Chapter 42

Wisbech,131,175,179Wurzburg,308Zurich,166“Museum Moscardi,” quoted,31NNail for fastening scabbard end,305Native copper,3,418,419Neb, projecting, on celts,104,160Necklaces, amber,244,487;bone,487;of dentalium shells,394;of glass beads,135;jet,189,190,487Necropolis, Alban,341Needle of bronze,192;wood,226Neolithic Period, gouges developed in,165Neville, Mr. F., quoted,358Nickel present in bronze of shield,346Nilsson, Prof.,419Nitzsch quoted,14Noricum, iron swords of,19Norris, Mr., collection,96Northumberland, Duke of, collection,46,116Norway, native copper in,419Noulet, Dr.,142OObjects of uncertain use,306,308,396,397,405Obsidian instruments from Santorin,184Odyssey, description of hardening axe in,14;testimony of, as to axe-heads,161O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted,398Oppert, M., referred to,9Orestes, bones of,18Origin of term celt,27;of term palstave,71,72;continental, of British bronze forms,108,115,143,297,379Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection,82Ornaments,374 to 395,481,483 to 486;bronze, rare in Britain,395,481,487;gold,51,304,391,393,487;for horse-trappings,404;silver,2Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina,46;cable pattern,54,60,140;chevron patterns,90,145,160,180,320,321,330,338;by enamel,135,338;fern-leaf pattern,61,102;Greek fret,145;by inlaying of metals,13,296,297;by hatched lozenges,53,66,218;by punching,67,187,319,453;by matted patterns,53,74;resembling Roman numerals,203;rings,296;rings concentric, on shields,347 to 353;ring and pellet,124et seqq.;shield-shaped,128;on back of Swiss Lake knives,203Osteological observations,278,475Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods,1,24Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited,296PPaalstab, the term,71,72Palafitta of Castione,153Palstaves,70 to 106,159,169;broken, with broken torques,378;castings for,90,448;Danish,95,151,163;development of, from flat celts,107,472;double-looped,95 to 97,104,105;edge renewed by hammering,92,454;French,81,88,91,97,160;German,80,83,91;Icelandic,71;Irish,81,99 to 105,160;iron,157,159;looped,80,98,103;moulds for,431,439,440;of two metals from Hallstatt,95;origin of term,71;roughening blade of,77;Scottish,77 to 79,99;socketed celts evolved from,108,472;Spanish,90,97,161;transitional forms between celts and,76,77,95,472;with ridges on recesses for handle,79;with transverse edge,85,105,159;with socket formed by wings,85;worn by resharpening,83,87,454Paris Exhibition of 1878,97,448Patina, preservation of ornament by,46Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A.,362Patroclus, funeral games of,15Pausanias, quoted,15,18Payne-Knight collection,94Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted,33,42,226Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts,417Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians,354Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted,162Pennant’s “Tour” quoted,290Pentateuch, mention of metals in,5Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted,11,40,420,424,442Perthes, Boucher de, collection,335Peru, bronze in,4;use of stone mallets in,165Peruvian mode of holding dagger,246Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at,180Petrie collection,140Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S.,422,426Philology, testimony of,9,110Philoxenus quoted,168Phœnician trade with Britain,419,475,479Pins,365 to 373;134,135,191,282,290,322;associated with swords,290,372;bone, with Roman remains,365;curved,368;Danish, gold-plated,372;French,370;German,371;gold, for inlaying,51,228,232;Irish,369,371,372;Late Celtic,368,369;looped,368,369;Scottish,372;spiral,370;Swiss,370;twisted,191,366;with amber inlaid,368;with annular heads,367;with flat heads,290,365,371;with perforated heads,96Pindar quoted,17Pipe of bone,366Pisander, axe of,18Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S.,37,84,205,313,328,441,475Plates, conical, with central hole,316;convex,351;with rims,402;flat,402;gold, articles made of,244;gold, lozenge-shaped,51,232;horse-shoe shaped,405;with lunate openings,397Pliny quoted,18,19,194,355Plot, Dr., quoted,31,42,133Plutarch quoted,19Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel,168Polybius quoted,275,363Pommels, of dagger hilts,229;to iron sword,229;object like, with links of chain,296;cast on core of clay,290;to Scottish swords,290Porsena, articles of peace tendered by,18Poseidon, trident of,15Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted,308Pottery, from barrows,407;of Bronze