[381]See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in theVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The wordapiacaorapiabain Tupi means simply “men.”[382]A. S. Pinart,Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes(folio, Paris, 1890).[383]Report of theBrit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.[384]Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.[385]The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.[386]“La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).[387]See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” inProceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.[388]Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in theArchives de la Société Américaine de France, 1886.[389]Martius,Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.[390]Luiz Vincencio Mamiani,Arte de la Lingua Kiriri, and hisCatechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).[391]Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.[392]See Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, s. 184.[393]Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.[394]F. de Castelnau,Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud, Tom. I., p. 446.[395]For instance:CARAJA.BOTOCUDO.Woman,awkeu,joku-nang.Sun,tiou,taru.Head,w-oara,curu.Tooth,wa-djon,yune.Hand,wa-depo,nipo.Fire,eaotou,poté.Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group.Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 548.[396]Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in hisEthnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.[397]The list is given in hisPersonal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).[398]F. S. Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking oflengue matrici, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.[399]Aug. Codazzi,Geografia de Venezuela, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).[400]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et la Caura, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).[401]Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).[402]A. Coudreau,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1885, p. 281.[403]L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 183.[404]See the Vocabularies.[405]Consult J. Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).[406]Quoted by Aristides Rojas,Estudios Indigenas, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.[407]Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” inOrig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin, 1886, s. 162.[408]Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco, p. 66.[409]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 109.[410]Historia de la Provincia de Granada, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”[411]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Boyuca, p. 136.[412]G. D. Coleti,Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).[413]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 121.[414]“Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani,Hist. de la Prov. de Granada, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)[415]Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.[416]The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 346.[417]See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux,Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in hisIndians of British Guiana, p. 167.[418]A. Von Humboldt,Personal Narrative, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).[419]Joseph Gumilla,L’Orinoco Ilustrado, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was thelengua generalof the lower river.[420]A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, inBulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 55.[421]Arthur Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).[422]Printed in theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.[423]Manuel P. Albis, inBull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society, Vol. I., p. 55.[424]See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocaserres, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)[425]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 113.[426]In theZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 336, sq.[427]Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).[428]Ibid.,Geografia del Estado de Cauca, p. 313.[429]Chaffanjon,ubi suprá, p. 203.[430]He givesoueni, water,zenquerot, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace,Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine(Paris, 1882).[431]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches.Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).[432]This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.[433]Hervas,Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262. The termEncabelladoswas applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 112). ThePater Nosterin the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).[434]In the closing chapters of hisEsplorazione, above quoted.[435]An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini inReal. Accad. dei Lincei, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).[436]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406.[437]Prof. Raimondi, in theAnthropological Review, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.[438]“La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in theRevue d’Anthropologie, 1873, p. 390.[439]TheMithridates(Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.[440]See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in hisReise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.[441]Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, p. 12.[442]Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in theRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, p. 320.[443]For example:YAHUA.PEBA.Bow,cano,canou.Ear,on-tisiu,mi-tiwi.Hair,rinoncay,rainosay.Head,fi-rignio,raino.Heart,hu-iachai,ca-iishi.Forehead,uno,nimo.Nose,unirou,vinerro.Woman,huata,uatoa.The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.[444]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 112.[445]Von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 445.[446]Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 415.[447]Jose Amich,Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, etc., pp. 77, 78.[448]E. Pöppig,Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).[449]Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” inRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, pp. 316, 317.[450]Von Martius,Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 435.[451]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 438.[452]See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” inReport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1877, p. 308, sq.[453]Professor Antonio Raimondi,Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto(Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, inJour. Anthrop. Institute. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.[454]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 262.[455]W. Chandless, inJour. of the Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.[456]Ibid., Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.[457]The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See hisCompendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209. Washington, 1853).[458]According to Veigl. SeeMithridates, III., II. 580, 581, 583.[459]Called alsoMananaguas, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been theManoasamong whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.[460]W. Chandless, inJournal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.[461]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 414.[462]Von Martius,Ibid., p. 422.[463]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, p. 242.[464]Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society, 1889, p. 501.[465]Muratori,Il Cristianesimo Felice, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 174).[466]A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry,Arte de la lengua Chiquita, Paris, 1880. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.[467]Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 159.[468]Alcide D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig,Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.[469]L’Homme Américain, Tom. I., p. 374.[470]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890.[471]E. Heath,Kansas City Review, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.[472]Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 498.[473]De Laet, quoted inMithridates, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.[474]“En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.”Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba(Lima, 1771).[475]Weddell,Voyage dans la Bolivie, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).[476]Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 142.[477]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 247.[478]Professor E. Teza gives some texts in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).[479]Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza,Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.[480]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 257.[481]Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is aConfessionarioin Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 239.[482]According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.[483]See von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).[484]Pater, an Ave and a Credo.Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of theDescripcion, however, distinguishes between theOcoronosand theRotoroños, both at the Moxos Mission.[485]SeeMithridates, Th. II., s. 577.[486]The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.[487]The wordchaco, properlychacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).[488]Del Techo,ubi suprá, Lib. I., cap. 41.[489]Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.[490]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.[491]“C’estàpeine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.[492]A. J. Carranza,Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.[493]A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See alsoIbid., Bd. I., s. 244.[494]Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.[495]Richard Rohde, inOrig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).[496]Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.[497]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.[498]Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote(Madrid, 1732).[499]Printed in Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.[500]Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.[501]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).[502]As shown by Adelung,Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.[503]S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).[504]Del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. II., cap. 20.[505]Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco(Firenze, 1881).[506]“Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.[507]Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.[508]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.[509]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.[510]Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748, MS.[511]Printed in theRevista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in theMithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.[512]L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 116.
