star Chamber, ed. I. S. Leadam. Vol. 2, 1509-44. Selden Society. 1911.
Original Letters, ed. by Sir H. Ellis. 1st series, 3 vols. 1824; 2d series 4 vols. 1827; 3 series 4 vols. 1846.
H. A. L. Fisher:Political History of England 1485-1547. New edition 1913. (Political History of England edited by W. Hunt and R. L. Poole, vol. 5. Standard work).
A. F. Pollard:Political History of England 1547-1603. 1910. (Political History of England ed. by Hunt and Poole, vol. 6. Standard work).
A. D. Innes:England under the Tudors. 1905.
H. Gee:The Reformation Period. 1909. (Handbooks of English ChurchHistory).
J. Gairdner:Lollardy and the Reformation. 4 vols. 1908 ff.(Written by an immensely learned man with a very strong high-churchAnglican bias).
Preserved Smith: "Luther and Henry VIII,"English Historical Review, xxv, 656 ff, 1910.
Preserved Smith: "German Opinion of the Divorce of Henry VIII,"English Historical Review, xxvii, 671 ff, 1912.
Preserved Smith: "Hans Luft of Marburg,"Nation, May 16, 1912.
Preserved Smith: "News for Bibliophiles,"Nation, May 29, 1913. (On early English translations of Luther).
Preserved Smith: "Martin Luther and England,"Nation, Dec. 17, 1914.
Preserved Smith: "Complete List of Works of Luther in English,"Lutheran Quarterly, October, 1918.
E. R. Adair: "The Statute of Proclamations,"English HistoricalReview, xxxii, 34 ff. 1917.
Lord Ernest Hamilton:Elizabethan Ulster. (1919).
Peter Guilday:The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent 1558-1795. Vol. 1. 1914. (Brilliant study).
A. F. Pollard:England under Protector Somerset. 1900.
A. F. Pollard:Henry VIII. 1902.
A. F. Pollard:Thomas Cranmer. 1906.
J. H. Pollen:The English Catholics in the Reign of Elizabeth. 1920.
F. A. Gasquet:The Eve of the Reformation. New ed. 1900.
E. B. Merriman:The Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell. 2 vols. 1902. (Valuable).
A. O. Meyer:England und die katholische Kirche unter Elizabeth. 1911. (Thorough and brilliant). Said to be translated into English, 1916.
L. Trésal:Les origines du schisme anglican 1509-71. 1908.
A. J. Klein:Intolerance in the Reign of Elizabeth. 1917.
J. A. Froude:History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to theArmada. 12 vols. 1854-70. (Still the best picture of the time.Strongly royalist and Protestant, some errors in detail, brilliantlywritten).
Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Leslie Stephens and Sidney Lee. 63 vois. 1887-1900.
Carlos B. Lumsden:The Dawn of Modern England 1509-25. 1910.
Richard Bagwell:Ireland under the Tudors. 3 vols. 1885.
H. Holloway:The Reformation in Ireland. 1919.
Mrs. J. R. Green:The Making of Ireland and its Undoing 1200-1600. First edition 1908; revised and corrected 1909. (Nationalist; interesting).
H. N. Birt:The Elizabethan Religions Settlement. 1907.
W. Walch:England's Fight with the Papacy. 1912.
R. G. Usher:The Rise and Fall of High Commission. 1913.
Die Wittenberger Artikel von 1536, hg. von G. Mentz. 1905.
R. G. Usher:The Presbyterian Movement 1582-9. 1905.
Acts of the Parliament of Scotland. 12 vols. 1844 ff.
B. J. Kidd:Documents of the Continental Reformation, 1911, pp. 686-715.
Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland 1509-1603. 2 vols. ed. M. J. Thorpe. 1858.
State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots1542-81, ed. J. Bain and W. K. Boyd. 5 vols. 1898 ff.
Hamilton Papers, 1532-90, ed. J. Bain.
Much in the English calendars for which see bibliography to chap. VI.
John Knox's Works, ed. Laing, 1846-64.
R. Lindsay of Pitscottie:Historie and cronicles of Scotland, ed. A.J. G. Mackay. 1899-1911. 3 vols.
Satirical Poems of the Time of the Reformation, ed. J. Cranstoun. 2 vols. 1891.
John Knox:The History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland, ed. by Cuthbert Lennox. 1905.
P. Hume Brown:History of Scotland. 3 vols. 1899-1909.
W. L. Mathieson:Politics and Religion; a study of Scottish history from Reformation to Revolution. 2 vols. 1902.
D. H. Fleming:The Reformation in Scotland. 1910. (StronglyProtestant).
G. Christie:The Influence of Letters on the Scottish Reformation. 1908.
A. Lang:John Knox and the Reformation. 1905.
J. Crook:John Knox the Reformer. 1907.
A. B. Hart, "John Knox," inAmerican Historical Review, xiii, 259-80.(Brilliant character study).
R. S. Rait: "John Knox," inQuarterly Review, vol. 205, 1906.
A. Lang:The Mystery of Mary Stuart. 1902.
Lady Blennerhassett:Maria Stuart, Königin von Schottland. 1907.
