Chapter 14

[127]Jacob Baegert,Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien. (Mannheim, 1773.)[128]I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. SeeVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, ss. 666-7.[129]Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles.Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.[130]“Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.[131]The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, inJour. Amer. Folk-lore, 1890, p. 114.[132]This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in hisSpuren der aztekischen Sprache, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very usefulReport of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.[133]Buschmann,Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen.4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.[134]Perez de Ribas,Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. I., cap. 19.[135]Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)[136]Col. A. G. Brackett, inRep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879, p. 329.[137]Capt. W. P. Clark,The Indian Sign Language, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)[138]Ibid., p. 338.[139]SeeContributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).[140]R. Virchow,Crania Ethnica Americana.[141]W. P. Clark,The Indian Sign Language, p. 118.[142]The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona.By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)[143]For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., inReport of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the hero of their flood myth.[144]The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke,Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.[145]See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas,Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)[146]“Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas,Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)[147]Torquemada,Monarquia Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken,Reise-Erinnerungen, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)[148]Perez de Ribas,Historia, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.[149]Eustaquio Buelna,Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)[150]Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.[151]Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact.Historia de los Triumphos, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.[152]See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 83-100.[153]There is an interesting anonymous MS. in theFond Espagnolof the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the titleLa Guerra de los Chichimecas. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.[154]“Cuitlatl, =mierda” (Molina,Vocabulario Mexicano). Cuitlatlan,Ort des Kothes(Buschmann,Aztekische Ortsnamen, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra,Geog. de las Lenguas, p. 233).[155]Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See Brühl,Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas, pp. 337-8.[156]See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in myEssays of an Americanist, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)[157]Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.[158]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X, cap. 29.[159]D. G. Brinton,Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)[160]E. G. Tarayre,Explorations des Regions Mexicaines, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).[161]D. G. Brinton,Essays of an Americanist, p. 366.[162]H. de Charencey,Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie Américaine, p. 23.[163]Sahagun,Historia, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properlyTarex, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, inAnales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.[164]Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200;Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I., p. 116.[165]From the Nahuatl,yacatl, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.[166]For numerous authorities, see Bancroft,Native Races of the Pacific Coast, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in theAnales del Museo Michoacano, passim, and Beaumont,Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).[167]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 6.[168]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.[169]Strebel,Alt-Mexiko.[170]Pimentel,Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.[171]Fromdidja, language,za, the national name.[172]Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins(Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensiveMS. Vocabulario Zapotecoin my possession gives the orthographyriyoo baa.[173]Garcia,Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.[174]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. VI.[175]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.[176]Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)[177]J. G. Barnard,The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)[178]Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS.[179]Herrera,Hist. de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.[180]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.[181]Gregoria Garcia,Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. v.[182]Oviedo,Historia General de las Indias, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.[183]Peralta,Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)[184]Lucien Adam,La Langue Chiàpanéque(Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller,Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.[185]Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)[186]Beristain y Souza,Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, Tomo I., p. 438.[187]For example:Tequistlatecan.Yuma dialects.Man,acue,eke-tam, ham-akava.Woman,canoc,anai, sinyok.Sun,orá,rahj.Moon,mutla,h’la.Water,laha,aha, kahal.Head,ahūa,hū.Eyes,au,yu.Mouth,aco,a, aha.Tree,ehe,ee-ee.Foot,lamish,mie.Two,ucuc,kokx, goguo.[188]Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 187.[189]Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.[190]See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’sSystems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)[191]In hisNicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)[192]“Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos quiPopolocaenuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga,De Origine Seraphicae Religionis, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)[193]“Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta,Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44.[194]“Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 25.[195]Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.[196]See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to theDoctrinaof Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’sBiblioteca Americana Vetustissima, p. 445, sq.[197]Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 273.[198]See an article “Los Tecos,” in theAnales del Museo Michoacano, Año II., p. 26.[199]Domingo Juarros,Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)[200]Dr. Otto Stoll,Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).[201]In theSitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, 1855.[202]“Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera.Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.[203]I have edited some of these with translations and notes, inThe Maya Chronicles, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of myLibrary of Aboriginal American Literature).[204]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.[205]One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in theSecond Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. (Washington, 1883.)[206]On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in myEssays of an Americanist, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)[207]The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa,Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.[208]The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 230-254.[209]Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré.Paris, 1861.[210]The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction.Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of myLibrary of Aboriginal American Literature.)[211]See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 255-273.[212]The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotechuavi, to become rotten through dampness. (Vocabulario Zapoteco.MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.[213]Nicaragua, its People and Scenery, Vol. II., p. 310.[214]E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” inHarper’s Magazine, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.[215]I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” inProceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1884.[216]On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, inMems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London, Vol. III., p. 149,sq.; C. N. Bell, inJour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc., Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and theBerichtof the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.[217]See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, inRep. of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel,Apuntes Lexicograficos, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’sIndian Miscellany, p. 346.[218]Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas.Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.[219]Personal Narrative, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).[220]The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb.By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.[221]L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux.Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.[222]Organismus der Khetsua Sprache.Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)[223]Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens.Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.[224]Von Tschudi,Organismus der Kechua Sprache, s. 15, note.[225]He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its branches about 1730. SeeLettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.[226]See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in theCompte-Rendu du Congrès internationale des Américanistes, 1888, p. 489sqq.[227]Joaquin Acosta,Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)[228]Hist. de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.[229]Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. Américanistes, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna.Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)[230]A. L. Pinart,Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer inRevu d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 117, andVocabulario Castellano-Dorasque. Paris, 1890.[231]On the Chocos consultZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez,Jeografia del Estado del Cauca, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary ofChami, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in theVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their languageembera bede, “the speech of men.”[232]“Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños,Historia de Venezuela, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)[233]Aristides Rojas,Estudios Indigenos, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)[234]“Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete,Viages, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”[235]According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, p. 190.[236]Joaquin Acosta,Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada, p. 31, note.[237]Martin Fernandez de Enciso,La Suma de Geografia. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.[238]See Jose Ignacio Lares,Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 190.[239]G. Coleti,Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.[240]Ibid., s. v.[241]G. Marcano,Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela.(Paris, 1889.)[242]“La linguaMuysca, detta anticamenteChybcha, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti,Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)[243]“Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo,Diccionario Geografico de America, s. v.Moscas. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani,Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.[244]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.[245]Rafael Celedon,Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba, Introd., p. xxiv. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)[246]The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in theResumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:SIQUISIQUE.CHIBCHA-AROAC.Sun,yuan,yuia.Wife,esio,sena.Fire,dueg,gue.Water,ing,ni.Snake,tub,kĕbi.[247]The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in hisGrundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 466.)[248]Pinart,Bulletin de la Société de Geographie, 1885; Berendt, inBull. of Amer. Geog. Society, 1876, No. 2.[249]InSixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1888.[250]Joaquin Acosta,Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (Id., p. 454.)[251]The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in theRevue de Linguistique, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.[252]Herrera,Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales, Cap. XVI.[253]Alcedo,Diccionario Geografico, s. v., Muzos.