[381]See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in theVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The wordapiacaorapiabain Tupi means simply “men.”
[381]See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in theVerhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The wordapiacaorapiabain Tupi means simply “men.”
[382]A. S. Pinart,Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes(folio, Paris, 1890).
[382]A. S. Pinart,Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes(folio, Paris, 1890).
[383]Report of theBrit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.
[383]Report of theBrit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.
[384]Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.
[384]Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.
[385]The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.
[385]The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.
[386]“La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).
[386]“La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).
[387]See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” inProceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.
[387]See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” inProceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.
[388]Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in theArchives de la Société Américaine de France, 1886.
[388]Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in theArchives de la Société Américaine de France, 1886.
[389]Martius,Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.
[389]Martius,Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.
[390]Luiz Vincencio Mamiani,Arte de la Lingua Kiriri, and hisCatechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).
[390]Luiz Vincencio Mamiani,Arte de la Lingua Kiriri, and hisCatechismo na Lingua da naçao Kiriri. The former has been republished (1877), and also translated into German by Von der Gabelentz (1852).
[391]Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.
[391]Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 303. This writer looks upon the Cariris as a remote off-shoot from the Carib stock.
[392]See Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, s. 184.
[392]See Von den Steinen,Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 320; Paul Ehrenreich,Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, s. 184.
[393]Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.
[393]Reinhold Hensel, “Die Coroados der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,” inZeitschrift für Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.
[394]F. de Castelnau,Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud, Tom. I., p. 446.
[394]F. de Castelnau,Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud, Tom. I., p. 446.
[395]For instance:CARAJA.BOTOCUDO.Woman,awkeu,joku-nang.Sun,tiou,taru.Head,w-oara,curu.Tooth,wa-djon,yune.Hand,wa-depo,nipo.Fire,eaotou,poté.Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group.Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 548.
[395]For instance:
Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, who has a mass of unpublished material about the Caraja language, says it is wholly unconnected with the Carib group.Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 548.
[396]Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in hisEthnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.
[396]Vocabularies of these are collected by Von Martius in hisEthnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. II., ss. 155, 156, 161, 212, etc.
[397]The list is given in hisPersonal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).
[397]The list is given in hisPersonal Narrative of a Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of America, Vol. VI., pp. 354-358, of the English translation (London, 1826).
[398]F. S. Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking oflengue matrici, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.
[398]F. S. Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., Lib. III., cap. 12 (Roma, 1782). In speaking oflengue matrici, he says positively, “In tutta l’estensione del grande Orinoco non ve ne sono che nove,” p. 204.
[399]Aug. Codazzi,Geografia de Venezuela, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).
[399]Aug. Codazzi,Geografia de Venezuela, pp. 247, 248 (Paris, 1841).
[400]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et la Caura, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).
[400]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et la Caura, p. 247 (Paris, 1889).
[401]Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).
[401]Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 344 (Bruselas, 1867).
[402]A. Coudreau,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1885, p. 281.
[402]A. Coudreau,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1885, p. 281.
[403]L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 183.
[403]L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 183.
[404]See the Vocabularies.
[404]See the Vocabularies.
[405]Consult J. Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).
[405]Consult J. Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, fol. 170, 227 (Madrid, 1741); and Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, p. 65 (Madrid, 1745).
