FOOTNOTES:

Codicibus sacris hostili clade pervstisEsdra deo fervens hoc reparavit opus.

Behind him is a press (armarium) with open doors. The lower portion, below these doors, is filled in with panels which are either inlaid or painted, so that the frame on which it is supported is not visible, as in the Ravenna example. The bottom of the press proper is used as a shelf, on which lie a volume and two objects, one of which probably represents a case for pens, while the other is certainly an inkhorn. Above this are four shelves, on each of which lie two volumes. These volumes have their titles written on their backs, but they are difficult to make out, and my artist has not cared to risk mistakes by attempting to reproduce them. The words, beginning at the left hand corner of the top-shelf, are:

OCT.[103]LIB.REG.HIST. LIB.PSALM. LIB.SALOMON.PROPH.EVANG. IIII.EPIST. XXI.ACT. APOSTOL.

The frame-work of the press above the doors is ornamented in the same style as the panels below, and the whole is surmounted by a low pyramid, on the side of which facing the spectator is a cross, beneath which are two peacocks drinking from a water-trough.

I regret that I could not place this remarkable drawing before my readers in the rich colouring of the original. The press is of a reddish brown: the books are bound in crimson. Ezra is clad in green, with a crimson robe. The background is gold. The border is blue, between an inner and outer band of silver. The outermost band of all is vermilion.

I formerly thought that this book-press might represent those in use in England at the beginning of the eighth century; but, if the above attribution to Cassiodorus be accurate, it must be accounted another Italian example. It bears a general similarity to the Ravenna book-press, as might be expected, when it is remembered that Cassiodorus held office under Theodoric and his successors, and resided at Ravenna till he was nearly seventy years old.

The foundation of Christianity did not alter what I may call the Roman conception of a library in any essential particular. The philosophers and authors of Greece and Rome may have occasionally found themselves in company with, or even supplanted by, the doctors of the Church; but in other respects, for the first seven centuries, at least, of our era, the learned furnished their libraries according to the old fashion, though with an ever increasing luxury of material. Boethius, whoseConsolation of Philosophywas writtena.d.525, makes Philosophy speak of the "walls of a library adorned with ivory and glass[104]"; and Isidore, Bishop of Sevillea.d.600-636,records that "the best architects object to gilded ceilings in libraries, and to any other marble thancipollinofor the floor, because the glitter of gold is hurtful to the eyes, while the green ofcipollinois restful to them[105]."

A few examples of such libraries may be cited; but, before doing so, I must mention the Record-Office (Archivum), erected by Pope Damasus (366-384). It was connected with the Basilica of S. Lawrence, which Damasus built in the Campus Martius, near the theatre of Pompey. On the front of the Basilica, over the main entrance, was an inscription, which ended with the three following lines:

ARCHIVIS FATEOR VOLUI NOVA CONDERE TECTA ADDERE PRÆTEREA DEXTRA LÆVAQUE COLUMNAS QUÆ DAMASI TENEANT PROPRIUM PER SÆCULA NOMEN.

I confess that I have wished to build a new abode for Archives; and to add columns on the right and left to preserve the name of Damasus for ever.

These enigmatical verses contain all that we know, or are ever likely to know, respecting this building, which is calledchartarium ecclesiæ Romanæby S. Jerome[106], and unquestionably held the official documents of the Latin Church until they were removed to the Lateran in the seventh century. The whole building, or group of buildings, was destroyed in 1486 by Cardinal Raphael Riario, the dissolute nephew of Sixtus IV., to make room for his new palace, now called Palazzo della Cancelleria, and the church was rebuilt on a new site. The connexion with Pope Damasus is maintained by the name, S. Lorenzo in Damaso. No plan of the old buildings, or contemporary record of their arrangement, appears to exist. My only reason for drawing attention to a structure which has no real connexion with my subject is that the illustrious De Rossi considers that in the second line of the above quotation the word column signifies colonnades; and that Damasus took as his model one of the great pagan libraries of Rome which, inits turn, had been derived from the typical library at Pergamon[107]. According to this view he began by building, in the centre of the area selected, a basilica, or hall of basilican type, dedicated to S. Lawrence; and then added, on the north and south sides, a colonnade or loggia from which the rooms occupied by the records would be readily accessible. This opinion is also held by Signor Lanciani, who follows De Rossi without hesitation. I am unwilling to accept a theory which seems to me to have no facts to support it; and find it safer to believe that the line in question refers either to the aisles of the basilica, or to such a portico in front of it as may be seen at San Clemente and other early churches.

A letter to Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons ina.d.441, from a correspondent named Rusticus, gives a charming picture of a library which he had visited in his young days, say abouta.d.400:

I am reminded of what I read years ago, hastily, as a boy does, in the library of a man who was learned in secular literature. There were there portraits of Orators and also of Poets worked in mosaic, or in wax of different colours, or in plaster, and under each the master of the house had placed inscriptions noting their characteristics; but, when he came to a poet of acknowledged merit, as for instance, Virgil, he began as follows:Virgilium vatem melius sua carmina laudant;In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbræLustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet,Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt.Virgil's own lines most fitly Virgil praise:As long as rivers run into the deep,As long as shadows o'er the hillside sweep,As long as stars in heaven's fair pastures graze,So long shall live your honour, name, and praise.[108]

Virgilium vatem melius sua carmina laudant;In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbræLustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet,Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt.