Age,407,487;from Swiss Lake-dwellings,13Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted,293Preservation of iron,25Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores,186.SeeAwlsPrigg, Mr. H., quoted,187;collection,127Proportion between size of tool and handle,277Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date,25,117,273,470Psammetichus, brazen helmet of,8Punches, used in ornamenting,67,68,187,188,453;serrated,319,320Punic War, Second,19,275Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in,7Pyrites, iron,225,243,487;copper,419QQueen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of,148Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at,289“Quincussis,”283RRabat, M., collection,180,368Rameses III., tomb of,7Ramsauer, Herr,157Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe,147Rapier-shaped blades,245 to 254,328,333;broken, regarded as a steel,250;rare in hoards,256;with hilt of ox-horn,252Rattles, crotals, or bells,361,364Ravalière, Lévesque de la, quoted,20Ravensworth, Lord, collection,288,335Razors,217 to 221,480;continental forms,221;crescent-shaped,221;from Lake-dwellings,215;Irish,218,318;perforated,218 to 221;tanged,217 to 219;tanged, peculiar to Britain,480Read, Mr. C.,231Reaping-hooks, of flint,194(seeSickles);Saturn’s,17Reaping-machine, Gaulish,194“Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts,107Religious rites, use of bronze in,18Repoussé work on Late Celtic bracelets,388Reproduction in bronze of stone forms,40Reverence, superstitious, for celts,39Rhœcus and Theodorus, the Samians,15Rhind, Mr. A. Henry,274,275Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted,155Rickman, Mr., quoted,35Rings,388 to 391; 82,135,158,290;bone,51,232;of caldron,411;concentric, on shields,347 to 353;connecting straps of harness,399;dentated, for maces,271;Egyptian,391;Etruscan,400;gold,389,390,391;hollow, with transverse perforations,389,398,399;interlinked,405;Irish, in pairs,389;on loop of celt,118,158;penannular,198,390,391;and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings,404;and pellet ornament,124 to 127;spiral,76,390,391;stone mould for,158;twisted,390Ring-money, African,387;Irish,391Rivets, horn or wood,227;imitation of,235,257,260,344;long, for barbed spear-heads,338;numerous, for trumpet,362Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection,411,412Rod, with birds and rings,406Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted,25,277,287,380Roman, coins, at Karn Bré,32,115;commemorative of victories,363;priests, bronze knives of,18;pronunciation ofceltis,29;remains,116;sword, long,275Roman numerals, ornaments resembling,203Rome, best steel imported to, from China,19Rosse, Earl of, collection,361,411;his speculum metal,416Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted,37Roughening of butt-end of celts,67,77,160Rowland quoted,31,32Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing,361,452SSabine priests, bronze knives of,18Sabres, Japanese,275Sacken, Baron von,157,181,246,308Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers,17Sagas, use of term Paalstab in,72Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection,96,377Sanscrit term for iron,10“Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn,273Savoy Lake-dwellings.SeeLake-dwellingsSaws,183,184;flint flakes used as,454Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in,25Saxony, native copper in,419Scabbards and scabbard-ends,301 to 309,336;French,301;localities where found,481;Scottish,304Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans,276Scarabæus of bronze,155Schliemann, Dr., quoted,40,166,224,297,438Schreiber, quoted,43,52,104Scott, Lady John, collection,60Scythians, the, did not use bronze,17;method of taking census among,318“Seare” or Sickle,200Segested cited,52Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection,441Severus, Britons of the time of,355Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection,43Sharpeners,7;broken bronze rapier regarded as,250Shaw, Mr. S., collection,234Sheaths, bronze,301;bronze, for iron sword,302;leather,252,289;wooden, with interment,301,302Shields,343 to 356;on British coins,354;Italian,353;Late Celtic,363;Scottish,349;with Early Iron swords,354;with interment,352Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection,53Shipp, Mr.,233Sickle of Chronos,15;of Elissa and Medea,18,194;of Saturn,17Sickles,194 to 203,480,487;English,197;Scottish,199;Irish,200;French,201;German,202;Italian,202;Scandinavian,195;Swiss,195,202;method of hafting,196;