[406]Quoted by Aristides Rojas,Estudios Indigenas, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.
[406]Quoted by Aristides Rojas,Estudios Indigenas, p. 183 (Caracas, 1878). This work contains much useful information on the Venezuelan languages.
[407]Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” inOrig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin, 1886, s. 162.
[407]Jorge S. Hartmann, “Indianerstämme von Venezuela,” inOrig. Mittheil. aus der Ethnol. Abtheil. der König. Museen zu Berlin, 1886, s. 162.
[408]Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco, p. 66.
[408]Joseph Gumilla,El Orinoco, p. 66.
[409]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 109.
[409]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 109.
[410]Historia de la Provincia de Granada, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”
[410]Historia de la Provincia de Granada, pp. 87, 93. He calls them a “nacion suave y racional.”
[411]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Boyuca, p. 136.
[411]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Boyuca, p. 136.
[412]G. D. Coleti,Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).
[412]G. D. Coleti,Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. I. p. 164 (Venezia, 1772).
[413]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 121.
[413]J. Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 121.
[414]“Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani,Hist. de la Prov. de Granada, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)
[414]“Los Gitanos de las Indias, todo parecido en costumbres y modo de vivir de nuestros Gitanos.” Cassani,Hist. de la Prov. de Granada, p. 111. Gumilla remarks: “De la Guajiva salen varias ramas entre la gran variedad de Chiricoas.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado, etc. Tom. II. p. 38.)
[415]Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.
[415]Chaffanjon,L’Orénoque et le Caura, pp. 177, 183, 187, 197.
[416]The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 346.
[416]The subject is fully discussed from long personal observation by Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 346.
[417]See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux,Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in hisIndians of British Guiana, p. 167.
[417]See the observations of Level in Michelena y Rojas,Exploracion Oficial de la America del Sur, p. 148, sq. The Guaraunos are also well described by Crévaux,Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 600, sqq. (Paris, 1883), and J. Chaffanjon,Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1887, p. 189. Im Thurn draws a very unfavorable picture of them in hisIndians of British Guiana, p. 167.
[418]A. Von Humboldt,Personal Narrative, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).
[418]A. Von Humboldt,Personal Narrative, Vol. III., p. 216 (Eng. trans. London, 1826).
[419]Joseph Gumilla,L’Orinoco Ilustrado, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was thelengua generalof the lower river.
[419]Joseph Gumilla,L’Orinoco Ilustrado, Tom. II., p. 66. They spoke Carib to him, but that was thelengua generalof the lower river.
[420]A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, inBulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 55.
[420]A description of the Correguages and a vocabulary of their dialect are given by the Presbyter Manuel M. Albis, inBulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 55.
[421]Arthur Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).
[421]Arthur Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 196 (London, 1886). In his appendix the author gives a vocabulary of the Pioje (and also one of the Zaparo).
[422]Printed in theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.
[422]Printed in theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, by M. L. Adam, Tome VIII., p. 52.
[423]Manuel P. Albis, inBull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society, Vol. I., p. 55.
[423]Manuel P. Albis, inBull. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society, Vol. I., p. 55.
[424]See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocaserres, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)
[424]See the account in the interesting work of Father Cassani,Historia de la Provincia de la Compañia de Jesus del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, pp. 231, 232, 257, etc. (Madrid, 1741). He describes the Jiraras as having the same rites, customs and language as the Airicos on the river Ele, p. 96. Gumilla makes the following doubtful statement: “De la lengua Betoya y Jirara, que aunque esta gasta pocaserres, y aquella demasiadas, ambas quieren ser matrices, se derivan las lenguas Situfa, Ayrica, Ele, Luculia, Jabue, Arauca, Quilifay, Anaboli, Lolaca, y Atabaca.” (El Orinoco Ilustrado y Defendido, Tom. II., p. 38, Madrid, 1745.)
[425]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 113.
[425]Felipe Perez,Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 113.
[426]In theZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 336, sq.
[426]In theZeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 336, sq.
[427]Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).
[427]Geografia del Estado de Cundinamarca, p. 114 (Bogota, 1863).
[428]Ibid.,Geografia del Estado de Cauca, p. 313.
[428]Ibid.,Geografia del Estado de Cauca, p. 313.
[429]Chaffanjon,ubi suprá, p. 203.
[429]Chaffanjon,ubi suprá, p. 203.
[430]He givesoueni, water,zenquerot, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace,Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine(Paris, 1882).