Virgil's own lines most fitly Virgil praise:As long as rivers run into the deep,As long as shadows o'er the hillside sweep,As long as stars in heaven's fair pastures graze,So long shall live your honour, name, and praise.[108]

Agapetus, who was chosen Pope in 535, and lived for barely a year, had intended, in conjunction with Cassiodorus, to found a college for teachers of Christian doctrine. He selected for this purpose a house on the Cælian Hill, afterwards occupied by S. Gregory, and by him turned into a monastery. Agapetus had made some progress with the scheme, so far as the library attached to the house was concerned, for the author of the Einsiedlen MS., who visited Rome in the ninth century, saw the following inscription "in the library of S. Gregory"—i.e. in the library attached to the Church of San Gregorio Magno.

SANCTORVM VENERANDA COHORS SEDET ORDINE LONGODIVINAE LEGIS MYSTICA DICTA DOCENSHOS INTER RESIDENS AGAPETVS IVRE SACERDOSCODICIBVS PVLCHRVM CONDIDIT ARTE LOCVMGRATIA PAR CVNCTIS SANCTVS LABOR OMNIBVS VNVSDISSONA VERBA QVIDEM SED TAMEN VNA FIDES

Here sits in long array a reverend troopTeaching the mystic truths of law divine:'Mid these by right takes Agapetus placeWho built to guard his books this fair abode.All toil alike, all equal grace enjoy—Their words are different, but their faith the same.

These lines undoubtedly imply that there was on the walls a long series of portraits of the Fathers of the Church, including that of Agapetus himself, who had won his right to a place among them by building a sumptuous home for their works[109].

The design of Agapetus, interrupted by death, was carried forward by his friend Cassiodorus, at a place in South Italy called Vivarium, near his own native town Squillace. Shortly after his final retirement from court,a.d.538, Cassiodorus established there a brotherhood, which, for a time at least, must have been a formidable rival to that of S. Benedict. A library held a prominent place in his conception of whatwas needed for their common life. He says little about its size or composition, but much rhetoric is expended on the contrivances by which its usefulness and attractiveness were to be increased. A staff of bookbinders was to clothe the manuscripts in decorous attire; self-supplying lamps were to light nocturnal workers; sundials by day, and water-clocks by night, enabled them to regulate their hours. Here also was ascriptorium, and it appears probable that between the exertions of Cassiodorus and his friend Eugippius, South Italy was well supplied with manuscripts[110].

These attempts to snatch from oblivion libraries which, though probably according to our ideas insignificant, were centres of culture in the darkest of dark ages, will be illustrated by the fuller information that has come down to us respecting the library of Isidore, Bishop of Seville 600-636. The "verses composed by himself for his own presses," to quote the oldest manuscript containing them[111], have been preserved, with the names of the writers under whose portraits they were inscribed.

There were fourteen presses, arranged as follows:

I.Origen.VIII.Prudentius.II.Hilary.IX.Avitus, Juvencus, Sedulius.III.Ambrose.X.Eusebius, Orosius.IV.Augustine.XI.Gregory.V.Jerome.XII.Leander.VI.Chrysostom.XIII.Theodosius, Paulus, Gaius.VII.Cyprian.XIV.Cosmas, Damian, Hippocrates, Galen.

These writers are probably those whom Isidore specially admired, or had some particular reason for commemorating. The first seven are obvious types of theologians, and the presses over which they presided were doubtless filled not merely with their own works, but with bibles, commentaries, and works on Divinity in general. Eusebius and Orosius are types of ecclesiastical historians; Theodosius, Paulus, and Gaius, of jurists; Cosmas, Damian, etc. of physicians. But the Christian poets Prudentius to Sedulius could hardly have needed two presses to contain their works; nor Gregory the Great the whole of one. Lastly, Leander, Isidore's elder brother, couldonly owe his place in the series to fraternal affection. I conjecture that these portraits were simply commemorative; and that the presses beneath them contained the books on subjects not suggested by the rest of the portraits, as for example, secular literature, in which Isidore was a proficient.

The sets of verses[112]begin with three elegiac couplets headedTitulus Bibliothece, probably placed over the door of entrance.

Sunt hic plura sacra, sunt hic mundalia plura:Ex his si qua placent carmina, tolle, lege.Prata vides, plena spinis, et copia florum;Si non vis spinas sumere, sume rosas.Hic geminæ radiant veneranda volumina legis;Condita sunt pariter hic nova cum veteri.

Here sacred books with worldly books combine;If poets please you, read them; they are thine.My meads are full of thorns, but flowers are there;If thorns displease, let roses be your share.Here both the Laws in tomes revered behold;Here what is new is stored, and what is old.

The authors selected are disposed of either in a single couplet, or in several couplets, according to the writer's taste. I will quote the lines on S. Augustine:

Mentitur qui [te] totum legisse fatetur:An quis cuneta tua lector habere potest?Namque voluminibus mille, Augustine, refulges,Testantur libri, quod loquor ipse, tui.Quamvis multorum placeat prudentia libris,Si Augustinus adest, sufficit ipse tibi.

They lie who to have read thee through profess;Could any reader all thy works possess?A thousand scrolls thy ample gifts display;Thy own books prove, Augustine, what I say.Though other writers charm with varied lore,Who hath Augustine need have nothing more.

