Chapter 38

Greece,69,160;Holland,77,109,133,152;Hungary,40,43,110;India,2,40;Italy,104,132,142,143,155,157,160;Java,142;Jutland,30;Mexico,43;Portugal,143;Russia,143;Siberia,131,143;Spain,43;Sweden,52,129,143Celts, flat.—English,39 to 48;Scottish,55 to 59;Irish,39,45,61 to 65;copper,39,40,43,61;decorated,44,49,58,59,62 to 65,69,453;double-ended,69;doubly tapering,44,49,69;earliest in date,39,107,149,469;iron,157;largest found in Britain,57;moulds for,430,428,438;perforated,160Celts, flanged.—English,48 to 55;Scottish,59 to 61;Irish,66 to 68;castings for,55;decorated,48,53,54,58 to 61,66 to 69;doubly tapering,68,69;perforated,59;roughening blade of,67;with “flanches” on face,60;with stop-ridge,68,69,73,74,479Celts, socketed.—English,107-135,87,93,94,95;Scottish,135 to 137,143;Irish,137 to 142;apparently of German origin,483;axe-shaped,142;castings for,86;clay cores left in,115,116,186,445;of copper,145;“flanches” on,60,107 to 111,131,480;of iron,116,144,157,159,163;of lead,445;method of casting,442;moulds for, of bronze,438 to 445;moulds for, of burnt clay,450;moulds for, of stone,432;origin of,107,483;rarely or never found with interments in Britain,134;with loop on face,130;with two loops,142,143;without loops,133,142,144;with ribs inside socket,109,110,111;with ribs on face,117,127,136,137,140Celts, winged.—English,71 to 77;Scottish,97;Irish,99 to 102Celts, trumpeters in army of,363Celtiberian method of preparing iron,275“Celtis,” Roman pronunciation of,29Census, method of taking,318Centres of manufacture, independent,106,143,475“Ceraunius,”40Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period,194;cultivated during the Bronze Period,487.SeeSicklesCesnola, General di,40Cetrain use in Spain and Mauretania,354Chabas, M., quoted,6,7Chalybes, the,17Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted,43,55,88,109,176,183,184,202,297,358,405,478,484;his classification of hoards,458Chapes,285,305 to 307;wooden,302Chariots of Early Iron Age,389,403Chierici, Professor, quoted,422Chilian celt of copper,145China, steel imported to Rome from,19Chinese antiquarian work,263;halberd,262;influence,478;spear-heads,329Chisels,165 to 173,113,148;Aztec,166;celts used as,38,133,146;Egyptian,8,166;flint,165;narrow,259;mould for,449;socketed,171,172;from Swiss Lake-dwellings,166;tanged,167 to 171,315Christy collection,142Chronos, sickle of,15Cicero’s facetious inquiry,275Cimbrians used iron,19“Cire perdue” method of casting,427,449“Clachan nathaireach,”394Clasps,396;or slides,308;found with celts,144;gold,139Clerk, Baron, collection,98,214,218Clipeuslonger thancetra,354Coins, British,118,134,181,354,363,399,470;of Cunobeline,181,354;of Dubnovellaunus,181;of Eppillus,363;of Hadrian,117;of gold and silver,322;Italian,283;Roman,115,117,363;Spanish,354;Syracusan,426;of Tasciovanus,354,363;of Verica,354,399;unknown in Bronze Age,487Collars, with beads strung on iron wire,381.SeeTorques“Commander’s staff,”262Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries,483,485;of the Etruscans,413,476;of the Phœnicians,419,475,479;with the East,413Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest,180;Stockholm,288Continental influence on British forms,106,143,297,379,472,479 to 486Cooke collection,128Cooke, Mr. B., quoted,33Copper Age, in America,2;in Europe,2;in modern times,4Copper, bars of,424;blades,265;cakes,422;cakes with Roman inscriptions,423;celts, Chilian,145;celts, Etruscan,39;celts, Indian,2;celts, Irish,61;early sources of,8,14,418;halberds, Irish,265;ingots,426;knives, Esquimaux,211;lumps of (seeMetal);native,3,418,419;perforated axe,265;punches, or sets, modern,265;pyrites,419;saw from Santorin,184;smelting of,422Cord, traces of, on celt,160;traces of, on dagger,226Cores of clay for bells,384;extraction of,186,451;method of casting with,443;remaining in celts,115,116,186,445;wooden and bronze,445Cornwall, native copper in,419;native tin in,419Cotton, Charles, Esq.,133Crannoges, Irish,220,486Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted,9Crofton