[127]Jacob Baegert,Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien. (Mannheim, 1773.)

[128]I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. SeeVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, ss. 666-7.

[129]Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles.Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.

[130]“Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.

[131]The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, inJour. Amer. Folk-lore, 1890, p. 114.

[132]This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in hisSpuren der aztekischen Sprache, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very usefulReport of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.

[133]Buschmann,Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen.4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

[133]Buschmann,Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.

Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen.4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

[134]Perez de Ribas,Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. I., cap. 19.

[135]Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)

[136]Col. A. G. Brackett, inRep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879, p. 329.

[137]Capt. W. P. Clark,The Indian Sign Language, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)

[138]Ibid., p. 338.

[139]SeeContributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).

[140]R. Virchow,Crania Ethnica Americana.

[141]W. P. Clark,The Indian Sign Language, p. 118.

[142]The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona.By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)

[143]For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., inReport of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the hero of their flood myth.

[144]The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke,Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.

[145]See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas,Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)

[146]“Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas,Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)

[147]Torquemada,Monarquia Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken,Reise-Erinnerungen, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)

[148]Perez de Ribas,Historia, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.

[149]Eustaquio Buelna,Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)

[150]Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.

[151]Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact.Historia de los Triumphos, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.

[152]See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 83-100.

[153]There is an interesting anonymous MS. in theFond Espagnolof the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the titleLa Guerra de los Chichimecas. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.

[154]“Cuitlatl, =mierda” (Molina,Vocabulario Mexicano). Cuitlatlan,Ort des Kothes(Buschmann,Aztekische Ortsnamen, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra,Geog. de las Lenguas, p. 233).

[155]Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See Brühl,Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas, pp. 337-8.

[156]See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in myEssays of an Americanist, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[157]Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.

[158]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X, cap. 29.

[159]D. G. Brinton,Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[160]E. G. Tarayre,Explorations des Regions Mexicaines, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).

[161]D. G. Brinton,Essays of an Americanist, p. 366.

[162]H. de Charencey,Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie Américaine, p. 23.

[163]Sahagun,Historia, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properlyTarex, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, inAnales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.

[164]Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200;Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I., p. 116.

[165]From the Nahuatl,yacatl, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.

[166]For numerous authorities, see Bancroft,Native Races of the Pacific Coast, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in theAnales del Museo Michoacano, passim, and Beaumont,Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).

[167]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 6.

[168]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.

[169]Strebel,Alt-Mexiko.

[170]Pimentel,Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.

[171]Fromdidja, language,za, the national name.

[172]Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins(Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensiveMS. Vocabulario Zapotecoin my possession gives the orthographyriyoo baa.

[173]Garcia,Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.