The series concludes with some lines "To an Intruder (ad Interventorem)," the last couplet of which is too good to be omitted:

Non patitur quenquam coram se scriba loquentem;Non est hic quod agas, garrule, perge foras.

A writer and a talker can't agree:Hence, idle chatterer; 'tis no place for thee.

Fig. 16. Great Hall of the Vatican Library, looking west.Fig. 16. Great Hall of the Vatican Library, looking west.

With these three examples I conclude the section of my work which deals with what may be called the pagan conception of a library in the fulness of its later development. Unfortunately, no enthusiast of those distant times has handed down to us a complete description of his library, and we are obliged to take a detail from one account, and a detail from another, and so piece the picture together for ourselves. What I may call "the pigeon-hole system," suitable for rolls only, was replaced by presses which could contain rolls if required, and certainly did (as shewn (fig. 13) on the sarcophagus of the Villa Balestra), but which were specially designed forcodices. These presses were sometimes plain, sometimes richly ornamented, according to the taste or the means of the owner. With the same limitations the floor, the walls, and possibly the roof also were decorated. Further, it was evidently intended that the room selected for books should be used for no other purpose; and, as the books were hidden from view in their presses, the library-note, if I may be allowed the expression, was struck by numerous inscriptions, and by portraits in various materials, representing either authors whose works were on the shelves, or men distinguished in other ways, or friends and relations of the owner of the house.

The Roman conception of a library was realised by Pope Sixtus V., in 1587[113], when the present Vatican Library was commenced from the design of the architect Fontana. I am not aware that there is any contemporary record to prove that either the Pope or his advisers contemplated this direct imitation; but it is evident, from the most cursory inspection of the large room (fig. 16), that the main features of a Roman library are before us[114]; and perhaps, having regard to the tendency of the Renaissance, especially in Italy, it would be unreasonable to expect a different design in such a place, and at such a period.

This noble hall—probably the most splendid apartment ever assigned to library-purposes—spans the Cortile del Belvederefrom east to west, and is entered at each end from the galleries connecting the Belvedere with the Vatican palace. It is 184 feet long, and 57 feet wide, divided into two by six piers, on which rest simple quadripartite vaults. The north and south walls are each pierced with seven large windows. No books are visible. They are contained in plain wooden presses 7 feet high and 2 feet deep, set round the piers, and against the walls between the windows. The arrangement of these presses will be understood from the general view (fig. 16), and from the view of a single press open (fig. 17).

In the decoration, with which every portion of the walls and vaults is covered, Roman methods are reproduced, but with a difference. The great writers of antiquity are conspicuous by their absence; but the development of the human race is commemorated by the presence of those to whom the invention of letters is traditionally ascribed; the walls are covered with frescoes representing the foundation of the great libraries which instructed the world, and the assemblies of the Councils which established the Church; the vaults record the benefits conferred on Rome by Sixtus V., in a series of historical views, one above each window; and over these again are stately figures, each embodying some sacred abstraction—"Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers"—with angels swinging censers, and graceful nymphs, and laughing satyrs—a strange combination of paganism and Christianity—amid wreaths of flowers, and arabesques twining round the groups and over every vacant space, partly framing, partly hiding, the heraldic devices which commemorate Sixtus and his family:—a web of lovely forms and brilliant colours, combined in an intricate and yet orderly confusion.

It may be questioned whether such a room as this was ever intended for study. The marble floor, the gorgeous decoration, the absence of all appliances for work in the shape of desks, tables, chairs, suggest a place for show rather than for use. The great libraries of the Augustan age, on the other hand, seem, so far as we can judge, to have been used as meeting-places and reading-rooms for learned and unlearned alike. In general arrangement and appearance, however, the Vatican Library must closely resemble its imperial predecessors.