Wisbech,131,175,179

Wurzburg,308

Zurich,166

“Museum Moscardi,” quoted,31

Nail for fastening scabbard end,305

Native copper,3,418,419

Neb, projecting, on celts,104,160

Necklaces, amber,244,487;

bone,487;

of dentalium shells,394;

of glass beads,135;

jet,189,190,487

Necropolis, Alban,341

Needle of bronze,192;

wood,226

Neolithic Period, gouges developed in,165

Neville, Mr. F., quoted,358

Nickel present in bronze of shield,346

Nilsson, Prof.,419

Nitzsch quoted,14

Noricum, iron swords of,19

Norris, Mr., collection,96

Northumberland, Duke of, collection,46,116

Norway, native copper in,419

Noulet, Dr.,142

Objects of uncertain use,306,308,396,397,405

Obsidian instruments from Santorin,184

Odyssey, description of hardening axe in,14;

testimony of, as to axe-heads,161

O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted,398

Oppert, M., referred to,9

Orestes, bones of,18

Origin of term celt,27;

of term palstave,71,72;

continental, of British bronze forms,108,115,143,297,379

Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection,82

Ornaments,374 to 395,481,483 to 486;

bronze, rare in Britain,395,481,487;

gold,51,304,391,393,487;

for horse-trappings,404;

silver,2

Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina,46;

cable pattern,54,60,140;

chevron patterns,90,145,160,180,320,321,330,338;

by enamel,135,338;

fern-leaf pattern,61,102;

Greek fret,145;

by inlaying of metals,13,296,297;

by hatched lozenges,53,66,218;

by punching,67,187,319,453;

by matted patterns,53,74;

resembling Roman numerals,203;

rings,296;

rings concentric, on shields,347 to 353;

ring and pellet,124et seqq.;

shield-shaped,128;

on back of Swiss Lake knives,203

Osteological observations,278,475

Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods,1,24

Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited,296

Paalstab, the term,71,72

Palafitta of Castione,153

Palstaves,70 to 106,159,169;

broken, with broken torques,378;

castings for,90,448;

Danish,95,151,163;

development of, from flat celts,107,472;

double-looped,95 to 97,104,105;

edge renewed by hammering,92,454;

French,81,88,91,97,160;

German,80,83,91;

Icelandic,71;

Irish,81,99 to 105,160;

iron,157,159;

looped,80,98,103;

moulds for,431,439,440;

of two metals from Hallstatt,95;

origin of term,71;

roughening blade of,77;

Scottish,77 to 79,99;

socketed celts evolved from,108,472;

Spanish,90,97,161;

transitional forms between celts and,76,77,95,472;

with ridges on recesses for handle,79;

with transverse edge,85,105,159;

with socket formed by wings,85;

worn by resharpening,83,87,454

Paris Exhibition of 1878,97,448

Patina, preservation of ornament by,46

Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A.,362

Patroclus, funeral games of,15

Pausanias, quoted,15,18

Payne-Knight collection,94

Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted,33,42,226

Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts,417

Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians,354

Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted,162

Pennant’s “Tour” quoted,290

Pentateuch, mention of metals in,5

Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted,11,40,420,424,442

Perthes, Boucher de, collection,335

Peru, bronze in,4;

use of stone mallets in,165

Peruvian mode of holding dagger,246

Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at,180

Petrie collection,140

Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S.,422,426

Philology, testimony of,9,110

Philoxenus quoted,168

Phœnician trade with Britain,419,475,479

Pins,365 to 373;

134,135,191,282,290,322;

associated with swords,290,372;

bone, with Roman remains,365;

curved,368;

Danish, gold-plated,372;

French,370;

German,371;

gold, for inlaying,51,228,232;

Irish,369,371,372;

Late Celtic,368,369;

looped,368,369;

Scottish,372;

spiral,370;

Swiss,370;

twisted,191,366;

with amber inlaid,368;

with annular heads,367;

with flat heads,290,365,371;

with perforated heads,96

Pindar quoted,17

Pipe of bone,366

Pisander, axe of,18

Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S.,37,84,205,313,328,441,475

Plates, conical, with central hole,316;

convex,351;

with rims,402;

flat,402;

gold, articles made of,244;

gold, lozenge-shaped,51,232;

horse-shoe shaped,405;

with lunate openings,397

Pliny quoted,18,19,194,355

Plot, Dr., quoted,31,42,133

Plutarch quoted,19

Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel,168

Polybius quoted,275,363

Pommels, of dagger hilts,229;

to iron sword,229;

object like, with links of chain,296;

cast on core of clay,290;

to Scottish swords,290

Porsena, articles of peace tendered by,18

Poseidon, trident of,15

Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted,308

Pottery, from barrows,407;

of Bronze Age,407,487;

from Swiss Lake-dwellings,13

Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted,293

Preservation of iron,25

Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores,186.