[174]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. VI.

[175]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.

[176]Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)

[177]J. G. Barnard,The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)

[178]Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS.

[179]Herrera,Hist. de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.

[180]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.

[181]Gregoria Garcia,Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. v.

[182]Oviedo,Historia General de las Indias, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.

[183]Peralta,Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)

[184]Lucien Adam,La Langue Chiàpanéque(Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller,Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.

[185]Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)

[186]Beristain y Souza,Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, Tomo I., p. 438.

[187]For example:Tequistlatecan.Yuma dialects.Man,acue,eke-tam, ham-akava.Woman,canoc,anai, sinyok.Sun,orá,rahj.Moon,mutla,h’la.Water,laha,aha, kahal.Head,ahūa,hū.Eyes,au,yu.Mouth,aco,a, aha.Tree,ehe,ee-ee.Foot,lamish,mie.Two,ucuc,kokx, goguo.

[187]For example:

[188]Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 187.

[189]Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.

[190]See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’sSystems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)

[191]In hisNicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)

[192]“Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos quiPopolocaenuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga,De Origine Seraphicae Religionis, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)

[193]“Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta,Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44.

[194]“Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 25.

[195]Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.

[196]See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to theDoctrinaof Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’sBiblioteca Americana Vetustissima, p. 445, sq.

[197]Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 273.

[198]See an article “Los Tecos,” in theAnales del Museo Michoacano, Año II., p. 26.

[199]Domingo Juarros,Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)

[200]Dr. Otto Stoll,Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).

[201]In theSitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, 1855.

[202]“Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera.Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.

[203]I have edited some of these with translations and notes, inThe Maya Chronicles, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of myLibrary of Aboriginal American Literature).

[204]Sahagun,Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.

[205]One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in theSecond Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. (Washington, 1883.)

[206]On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in myEssays of an Americanist, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[207]The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa,Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.

[208]The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 230-254.

[209]Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré.Paris, 1861.

[210]The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction.Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of myLibrary of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[211]See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in myEssays of an Americanist, pp. 255-273.

[212]The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotechuavi, to become rotten through dampness. (Vocabulario Zapoteco.MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.

[213]Nicaragua, its People and Scenery, Vol. II., p. 310.

[214]E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” inHarper’s Magazine, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.

[215]I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” inProceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1884.

[216]On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, inMems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London, Vol. III., p. 149,sq.; C. N. Bell, inJour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc., Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and theBerichtof the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.

[217]See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, inRep. of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel,Apuntes Lexicograficos, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’sIndian Miscellany, p. 346.

[218]Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas.Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.

[219]Personal Narrative, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).

[220]The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb.By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.

[221]L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux.Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.

[222]Organismus der Khetsua Sprache.Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)

[223]Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens.Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.

[224]Von Tschudi,Organismus der Kechua Sprache, s. 15, note.

[225]He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its branches about 1730. SeeLettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.

[226]See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in theCompte-Rendu du Congrès internationale des Américanistes, 1888, p. 489sqq.

[227]Joaquin Acosta,Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)

[228]Hist. de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.

[229]Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. Américanistes, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna.Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)

[230]A. L. Pinart,Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer inRevu d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 117, andVocabulario Castellano-Dorasque. Paris, 1890.

[231]On the Chocos consultZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez,Jeografia del Estado del Cauca, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary ofChami, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in theVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their languageembera bede, “the speech of men.”

[232]“Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños,Historia de Venezuela, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)

[233]Aristides Rojas,Estudios Indigenos, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)

[234]“Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete,Viages, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”

[235]According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, p. 190.

[236]Joaquin Acosta,Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada, p. 31, note.

[237]Martin Fernandez de Enciso,La Suma de Geografia. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.

[238]See Jose Ignacio Lares,Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 190.

[239]G. Coleti,Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.

[240]Ibid., s. v.

[241]G. Marcano,Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela.(Paris, 1889.)

[242]“La linguaMuysca, detta anticamenteChybcha, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti,Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)

[243]“Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo,Diccionario Geografico de America, s. v.Moscas. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani,Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.

[244]Herrera,Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.

[245]Rafael Celedon,Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba, Introd., p. xxiv. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)

[246]The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in theResumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:SIQUISIQUE.CHIBCHA-AROAC.Sun,yuan,yuia.Wife,esio,sena.Fire,dueg,gue.Water,ing,ni.Snake,tub,kĕbi.

[246]The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in theResumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:

[247]The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in hisGrundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 466.)

[248]Pinart,Bulletin de la Société de Geographie, 1885; Berendt, inBull. of Amer. Geog. Society, 1876, No. 2.

[249]InSixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1888.

[250]Joaquin Acosta,Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (Id., p. 454.)

[251]The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in theRevue de Linguistique, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.

[252]Herrera,Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales, Cap. XVI.

[253]Alcedo,Diccionario Geografico, s. v., Muzos.

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