Fig. 17. A single press in the Vatican Library, open. From a photograph.Fig. 17. A single press in the Vatican Library, open. From a photograph.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 2 vols., 8vo. Lond. 1853. Vol. II., p. 343.[2]Ezra, vi. I.[3]Mr Layard gives a view of the interior of one of these rooms (p. 345) after it had been cleared of rubbish.[4]La Bibliothèque du Palais de Ninive, par M. Joachim Menant. 8vo. Paris, 1880, p. 32.[5]The two languages are the ancient Sumerian and the more modern Assyrian.[6]Athenæus, Book 1., Chap. 4.[7]Noct. Att.Book VII., Chap. 17. Libros Athenis disciplinarum liberalium publice ad legendum præbendos primus posuisse dicitur Pisistratus tyrannus.[8]Xenophon,Memorabilia, Book IV., Chap. 2.[9]Aristoph.Ranæ, 1407-1410, translated by J. H. Frere. The passage has been quoted by Castellani,Biblioteche nell' Antichità, 8vo., Bologna, 1884, pp. 7, 8, and many others.[10]Strabo, ed. Kramer, Berlin, 8vo., 1852, Book XIII., Chap. I, § 54.πρωτοςὡν ἱσμεν συναγαγων βιβλια, και διδαξας τους εν Αιγυπτω βασιλεας βιβλιοθηκης συνταξιν.[11]Bookxiii., Chap. 4, § 2.[12]Bookxvii., Chap. 1, § 8.τωνδε βασιλειων μερος εστι και το Μουσειον, εχον περιπατων και εξεδραν και οικον μεγαν, εν πς το συσσιτιον των μετεχοντων του Μουσειον φιλολογων ανδρων εστι δε τη συνοδω ταυτη και χρηματα κοινα και ιερευς ο επι τω Μονσειω, τεταγμενος τοτε μεν υπο των Βασιλεων νυν δ υπο Καισαρος.[13]One of the anonymous lives of Apollonius Rhodius states that he presided over the Museum Libraries (τωνβιβλιοθηκων τον Μουσειον).[14]Epiphanius, De Pond. et Mens., Chap. 12.ετιδε υστερον και ετερα εγενετο βιβλιοθηκη εν τω Σερατειω, μικροτερα τες πρωτης, ητις θυγατηρ ωνομασθη αυτης.[15]Ammianus Marcellinus, Bookxxii., Chap. 16, § 12. Atriis columnariis amplissimis et spirantibus signorum figmentis ita est exornatum, ut post Capitolium quo se venerabilis Roma in æternum attollit, nihil orbis terrarum ambitiosius cernat. See also Aphthonius,Progymn.c. xii.ed. Walz,Rhetores Græci, i. 106.[16]Pliny,Hist. Nat., Bookv., Chap. 30. Longeque clarissimum Asiæ Pergamum.[17]Strabo, Bookxiii., Chap. 4, § 2. After recounting the successful policy of Eumenes II. towards the Romans, he proceeds:κατεσκενασεδε οντος την πολιν, και το Νικηφοριον αλσει κατεφυτευσε, και αναθηματα και βιβλιοθηκας και την επι τοσονδε κατοικιαν του Περγαμον την νυν ουσαν εκεινος προσεφιλοκαλησε.[18]De Architectura, Bookvii., Præfatio. The passage is quoted in the next note.[19]Pliny,Hist. Nat., Bookxiii., Chap. 11. Mox æmulatione circa bibliothecas regum Ptolemæi et Eumenis, supprimente chartas Ptolemæo, idem Varro membranas Pergami tradidit repertas. Vitruvius, on the other hand (ut supra) makes Ptolemy found the library at Alexandria as a rival to that at Pergamon. Reges Attalici magnis philologiæ dulcedinibus inducti cum egregiam bibliothecam Pergami ad communem delectationem instituissent, tune item Ptolemæus, infinito zelo cupiditatisque incitatus studio, non minoribus industriis ad eundem modum contenderat Alexandriæ comparare.[20]Plutarch,Antonius, Chap. 57. To a list of accusations against Antony for his subservience to Cleopatra, is added the fact:χαρισασθαιμεν αυτη τας εκ Περγáμον βιβλιοθηκας, εν αις εικοσι μυριαδες βιβλων απλων ησαν.[21]Altertümer von Pergamon, Fol., Berlin, 1885, Band 11. Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros, von Richard Bohn. The ground-plan (fig. 2) is reduced from Plate III. in that volume.[22]Die Pergamenische Bibliothek.Sitzungsberichte der Königl. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1884,ii. 1259-1270.[23]In my first lecture as Sandars Reader at Cambridge in the Lent Term, 1900, I pointed out that this enclosure was of about the same size as Nevile's Court at Trinity College, if to the central area there we add the width of one of the cloisters; and that the temple of Athena was of exactly the same width as the Hall, but about 15 feet shorter. Nevile's Court is 230 feet long from the inside of the pillars supporting the Library to the wall of the Hall; and it has a mean breadth of 137 feet. If the width of the cloister, 20 feet, be added to this, we get 157 feet in lieu of the 162 feet at Pergamon.[24]Now in the Royal Museum, Berlin.[25]Similar sockets have been discovered in the walls of the chambers connected with the Stoa of King Attalus at Athens. These chambers are thought to have been shops, and the sockets to have supported shelves on which wares were exposed for sale. Conze, ut supra, p. 1260; Adler,Die Stoa des Königs Attalos zu Athen, Berlin, 1874; Murray'sHandbook for Greece, ed. 1884, 1. p. 255.[26]Suetonius,Cæsar, Chap. 44.[27]Pliny,Nat. Hist., Bookvii., Chap. 30; Bookxxxv., Chap. 2.[28]Suetonius,Augustus, Chap. 29.[29]Isidore,Origines, Bookvi., Chap. 5.[30]Lanciani,Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, ed. 1897, p. 471. Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 204, 205.[31]Nibby,Roma Antica, p. 601. [Augusto] vi aggiunse un luogo per conversare chiamatoSchola.[32]Vell. Pat., Book 1., Chap. II. Hic est Metellus Macedonicus qui porticus quæ fuere circumdatæ duabus ædibus sine inscriptione positis, quæ nunc Octaviæ porticibus ambiuntur, fecerat.[33]Suet.De Illustr. Gramm.c. 2.[34]Middleton,Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 205.[35]I have taken these dimensions from Middleton's Plan of the Palatine Hill (ut supra, p. 156), but until the site has been excavated they must be more or less conjectural.[36]Middleton,Ibid., I. 185-188. The evidence for the portraits rests on the following passage in theAnnalsof Tacitus ii. 37, where he is relating how Hortalus, grandson of the orator Hortensius, being reduced to poverty, came with his four children to the Senate: "igitur quatuor filiis ante limen curiæ adstantibus, loco sententiæ, cum in Palatio senatus haberetur, modo Hortensii inter oratores sitam imaginem, modo Augusti, intuens, ad hunc modum cœpit."[37]Pausanias,Attica, Book I., Chap. 18, § 9, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. I., p. 26.