Croker collection,131Cross-guards of daggers or knives,309Crotals or rattles,361Crowbar,161Crucibles, probably of clay,427Cumæ, Battle of,355Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted,37,306,340Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection,55Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted,189,242Cunobeline, hammer on coins of,181;shields on coins of,354Cups, amber,243,486;gold,407;hanging,408;with interments,189,190,226,239,243Curved cutting tools,180DDactyli, invention of metals ascribed to,15Daggers,222 to 247,254,256 to 260;Danish,254;Egyptian,254,420;French,223,234,238,243,254;German,246;Hungarian,236;Irish,234,239,244,254;Italian,236,241,287;methods of hafting,227 to 236;moulds for, Italian,434;ornamented on blade,234,241,246;Peruvian mode of holding,246;Scandinavian,234,236,252;socketed,260,480;tanged,222,223,224,254,258,259,260;tanged, peculiar to Britain,480;with stone axes in interments,161,224,225Daïmachus quoted,17Dalmatian hammer,183;chisels,172Danubian province of bronze antiquities,478,482Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A.,438Davy, Mr. H. A.,87Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S.,475,477Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection,61,62,65,102,105,138,139,140,141,171,172,176,212,246,59,293,315,325,358Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus,15De Bonstetten,104De Champlain quoted,3De Fellenberg referred to,422,425Defoe quoted,362Dentalium necklace,394Desor, Prof., collection,86,180Diadems,184;Danish and German,394;gold,42,393Dickinson, Mrs., collection,80,84,386Diodorus Siculus quoted,202,275,363,426Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin,426Discs with concentric circles,401;perforated,403Dolabra, Roman,36Dolmen, French,293Donovan’s analysis of trumpet,360Douce and Meyrick collection,109Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted,34,233Dow, Rev. John, quoted,35“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from,360Drills.SeeAwls“Druidical pruning-hook,”32,200Druid’s altar, supposed,114Dryden, Sir Henry, collection,74Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of,181Duke, Rev. E., collection,166,377,385,393,432Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted,35,132,155,160,431Durden, Mr., collection,134,250,378,393Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by,418Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S.,313EEarly Iron Age of Denmark,159;hoard at Vimose,195;interment, belonging to,25;trumpets of,357,363.Seealso Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.Ear-rings,391;gold,393Edwards, Mr. G., C.E.,368Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection,91,169,331,464Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in,8;early rarity of iron and steel in,6;early use of bronze in,475;lead bronze used in,419Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped,318;axes,142,147;celts with ears,147;chisels,166;daggers,234,254;daggers, analysis of,420;daggers, socketed,261,480;hatchet still hafted,148;hoe-like instrument,142;method of fixing adze blades,159;rings, penannular,391;swords,298;tongs,185Elissa, bronze sickle of,18,194Enamel on bronze articles,135;red, on shields,343Encrinite beads,394Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted,159,164,195Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S.,61,180,282Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of,18Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder,374Esquimaux, handles of instruments,195;knives of copper,211Etruscan, celts,132;commerce,413,476;gold necklaces,39;helmets,355;influence on form of Irish vases,412,476,481;rings with loops,400;tomb, copper celt in,39;urns at Hallstatt,412Euripides quoted,16FFabrics, woven,474Fabricius, J. A., quoted,151Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to,135Faussett collection,129Fenton, Mr.,223Fenton, Mr. S.,306Ferris, Dr.,348Ferrules,338 to 341,256,257,309,315,317,333;