A. Lang:A History of Scotland. 4 vols. 1900-7.
P. Hume Brown:John Knox. 2 vols. 1895.
H. Cowan:John Knox. 1905.
A. R. Macewen:A History of the Church in Scotland. Vol. I (397-1546), 1913; Vol. II (1546-60), 1918. (Good).
A. Lang: "Casket Letters,"Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910.
P. Hume Brown:Surveys of Scottish History. 1919. (Philosophical).
SECTIONS 1 and 2.The Papacy and Italy 1521-1590.
C. Mirbt:op. cit.
Consilium delectorum cardinalium et aliorum praelatorum de emendanda ecclesia 1537. In Mansi:Sacrorum Conciliorum et Decretorum collectio nova, 1751, Supplement 5, pp. 539-47. The same in German with Luther's notes inLuther's Werke, Weimar, vol. 50.
L. von Pastor:A History of the Popes from the Close of the MiddleAges. English translation ed. by R. F. Kerr. Vols. 9-12. 1910 ff.(These volumes cover the period 1522-1549. Standard work dense withnew knowledge).
L. von Pastor:Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang desMittelalters. Band VI. 1913; VII. 1920. (Of these volumes of theGerman, covering the years 1550-65, there is as yet no Englishtranslation).
P. Herre:Papsttum und Papstwahl im Zeitalter Philipps, II. 1907.
J. McCabe:Crises in the History of the Papacy. 1916. (Popular).
Mandel Creighton:op. cit.
L. von Ranke:History of the popes, their church and state, in thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries, translated from the German bySarah Austin. Vol. 1, 1841. (Translation of Ranke'sDie römischenPäpste, of which the first edition appeared 1834-6. A classic).
H. M. Vaughan:The Medici Popes. 1908. (Popular, sympathetic).
G. Droysen:Geschichte der Gegenreformation. 1893. (Oncken'sSeries).
E. Rodocanachi: "La Réformation en Italic,"Revue des Deux Mondes,March, 1915.
Lord Acton:Lectures on Modern History, 1906, pp. 108 ff.
J. A. Symonds:The Catholic Reaction. 2 vols. 1887.
G. Monod: "La Réforme Catholique,"Revue Historique, vol. cxxi (1916).
B. Wiffen:Life and Writings of Juan de Valdes. 1865.
C. Hare:Men and Women of the Italian Reformation. (1913).
Kirche und Reformation. Unter mitwirkung von L. v. Pastor, W. Schnyder, L. Schneller usw. hg. von J. Scheuber. 1917.
"Counter-Reformation" in theCatholic Encyclopaedia.
G. Benrath:Geschichte der Reformation in Venedig. 1886.
J. Burckhardt:op. cit.
Concilium Tridentinum. Diariorum, actorum, epistularum, tractatuum nova collectio. Edidit Societas Goerresiana. 1901 ff. In course of publication; as yet have appeared vols. 1-5, 8, 10.
J. Susta:Die römische Kurie und das Komil von Trient unter Pius IV.Aktenstucke zur Geschichte des Konzils von Trient. 4 vols. 1904-1914.
Le Plat:Monumenta ad historiam Concilii Tridentini spectantia. 7 vols. 1781-7.
The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Ecumenical Council of Trent, translated by J. Waterworth. 1848. Reprint, Chicago, 1917.
G. Drei: "Per la Storia del Concilio de Trento. Lettere inedite delSegretario Camille Olivo 1562."Archivio Storico Italiano1916.
P. Schaff:The Creeds of Christendom. Vol. 2, 1877. (Latin text andEnglish translation of canons and decrees).
The Cathechism of the Council of Trent, translated into English by J. Donovan. 1829.
J. A. Froude:Lectures on the Council of Trent. 1899.
P. Sarpi:The historie of the Councel of Trent. 1620. (Translation from the Italian, which first appeared 1619).
A. Harnack:Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte,[4] 1910, vol. iii, pp. 692 ff. English translation, vol. vii, pp. 35-117.
Ranke's remark that there was no good history of the Council of Trent holds good today. The best, as far as it goes, is in Pastor.
Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus. I ère partie: Bibliographie parles pères De Backer. 2ème partie par A. Carayan. Nouvelle ed. par C.Sommervogel. 10 vols. 1890-1909. Corrections et Additions par E. M.Rivière. 1911.
Monumenta historica Societatis Jesu, edita a Patribus ejusdem Societatis. Madrid, 1894-1913. 46 volumes.
Cartas de San Ignacio de Loyola, 6 vols. 1874-89.
Acta Sanctorum, July 7. 1731.
The Autobiography of St. Ignatius, English translation ed. by J. F. X. O'Connor. 1900.
Letters and Instructions of St. Ignatius Loyola, translated by D. F. O'Leary and ed. by A. Goodier. 1914.
The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola. Spanish and English, by J. Rickaby, S. J. 1915.
Beati Petri Canisii, S. J., Epistulae et Acta, ed. O. Braunsberger. 6 vols. as yet. 1896-1913.
H. Boehmer:Les Jésuites. Ouvrage traduit de l'allemand avec une Introduction et des Notes par G. Monod. 1910. (Standard work though very concise).
E. Gothein:Ignatius von Loyola und die Gegenreformation. 1895.