[430]He givesoueni, water,zenquerot, moon, as identical in the Puinavi and Baniva. The first may pass, but the second is incorrect. See his remarks in A. R. Wallace,Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 528 (London, 1853). A vocabulary of 53 Puinavi words is furnished from Dr. Crévaux’s notes in Vol. VIII. of theBibliothèque Linguistique Américaine(Paris, 1882).
[431]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches.Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).
[431]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. But Osculati describes them as tall and fine-looking, with small mustaches.Esplorazione delle Regioni Equatoriali, p. 164, sq. (Milano, 1850).
[432]This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.
[432]This opinion is supported by Hamy, Villavicencio, and other good authorities.
[433]Hervas,Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262. The termEncabelladoswas applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 112). ThePater Nosterin the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).
[433]Hervas,Catal. de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262. The termEncabelladoswas applied to the tribe from their custom of allowing the hair to grow to their waist. (Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 112). ThePater Nosterin the Encabellada dialect is printed by E. Teza in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 53 (Pisa, 1868).
[434]In the closing chapters of hisEsplorazione, above quoted.
[434]In the closing chapters of hisEsplorazione, above quoted.
[435]An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini inReal. Accad. dei Lincei, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).
[435]An excellent article on the ethnography of this tribe is the “Osservazioni Ethnografiche sui Givari,” by G. A. Colini inReal. Accad. dei Lincei, Roma, 1883. See also Alfred Simpson,Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador, p. 91, sq. (London, 1886).
[436]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406.
[436]Ed. André, inLe Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406.
[437]Prof. Raimondi, in theAnthropological Review, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.
[437]Prof. Raimondi, in theAnthropological Review, Vol. I., p. 33, sq.
[438]“La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in theRevue d’Anthropologie, 1873, p. 390.
[438]“La comunauté d’origine entre les Jivaros et les tribus du grand groupe guaranien se trouvera etablie avec assurance.” Dr. Hamy, “Nouveaux Renseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros,” in theRevue d’Anthropologie, 1873, p. 390.
[439]TheMithridates(Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.
[439]TheMithridates(Bd. III., Ab. II., s. 592) gives from Hervas the Pater Noster in the Maina dialect. Professor Teza (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 54-57) has published the Pater Noster, Ave, Credo and Salve in the Cahuapana dialect. They differ but little.
[440]See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in hisReise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.
[440]See E. Pöppig, “Die Indiervölker des obern Huallaga,” in hisReise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., ss. 320, 321, 400, etc.
[441]Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, p. 12.
[441]Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, p. 12.
[442]Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in theRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, p. 320.
[442]Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in theRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, p. 320.
[443]For example:YAHUA.PEBA.Bow,cano,canou.Ear,on-tisiu,mi-tiwi.Hair,rinoncay,rainosay.Head,fi-rignio,raino.Heart,hu-iachai,ca-iishi.Forehead,uno,nimo.Nose,unirou,vinerro.Woman,huata,uatoa.The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.
[443]For example:
The Yahua has more Kechua elements than the Peba.
[444]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 112.
[444]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., p. 112.
[445]Von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 445.
[445]Von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 445.
[446]Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 415.
[446]Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 415.
[447]Jose Amich,Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, etc., pp. 77, 78.
[447]Jose Amich,Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, etc., pp. 77, 78.
[448]E. Pöppig,Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).
[448]E. Pöppig,Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 328 (Leipzig, 1836).
[449]Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” inRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, pp. 316, 317.
[449]Cf. Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” inRevue d’Ethnologie, 1887, pp. 316, 317.
[450]Von Martius,Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 435.
[450]Von Martius,Ethnog. und Sprach. Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 435.
[451]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 438.
[451]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 438.
[452]See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” inReport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1877, p. 308, sq.
[452]See Dr. L. F. Galt, “The Indians of Peru,” inReport of the Smithsonian Institution, 1877, p. 308, sq.
[453]Professor Antonio Raimondi,Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto(Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, inJour. Anthrop. Institute. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.
[453]Professor Antonio Raimondi,Apuntes sobre la Provincia de Loreto(Lima, 1862), trans. by Bollaert, inJour. Anthrop. Institute. He states that they speak a dialect of Pano.
[454]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 262.
[454]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 262.
[455]W. Chandless, inJour. of the Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.
[455]W. Chandless, inJour. of the Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. XXXIX., p. 302; Vol. XXXVI., p. 118.