Greece,69,160;

Holland,77,109,133,152;

Hungary,40,43,110;

India,2,40;

Italy,104,132,142,143,155,157,160;

Java,142;

Jutland,30;

Mexico,43;

Portugal,143;

Russia,143;

Siberia,131,143;

Spain,43;

Sweden,52,129,143

Celts, flat.—

English,39 to 48;

Scottish,55 to 59;

Irish,39,45,61 to 65;

copper,39,40,43,61;

decorated,44,49,58,59,62 to 65,69,453;

double-ended,69;

doubly tapering,44,49,69;

earliest in date,39,107,149,469;

iron,157;

largest found in Britain,57;

moulds for,430,428,438;

perforated,160

Celts, flanged.—

English,48 to 55;

Scottish,59 to 61;

Irish,66 to 68;

castings for,55;

decorated,48,53,54,58 to 61,66 to 69;

doubly tapering,68,69;

perforated,59;

roughening blade of,67;

with “flanches” on face,60;

with stop-ridge,68,69,73,74,479

Celts, socketed.—

English,107-135,87,93,94,95;

Scottish,135 to 137,143;

Irish,137 to 142;

apparently of German origin,483;

axe-shaped,142;

castings for,86;

clay cores left in,115,116,186,445;

of copper,145;

“flanches” on,60,107 to 111,131,480;

of iron,116,144,157,159,163;

of lead,445;

method of casting,442;

moulds for, of bronze,438 to 445;

moulds for, of burnt clay,450;

moulds for, of stone,432;

origin of,107,483;

rarely or never found with interments in Britain,134;

with loop on face,130;

with two loops,142,143;

without loops,133,142,144;

with ribs inside socket,109,110,111;

with ribs on face,117,127,136,137,140

Celts, winged.—

English,71 to 77;

Scottish,97;

Irish,99 to 102

Celts, trumpeters in army of,363

Celtiberian method of preparing iron,275

“Celtis,” Roman pronunciation of,29

Census, method of taking,318

Centres of manufacture, independent,106,143,475

“Ceraunius,”40

Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period,194;

cultivated during the Bronze Period,487.

SeeSickles

Cesnola, General di,40

Cetrain use in Spain and Mauretania,354

Chabas, M., quoted,6,7

Chalybes, the,17

Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted,43,55,88,109,176,183,184,202,297,358,405,478,484;

his classification of hoards,458

Chapes,285,305 to 307;

wooden,302

Chariots of Early Iron Age,389,403

Chierici, Professor, quoted,422

Chilian celt of copper,145

China, steel imported to Rome from,19

Chinese antiquarian work,263;

halberd,262;

influence,478;

spear-heads,329

Chisels,165 to 173,113,148;

Aztec,166;

celts used as,38,133,146;

Egyptian,8,166;

flint,165;

narrow,259;

mould for,449;

socketed,171,172;

from Swiss Lake-dwellings,166;

tanged,167 to 171,315

Christy collection,142

Chronos, sickle of,15

Cicero’s facetious inquiry,275

Cimbrians used iron,19

“Cire perdue” method of casting,427,449

“Clachan nathaireach,”394

Clasps,396;

or slides,308;

found with celts,144;

gold,139

Clerk, Baron, collection,98,214,218

Clipeuslonger thancetra,354

Coins, British,118,134,181,354,363,399,470;

of Cunobeline,181,354;

of Dubnovellaunus,181;

of Eppillus,363;

of Hadrian,117;

of gold and silver,322;

Italian,283;

Roman,115,117,363;

Spanish,354;

Syracusan,426;

of Tasciovanus,354,363;

of Verica,354,399;

unknown in Bronze Age,487

Collars, with beads strung on iron wire,381.

SeeTorques

“Commander’s staff,”262

Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries,483,485;

of the Etruscans,413,476;

of the Phœnicians,419,475,479;

with the East,413

Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest,180;

Stockholm,288

Continental influence on British forms,106,143,297,379,472,479 to 486

Cooke collection,128

Cooke, Mr. B., quoted,33

Copper Age, in America,2;

in Europe,2;

in modern times,4

Copper, bars of,424;

blades,265;

cakes,422;

cakes with Roman inscriptions,423;

celts, Chilian,145;

celts, Etruscan,39;

celts, Indian,2;

celts, Irish,61;

early sources of,8,14,418;

halberds, Irish,265;

ingots,426;

knives, Esquimaux,211;

lumps of (seeMetal);

native,3,418,419;

perforated axe,265;