[38]The above description is derived from Miss Harrison's book,ut supra, pp. 195-198; Pausanias, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. II., pp. 184, 185.[39]Eusebius,Chronicon, ed. Schöne, Vol.ii., p. 167.[40]Middleton,Ancient Rome,i. 186.[41]Tristia,iii. 59.[42]Epist.,i. 3. 17.[43]Noctes Atticæ,v. 21. 9.[44]Vopiscus,Hist. Aug. Script.,ii. 637.[45]Aulus Gellius,ut supra,xvi. 8. 2.[46]Ibid.,xi. 17. 1.[47]Flavii VopisciTacitus, c. 8.[48]Id.,Aurelianus, c. 1.[49]Noctes Atticæ,xix. 5.[50]Plutarch,Lucullus, Chap.xlii.Σπονδηςδ' αξια και λογου τα περι την των βιβλιων κατασκευην. και γαρ πολλα, και γεγραμμενα καλως, συνηγε, η τε χρησις ην φιλοτιμοτερα της κτησεως, ανειμενων πασι των βιβλιοθηκων, και των περι αυτας περιπατων και σχολαοτηρλων ακωλυτως υποδεχομενων τους Ελληνας, ωσπερ εις Μουσων τι καταγωγιον εκεισε φοιτωντας και συνδιημερευοντας αλληλοις, απο των αλλων χρειων ασμενως αποτρεχοντας.[51]De Tranquillitate Animi, Chap. IX. Studiorum quoque quæ liberalissima impensa est, tamdiu rationem habet quamdiu modum. Quo innumerabiles libros et bibliothecas quarum dominus vix tota vita indices perlegit? onerat discentem turba, non instruit, multoque satius est paucis te auctoribus tradere, quam errare per multos. Quadraginta milia librorum Alexandriæ arserunt: pulcherrimum regiæ opulentiæ monumentum alius laudaverit, sicut et Livius, quielegantiæ regum curæque egregium id opusaitfuisse: non fuit elegantia illud aut cura, sed studiosa luxuria, immo ne studiosa quidem, quoniam non in studium sed in spectaculum comparaverant sicut plerisque ignaris etiam servilium literarum libri non studiorum instrumenta sed cœnationum ornamenta sunt. Paretur itaque librorum quantum satis sit, nihil in adparatum. "Honestius" inquis "hoc impensis quas in Corinthia pictasque tabulas effuderim." Vitiosum est ubique quod nimium est. Quid habes cur ignoscas homini armaria citro atque ebore captanti, corpora conquirenti aut ignotorum auctorum aut improbatorum et inter tot milia librorum oscitanti, cui voluminum suorum frontes maxime placent titulique? Apud desidiosissimos ergo videbis quicquid orationum historiarumque est, tecto tenus exstructa loculamenta. Iam enim inter balnearia et thermas bibliotheca quoque ut necessarium domus ornamentum expolitur. Ignoscerem plane, si studiorum nimia cupidine oriretur: nunc ista conquisita, cum imaginibus suis descripta, sacrorum opera ingeniorum in speciem et cultum parietum comparantur. With this passage may be compared Lucian's tract:Ηροςαπαιδευτον και πολλα βιβλια ωνουμενον.My friend Mr F. Darwin in informs me that the Latin citrus, or Greekκεδρος, is the coniferous tree calledThuia articulata = Callitris quadrivalvis. See Helm,Kulturpflanzen, Berl. 1894. Engl. Trans, p. 431.[52]Lanciani,Ancient Rome, 8vo. 1888, p. 193.[53]Ancient Rome, ed. 1892, ii. 254.[54]Phil. Trans., Vol.xlviii., Pt 2, p. 634.[55]Ibid., p. 821.[56]Ibid., p. 825.[57]Opere di G. G. Winckelmann, Prato, 1831,vii. 197.[58]Lanciani,Ruins of Ancient Rome, pp. 213-217. He describes and figures Ligorio's elevation, from MS. Vat. 3439, inCommissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, Ann.x. Ser.ii., 1882. pp. 29-54. See also Middleton,Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 15-19. The plan of Rome called the Capitoline Plan, because it is now preserved in the Museum of the Capitol, was fixed to the north-east wall (fig. 7. 3).[59]The average length of a roll may be taken at 20-30 ft.; the width at 9-11 in. SeeThe Palæography of Greek Papyri, by F. G. Kenyon, Oxf. 1899, Chap.ii.[60]The breadth of these columns from left to right was not great, and their length was considerably shorter than the width of the roll, as a margin was left at the top and bottom.[61]Antichità di Ercolano, Fol. Napoli, 1779. Vol.v., Tavola 55, p. 243.[62]In this statue the roll is a restoration, but a perfectly correct one. It is original, and slightly different, in the replica of the statue at Knowle Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. See a paper on this statue by J. E. Sandys. Litt.D. inMélanges Weil, 1898. pp. 423-428.[63]Horace,Epodes,xiv. 5-8. Comp. Martial,Epigrams,iv. 89. Ohe! libelle, Iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos.[64]Tristia,i. i. 109.[65]Catullus (xxii. 7) says of a roll which had been got up with special smartness:Novi umbilici, lora rubra, membranaDirecta plumbo, et pumice omnia æquata.[66]Lucian,Adv. Indoct., Chap. 16.[67]Epigrams,x. 93.[68]My friend M. R. James, Litt.D., of King's College, has kindly given me the following note: In the apocryphal Assumption of Moses Joshua is told to 'cedar' Moses' words (= rolls), and to lay them up in Jerusalem: "quos ordinabis et chedriabis et repones in vasis fictilibus in loco quem fecit [Deus] ab initio creaturæ orbis terrarum." Assump. Mos., ed. Charles, I. 17. See also Dueange, s.v. Cedria. Vitruvius (II. ix. 13) says: "ex cedro oleum quod cedreum dicitur nascitur, quo reliquæ res cum sint unctæ, uti etiam libri, a tineis et earie non læduntur." See above,p. 22.[69]Epigrams,iii. ii. 6.[70]Ovid (Tristia,i. i. 105) addressing his book, says:Cum tamen in nostrum fueris penetrale receptusContigerisque tuam, scrinia curva, domum.[71]Epigrams,i. 117.[72]Epigrams,vii.17.[73]Suet.Aug.31. Libros Sibyllinos condidit duobusforulisauratis sub Palatini Apollinis basi.[74]Sat.iii.219.[75]Georg.iv.250.[76]De Re Rustica,viii.8. Paxillis adactis tabulæ superponantur; quæ vel loculamenta quibus nidificent aves, vel fictilia columbaria, recipiant.[77]Ibid.,ix.12. 2. The writer, having described bees swarming, proceeds: protinus custos novum loculamentum in hoc præparatum perlinat intrinsecus prædictis herbis ... tum manibus aut etiam trulla congregatas apes recondat, atque ... diligenter compositum et illitum vas ... patiatur in eodem loco esse dum advesperascat. Primo deinde crepusculo transferat et reponat in ordinem reliquarum alvorum.[78]Vegetius,Art. Vet.,iii.32. Si iumento loculamenta dentium vel dentes doluerint.[79]Vitruvius,De Arch., ed. Schneider,x.9. Insuper autem ad capsum redæ loculamentum firmiter figatur habens tympanum versatile in cultro collocatum, etc.