[456]Ibid., Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.
[456]Ibid., Vol. XXXVI., p. 123, note.
[457]The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See hisCompendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209. Washington, 1853).
[457]The Callisecas are now no longer known by that name; but J. Amich has given sufficient reasons to identify them as the ancestors of the tribe later known as the Setibos. See hisCompendio Historico de la Serafica Religion en las Montañas de los Andes, p. 29 (Paris, 1854). Lieutenant Herndon, however, who describes them as wearing beards, believed they were the ancient Cashibos (Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209. Washington, 1853).
[458]According to Veigl. SeeMithridates, III., II. 580, 581, 583.
[458]According to Veigl. SeeMithridates, III., II. 580, 581, 583.
[459]Called alsoMananaguas, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been theManoasamong whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.
[459]Called alsoMananaguas, “mountaineers,” and believed by Waitz to have been theManoasamong whom an old missionary found an elder of the tribe rehearsing the annals of the nation from a hieroglyphic scroll (Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 541). The real Manoas or Manaos belong to the Arawak stock.
[460]W. Chandless, inJournal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.
[460]W. Chandless, inJournal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XXXVI., p. 118; Vol. XXXIX., p. 311.
[461]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 414.
[461]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 414.
[462]Von Martius,Ibid., p. 422.
[462]Von Martius,Ibid., p. 422.
[463]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, p. 242.
[463]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890, p. 242.
[464]Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society, 1889, p. 501.
[464]Proceedings of the Royal Geog. Society, 1889, p. 501.
[465]Muratori,Il Cristianesimo Felice, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 174).
[465]Muratori,Il Cristianesimo Felice, p. 27 (Venezia, 1743). Father Fernandez gives the names of 69 bands of the Manacicas (Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 174).
[466]A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry,Arte de la lengua Chiquita, Paris, 1880. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.
[466]A grammar of it has been edited by MM. Adam and Henry,Arte de la lengua Chiquita, Paris, 1880. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine, Tom. VI.) The sub-divisions of the Chiquitos are so numerous that I refrain from encumbering my pages with them. See D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 154, and authorities there quoted.
[467]Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 159.
[467]Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 159.
[468]Alcide D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig,Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.
[468]Alcide D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Vol. I., p. 356, sq. Among the D’Orbigny MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, I found an inedited grammar and dictionary of the Yurucari language. It would be very desirable to have this published, as our present knowledge of the tongue rests on a few imperfect vocabularies. The work is doubtless that by P. la Cueva, mentioned in H. Ludewig,Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Languages, p. 206; but the author and editor of that work were in error in classing the Tacana and Maropa as members of the Yurucari stock. They belong to a different family.
[469]L’Homme Américain, Tom. I., p. 374.
[469]L’Homme Américain, Tom. I., p. 374.
[470]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890.
[470]Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1890.
[471]E. Heath,Kansas City Review, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.
[471]E. Heath,Kansas City Review, April, 1883. He gives vocabularies of Tacana and Maropa. A devotional work has been printed in Tacana.
[472]Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 498.
[472]Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889, p. 498.
[473]De Laet, quoted inMithridates, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.
[473]De Laet, quoted inMithridates, Th. III., Ab. II., s. 577.
[474]“En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.”Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba(Lima, 1771).
[474]“En Aten se habla la Leca por ser este pueblo de Indios Lecos.”Descripcion de las Misiones de Apolobamba(Lima, 1771).
[475]Weddell,Voyage dans la Bolivie, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).
[475]Weddell,Voyage dans la Bolivie, p. 453 (quoted by Waitz).
[476]Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 142.
[476]Most of the Samucus were gathered at the mission of St. Ignatius. Father Chomé remarks, “Les Zamucos, Cuculados, Tapios et Ugaronos parlent à peu prés la même langue.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tome II., p. 191. See also D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 142.
[477]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 247.
[477]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 247.
[478]Professor E. Teza gives some texts in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).
[478]Professor E. Teza gives some texts in hisSaggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 40, 41; and Mr. E. Heath has supplied a careful vocabulary of recent date (Kansas City Review, April, 1883).
[479]Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza,Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.
[479]Texts of the Pater, Ave and Credo are given by E. Teza,Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 51.
[480]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 257.
[480]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 257.
[481]Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is aConfessionarioin Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 239.