punches, or sets, modern,265;

pyrites,419;

saw from Santorin,184;

smelting of,422

Cord, traces of, on celt,160;

traces of, on dagger,226

Cores of clay for bells,384;

extraction of,186,451;

method of casting with,443;

remaining in celts,115,116,186,445;

wooden and bronze,445

Cornwall, native copper in,419;

native tin in,419

Cotton, Charles, Esq.,133

Crannoges, Irish,220,486

Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted,9

Crofton Croker collection,131

Cross-guards of daggers or knives,309

Crotals or rattles,361

Crowbar,161

Crucibles, probably of clay,427

Cumæ, Battle of,355

Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted,37,306,340

Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection,55

Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted,189,242

Cunobeline, hammer on coins of,181;

shields on coins of,354

Cups, amber,243,486;

gold,407;

hanging,408;

with interments,189,190,226,239,243

Curved cutting tools,180

Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to,15

Daggers,222 to 247,254,256 to 260;

Danish,254;

Egyptian,254,420;

French,223,234,238,243,254;

German,246;

Hungarian,236;

Irish,234,239,244,254;

Italian,236,241,287;

methods of hafting,227 to 236;

moulds for, Italian,434;

ornamented on blade,234,241,246;

Peruvian mode of holding,246;

Scandinavian,234,236,252;

socketed,260,480;

tanged,222,223,224,254,258,259,260;

tanged, peculiar to Britain,480;

with stone axes in interments,161,224,225

Daïmachus quoted,17

Dalmatian hammer,183;

chisels,172

Danubian province of bronze antiquities,478,482

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A.,438

Davy, Mr. H. A.,87

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S.,475,477

Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection,61,62,65,102,105,138,139,140,141,171,172,176,212,246,59,293,315,325,358

Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus,15

De Bonstetten,104

De Champlain quoted,3

De Fellenberg referred to,422,425

Defoe quoted,362

Dentalium necklace,394

Desor, Prof., collection,86,180

Diadems,184;

Danish and German,394;

gold,42,393

Dickinson, Mrs., collection,80,84,386

Diodorus Siculus quoted,202,275,363,426

Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin,426

Discs with concentric circles,401;

perforated,403

Dolabra, Roman,36

Dolmen, French,293

Donovan’s analysis of trumpet,360

Douce and Meyrick collection,109

Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted,34,233

Dow, Rev. John, quoted,35

“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from,360

Drills.SeeAwls

“Druidical pruning-hook,”32,200

Druid’s altar, supposed,114

Dryden, Sir Henry, collection,74

Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of,181

Duke, Rev. E., collection,166,377,385,393,432

Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted,35,132,155,160,431

Durden, Mr., collection,134,250,378,393

Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by,418

Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S.,313

Early Iron Age of Denmark,159;

hoard at Vimose,195;

interment, belonging to,25;

trumpets of,357,363.

Seealso Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.

Ear-rings,391;

gold,393

Edwards, Mr. G., C.E.,368

Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection,91,169,331,464

Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in,8;

early rarity of iron and steel in,6;

early use of bronze in,475;

lead bronze used in,419

Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped,318;

axes,142,147;

celts with ears,147;

chisels,166;

daggers,234,254;

daggers, analysis of,420;

daggers, socketed,261,480;

hatchet still hafted,148;

hoe-like instrument,142;

method of fixing adze blades,159;

rings, penannular,391;

swords,298;

tongs,185

Elissa, bronze sickle of,18,194

Enamel on bronze articles,135;

red, on shields,343

Encrinite beads,394

Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted,159,164,195

Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S.,61,180,282

Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of,18

Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder,374

Esquimaux, handles of instruments,195;

knives of copper,211

Etruscan, celts,132;

commerce,413,476;

gold necklaces,39;

helmets,355;

influence on form of Irish vases,412,476,481;

rings with loops,400;

tomb, copper celt in,39;

urns at Hallstatt,412

Euripides quoted,16

Fabrics, woven,474

Fabricius, J. A., quoted,151

Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to,135

Faussett collection,129

Fenton, Mr.,223

Fenton, Mr. S.,306

Ferris, Dr.,348

Ferrules,338 to 341,256,257,309,315,317,333;

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