[80]Dr. Sandys, in his edition of Aristotle'sConstitution of Athens, 1893, p. 174, has shewn that in the office of the public clerk a similar contrivance was used, calledεπιστυλιον: "a shelf supporting a series of pigeon-holes, and itself supported by wooden pedestals."[81]Ulpian,Digest, 33. 7. 12. In emptionem domus et specularia et pegmata cedere solent, sive in æditiciis sint posita, sive ad tempus detracta.[82]Ibid., 29. 1. 17. Reticuli circa columnas, plutei circa parietes, item cilicia, vela, ædium non sunt.[83]Sat.II. 4. I do not think that these lines refer to a library. The whole house, not a single room in it, is full of plaster busts of philosophers.[84]Ep.cv. (ed. Billerbeck);Ad Att.iv.4, p. 2.[85]Ep.cvi. (ibid.);Ad Att.iv.5.[86]Ep.cxi. (ibid.);Ad Att.iv.8.[87]This cut is given inAntiquitatum et Annalium Trevirensium libriXXV. Auctoribus RR. PP. Soc. Jesu P. Christophoro Browero, et P. Jacobo Masenio. 2 v. fol. Leodii, 1670. It is headed: Schema voluminum in bibliothecam (sic) ordine olim digestorum Noviomagi in loco Castrorum Constantini M. hodiedum in lapide reperto excisum. See also C. G. Schwarz,De Ornamentis Librorum, 4to, Lips. 1756, pp. 86, 172, 231, and Tab. II., fig. 4. I learnt this reference from Sir E. M. Thompson'sHandbook of Greek and Latin Palæography, ed. 2, 1894, p. 57,note. The Director of the Museum at Trèves informs me that all the antiquities discovered at Neumagen were destroyed in the seventeenth century.[88]See above,p. 11.[89]Ibid.,p. 12.[90]Epigrams, Lib.ix.Introduction.[91]The whole relief is figured in Seyffert,Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, ed. Nettleship and Sandys, p. 649.[92]De Architectura, Lib.vii, Pref. [Aristophanes] e certis amiariis infinita volumina eduxit.[93]Digesta Justiniani Augusti, ed. Mommsen. 8vo. Berlin, 1870. Vol.ii. p. 88. Book XXXII. 52.[94]This is the date of theColumna cochlis. Middleton's Rome,ii. 24 note.[95]Nibby,Roma Antica, 8vo. Roma, 1839, p. 188.[96]Epist.II. 17. 8. Parieti eius [cubiculi mei] in bibliothecæ speciem armarium insertum est quod non legendos libros sed lectitandos capit.[97]I should not have known of the existence of this sarcophagus had it not been figured, accurately enough on the whole, inLe Palais de Scaurus, by Mazois, published at Paris in 1822. The sarcophagus had passed through the hands of several collectors since Mazois figured it, and I had a long and amusing search for it.[98]Mittheilungen des K. D. Archaeologischen Instituts Rom, 1900, Bandxv. p. 171. Der Sarkophag eines Arztes.[99]The inscription is printed in full inAntike Bilderwerke in Rom ... beschrieben von Friedrich Matz., und F. von Duhn, 3 vols., 8vo. Leipzig, 1881, Vol.ii. p. 346, No. 3127*.[100]Garrucci,Arte Christiana, Vol. IV. p. 39. It would appear from some curious drawings on glass figured by Garrucci,ut supraPl. 490, that the Jews used presses of similar design in their synagogues to contain the rolls of the law.[101]The original of this picture is 18 in. high by 9-3/4 in. broad, including the border. It could not be photographed, and therefore, through the kind offices of Miss G. Dixon, and Signor Biagi, Librarian of the Laurentian Library, the services of a thoroughly capable artist, Professor Attilio Formilli, were secured to make an exact copy in water colours. This he has done with singular taste and skill. My figure has been reduced from this copy. The press has also been figured in outline by Garrucci,Arte Christiana, Vol.iii., Pl. 126.[102]The romantic story of theCodex Amiatinusis fully narrated by Mr H. J. White inStudia Biblica et Ecclesiastica, 8vo. Oxf. 1890,ii. pp. 273-308.[103]TheOctateuch, or, the five books of Moses, with the addition of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.[104]Consol. Philosoph., Book I. Ch. 5. Nec bibliothecæ potius comptos ebore ac vitro parietes quam tuæ mentis sedem requiro.[105]Origines, Book VI. Ch. ii. Cum peritiores architecti neque aurea lacunaria ponenda in bibliothecis putent neque pavimenta alia quam a Carysteo marmore, quod auri fulgor hebetat et Carystei viriditas reficiat oculos.[106]Apol. adv. Rufinum, ii. 20: Opera, ed. Vallarsi,ii. 549.[107]De Origine Historia Indicibus scrinii et bibliothecæ Sedis Apostolicæ commentatio Ioannis Baptistæ de Rossi....4to. Romæ, 1886, Chapterv. A brief, but accurate, summary of his account will be found in Lanciani'sAncient Rome, 8vo. 1888, pp. 187-190. Father C. J. Ehrle has given me much help on this difficult question.[108]Sidonii Apollinaris Opera, ed. Sirmondi. 4to. Paris, 1652. Notes, p. 33. The words of this letter, which I have translated very freely, are as follows:Sed dum hæc tacitus mecum revolvo, occurrit mihi quod in Bibliotheca studiosi sæcularium litterarum puer quondam, ut se ætatis illius curiositas habet, prætereundo legissem. Nam cum supra memoratæ ædis ordinator ac dominus, inter expressas lapillis aut ceris discoloribus, formatasque effigies vel Oratorum vel etiam Poetarum specialia singulorum autotypis epigrammata subdidisset; ubi ad præiudicati eloquii venit poetam, hoc modo orsus est.The last three lines of the inscription are from theÆneid, Book I. 607. I owe the most important part of the translation of Rusticus to Lanciani,ut supra, p. 196: that of Virgil is by Professor Conington.[109]I have taken the text of the inscription, and my account of Agapetus and his work, from De Rossi,ut supra, Chap.viii. p. lv.[110]Cassiodorus,De Inst. Div. Litt.Chap. XXX. pp. 1145, 46. Ed. Migne. De Rossi,ut supra.[111]Versus qui scripti sunt in armaria sua ab ipso [Isidoro] compositi.Cod. Vat. Pal.1877, a MS. which came from Lorch in Germany. De Rossi,ut supra. Chap. VII.[112]Isidori Opera Omnia, 410. Rome, 1803. Vol.vii. p. 179.[113]See Hen. Stevenson,Topografia e Monumenti di Roma nelle Pitture a fresco di Sisto V. della Biblioteca Vaticana, p. 7; inAl Sommo Pontefice Leone XIII. Omaggio Giubilare della Biblioteca Vaticana, Fol. Rome, 1881.[114]Signor Lanciani (Ancient Rome, p. 195) was the first to suggest a comparison between the Vatican Library and those of ancient Rome.