SeeAwls

Prigg, Mr. H., quoted,187;

collection,127

Proportion between size of tool and handle,277

Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date,25,117,273,470

Psammetichus, brazen helmet of,8

Punches, used in ornamenting,67,68,187,188,453;

serrated,319,320

Punic War, Second,19,275

Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in,7

Pyrites, iron,225,243,487;

copper,419

Queen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of,148

Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at,289

“Quincussis,”283

Rabat, M., collection,180,368

Rameses III., tomb of,7

Ramsauer, Herr,157

Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe,147

Rapier-shaped blades,245 to 254,328,333;

broken, regarded as a steel,250;

rare in hoards,256;

with hilt of ox-horn,252

Rattles, crotals, or bells,361,364

Ravalière, Lévesque de la, quoted,20

Ravensworth, Lord, collection,288,335

Razors,217 to 221,480;

continental forms,221;

crescent-shaped,221;

from Lake-dwellings,215;

Irish,218,318;

perforated,218 to 221;

tanged,217 to 219;

tanged, peculiar to Britain,480

Read, Mr. C.,231

Reaping-hooks, of flint,194(seeSickles);

Saturn’s,17

Reaping-machine, Gaulish,194

“Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts,107

Religious rites, use of bronze in,18

Repoussé work on Late Celtic bracelets,388

Reproduction in bronze of stone forms,40

Reverence, superstitious, for celts,39

Rhœcus and Theodorus, the Samians,15

Rhind, Mr. A. Henry,274,275

Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted,155

Rickman, Mr., quoted,35

Rings,388 to 391; 82,135,158,290;

bone,51,232;

of caldron,411;

concentric, on shields,347 to 353;

connecting straps of harness,399;

dentated, for maces,271;

Egyptian,391;

Etruscan,400;

gold,389,390,391;

hollow, with transverse perforations,389,398,399;

interlinked,405;

Irish, in pairs,389;

on loop of celt,118,158;

penannular,198,390,391;

and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings,404;

and pellet ornament,124 to 127;

spiral,76,390,391;

stone mould for,158;

twisted,390

Ring-money, African,387;

Irish,391

Rivets, horn or wood,227;

imitation of,235,257,260,344;

long, for barbed spear-heads,338;

numerous, for trumpet,362

Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection,411,412

Rod, with birds and rings,406

Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted,25,277,287,380

Roman, coins, at Karn Bré,32,115;

commemorative of victories,363;

priests, bronze knives of,18;

pronunciation ofceltis,29;

remains,116;

sword, long,275

Roman numerals, ornaments resembling,203

Rome, best steel imported to, from China,19

Rosse, Earl of, collection,361,411;

his speculum metal,416

Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted,37

Roughening of butt-end of celts,67,77,160

Rowland quoted,31,32

Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing,361,452

Sabine priests, bronze knives of,18

Sabres, Japanese,275

Sacken, Baron von,157,181,246,308

Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers,17

Sagas, use of term Paalstab in,72

Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection,96,377

Sanscrit term for iron,10

“Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn,273

Savoy Lake-dwellings.SeeLake-dwellings

Saws,183,184;

flint flakes used as,454

Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in,25

Saxony, native copper in,419

Scabbards and scabbard-ends,301 to 309,336;

French,301;

localities where found,481;

Scottish,304

Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans,276

Scarabæus of bronze,155

Schliemann, Dr., quoted,40,166,224,297,438

Schreiber, quoted,43,52,104

Scott, Lady John, collection,60

Scythians, the, did not use bronze,17;

method of taking census among,318

“Seare” or Sickle,200

Segested cited,52

Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection,441

Severus, Britons of the time of,355

Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection,43

Sharpeners,7;

broken bronze rapier regarded as,250

Shaw, Mr. S., collection,234

Sheaths, bronze,301;

bronze, for iron sword,302;

leather,252,289;

wooden, with interment,301,302

Shields,343 to 356;

on British coins,354;

Italian,353;

Late Celtic,363;

Scottish,349;

with Early Iron swords,354;

with interment,352

Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection,53

Shipp, Mr.,233

Sickle of Chronos,15;

of Elissa and Medea,18,194;

of Saturn,17

Sickles,194 to 203,480,487;

English,197;

Scottish,199;

Irish,200;

French,201;

German,202;

Italian,202;

Scandinavian,195;

Swiss,195,202;

method of hafting,196;

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