[481]Descripcion de las Misiones del Alto Peru, 12mo, Lima, 1771. The only copy of this work which I have seen, and that an imperfect one, is in the Collection Angrand, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Among the MSS. of this great library is aConfessionarioin Itonama, which should be published as perhaps the only text of the language extant. Some remarks on its phonetics may be found in D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, Tome II., p. 239.
[482]According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.
[482]According to Father Fernandez there were, in 1726, 30,000 converts under the care of the Moxos Mission, and fifteen different languages were spoken, “qui ne se ressemblent nullement.”Lettres Edifiantes, Tom. II., p. 161.
[483]See von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).
[483]See von Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 412. Professor Teza gives the Pater, Ave and Credo in the Mura dialect of Bolivia (Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43).
[484]Pater, an Ave and a Credo.Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of theDescripcion, however, distinguishes between theOcoronosand theRotoroños, both at the Moxos Mission.
[484]Pater, an Ave and a Credo.Saggi inediti di Lingue Americane, pp. 48, 49. The author of theDescripcion, however, distinguishes between theOcoronosand theRotoroños, both at the Moxos Mission.
[485]SeeMithridates, Th. II., s. 577.
[485]SeeMithridates, Th. II., s. 577.
[486]The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.
[486]The Capesacos and Menepes were others. Nicolas del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XII., cap. 33.
[487]The wordchaco, properlychacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).
[487]The wordchaco, properlychacu, in Kechua is applied to game driven into pens. Lozano says it was used metaphorically in reference to the numerous tribes driven from their homes into the forests (Descrip. Chronograph. del Gran Chaco, p. 1).
[488]Del Techo,ubi suprá, Lib. I., cap. 41.
[488]Del Techo,ubi suprá, Lib. I., cap. 41.
[489]Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.
[489]Historia de Abiponibus, Vienna, 1784. An English translation, London, 1822.
[490]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.
[490]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 62-65.
[491]“C’estàpeine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.
[491]“C’estàpeine s’il en reste aujourd’hui trois ou quatre individus.” D’Orbigny MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale. This was written about 1834.
[492]A. J. Carranza,Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.
[492]A. J. Carranza,Expedicion al Chaco Austral, p. 422 (Buenos Aires, 1884). This author gives a useful vocabulary of the Toba, together with a number of familiar phrases.
[493]A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See alsoIbid., Bd. I., s. 244.
[493]A comparison of their tongue is instituted by Martius,Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. II., s. 131. See alsoIbid., Bd. I., s. 244.
[494]Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.
[494]Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, p. 83.
[495]Richard Rohde, inOrig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).
[495]Richard Rohde, inOrig. Mitt. Eth. Abth. König. Mus., 1885, s. 13. Von Martius identified the Cadioéos with the Cadigues of the Payaguas, which is open to doubt (Ethnographie, Bd. I., 226).
[496]Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.
[496]Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 73, 76, 77.
[497]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.
[497]Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510, quoted by M. Lucien Adam.
[498]Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote(Madrid, 1732).
[498]Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Lule y Tonicote(Madrid, 1732).
[499]Printed in Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.
[499]Printed in Gilii,Saggio di Storia Americana, Tom. III., p. 363.
[500]Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.
[500]Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., pp. 165-173.
[501]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).
[501]Pedro Lozano,Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco, pp. 94-97 (Cordoba, 1733).
[502]As shown by Adelung,Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.
[502]As shown by Adelung,Mithridates, Bd. II., s. 508.
[503]S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).
[503]S. A. L. Quevede has undertaken to show that the real Lule were the hill tribes of the Anconquija range and their tongue the Cacana (American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 64).
[504]Del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. II., cap. 20.
[504]Del Techo,Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. II., cap. 20.
[505]Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco(Firenze, 1881).
[505]Otto Mesi nel Gran Ciacco(Firenze, 1881).
[506]“Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.
[506]“Nacion la mas vil del Chaco.” Hervas,Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 164.
[507]Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.
[507]Lozano,Descripcion del Gran Chaco, pp. 75, 76.
[508]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.
[508]Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde, Bd. I., s. 225-6.
[509]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.
[509]Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tome II., pp. 96, 97.
[510]Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748, MS.
[510]Viage del P. F. Pedro Parras desde Aragon á Indias en 1748, MS.
[511]Printed in theRevista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in theMithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.
[511]Printed in theRevista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina, 1887, p. 352. I have compared this with the Payagua text given in theMithridates, Bd. III., 490, but the latter is so obscure that I derived no data for a decision as to the identity of the dialects.
[512]L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 116.
[512]L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 116.