[1]Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 2 vols., 8vo. Lond. 1853. Vol. II., p. 343.

[2]Ezra, vi. I.

[3]Mr Layard gives a view of the interior of one of these rooms (p. 345) after it had been cleared of rubbish.

[4]La Bibliothèque du Palais de Ninive, par M. Joachim Menant. 8vo. Paris, 1880, p. 32.

[5]The two languages are the ancient Sumerian and the more modern Assyrian.

[6]Athenæus, Book 1., Chap. 4.

[7]Noct. Att.Book VII., Chap. 17. Libros Athenis disciplinarum liberalium publice ad legendum præbendos primus posuisse dicitur Pisistratus tyrannus.

[8]Xenophon,Memorabilia, Book IV., Chap. 2.

[9]Aristoph.Ranæ, 1407-1410, translated by J. H. Frere. The passage has been quoted by Castellani,Biblioteche nell' Antichità, 8vo., Bologna, 1884, pp. 7, 8, and many others.

[10]Strabo, ed. Kramer, Berlin, 8vo., 1852, Book XIII., Chap. I, § 54.πρωτοςὡν ἱσμεν συναγαγων βιβλια, και διδαξας τους εν Αιγυπτω βασιλεας βιβλιοθηκης συνταξιν.

[11]Bookxiii., Chap. 4, § 2.

[12]Bookxvii., Chap. 1, § 8.τωνδε βασιλειων μερος εστι και το Μουσειον, εχον περιπατων και εξεδραν και οικον μεγαν, εν πς το συσσιτιον των μετεχοντων του Μουσειον φιλολογων ανδρων εστι δε τη συνοδω ταυτη και χρηματα κοινα και ιερευς ο επι τω Μονσειω, τεταγμενος τοτε μεν υπο των Βασιλεων νυν δ υπο Καισαρος.

[12]Bookxvii., Chap. 1, § 8.

τωνδε βασιλειων μερος εστι και το Μουσειον, εχον περιπατων και εξεδραν και οικον μεγαν, εν πς το συσσιτιον των μετεχοντων του Μουσειον φιλολογων ανδρων εστι δε τη συνοδω ταυτη και χρηματα κοινα και ιερευς ο επι τω Μονσειω, τεταγμενος τοτε μεν υπο των Βασιλεων νυν δ υπο Καισαρος.

[13]One of the anonymous lives of Apollonius Rhodius states that he presided over the Museum Libraries (τωνβιβλιοθηκων τον Μουσειον).

[14]Epiphanius, De Pond. et Mens., Chap. 12.ετιδε υστερον και ετερα εγενετο βιβλιοθηκη εν τω Σερατειω, μικροτερα τες πρωτης, ητις θυγατηρ ωνομασθη αυτης.

[15]Ammianus Marcellinus, Bookxxii., Chap. 16, § 12. Atriis columnariis amplissimis et spirantibus signorum figmentis ita est exornatum, ut post Capitolium quo se venerabilis Roma in æternum attollit, nihil orbis terrarum ambitiosius cernat. See also Aphthonius,Progymn.c. xii.ed. Walz,Rhetores Græci, i. 106.

[16]Pliny,Hist. Nat., Bookv., Chap. 30. Longeque clarissimum Asiæ Pergamum.

[17]Strabo, Bookxiii., Chap. 4, § 2. After recounting the successful policy of Eumenes II. towards the Romans, he proceeds:κατεσκενασεδε οντος την πολιν, και το Νικηφοριον αλσει κατεφυτευσε, και αναθηματα και βιβλιοθηκας και την επι τοσονδε κατοικιαν του Περγαμον την νυν ουσαν εκεινος προσεφιλοκαλησε.

[18]De Architectura, Bookvii., Præfatio. The passage is quoted in the next note.

[19]Pliny,Hist. Nat., Bookxiii., Chap. 11. Mox æmulatione circa bibliothecas regum Ptolemæi et Eumenis, supprimente chartas Ptolemæo, idem Varro membranas Pergami tradidit repertas. Vitruvius, on the other hand (ut supra) makes Ptolemy found the library at Alexandria as a rival to that at Pergamon. Reges Attalici magnis philologiæ dulcedinibus inducti cum egregiam bibliothecam Pergami ad communem delectationem instituissent, tune item Ptolemæus, infinito zelo cupiditatisque incitatus studio, non minoribus industriis ad eundem modum contenderat Alexandriæ comparare.

[20]Plutarch,Antonius, Chap. 57. To a list of accusations against Antony for his subservience to Cleopatra, is added the fact:χαρισασθαιμεν αυτη τας εκ Περγáμον βιβλιοθηκας, εν αις εικοσι μυριαδες βιβλων απλων ησαν.

[21]Altertümer von Pergamon, Fol., Berlin, 1885, Band 11. Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros, von Richard Bohn. The ground-plan (fig. 2) is reduced from Plate III. in that volume.

[22]Die Pergamenische Bibliothek.Sitzungsberichte der Königl. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1884,ii. 1259-1270.

[23]In my first lecture as Sandars Reader at Cambridge in the Lent Term, 1900, I pointed out that this enclosure was of about the same size as Nevile's Court at Trinity College, if to the central area there we add the width of one of the cloisters; and that the temple of Athena was of exactly the same width as the Hall, but about 15 feet shorter. Nevile's Court is 230 feet long from the inside of the pillars supporting the Library to the wall of the Hall; and it has a mean breadth of 137 feet. If the width of the cloister, 20 feet, be added to this, we get 157 feet in lieu of the 162 feet at Pergamon.

[24]Now in the Royal Museum, Berlin.

[25]Similar sockets have been discovered in the walls of the chambers connected with the Stoa of King Attalus at Athens. These chambers are thought to have been shops, and the sockets to have supported shelves on which wares were exposed for sale. Conze, ut supra, p. 1260; Adler,Die Stoa des Königs Attalos zu Athen, Berlin, 1874; Murray'sHandbook for Greece, ed. 1884, 1. p. 255.

[26]Suetonius,Cæsar, Chap. 44.

[27]Pliny,Nat. Hist., Bookvii., Chap. 30; Bookxxxv., Chap. 2.

[28]Suetonius,Augustus, Chap. 29.

[29]Isidore,Origines, Bookvi., Chap. 5.

[30]Lanciani,Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, ed. 1897, p. 471. Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 204, 205.

[31]Nibby,Roma Antica, p. 601. [Augusto] vi aggiunse un luogo per conversare chiamatoSchola.

[32]Vell. Pat., Book 1., Chap. II. Hic est Metellus Macedonicus qui porticus quæ fuere circumdatæ duabus ædibus sine inscriptione positis, quæ nunc Octaviæ porticibus ambiuntur, fecerat.

[33]Suet.De Illustr. Gramm.c. 2.

[34]Middleton,Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 205.

[35]I have taken these dimensions from Middleton's Plan of the Palatine Hill (ut supra, p. 156), but until the site has been excavated they must be more or less conjectural.

[36]Middleton,Ibid., I. 185-188. The evidence for the portraits rests on the following passage in theAnnalsof Tacitus ii. 37, where he is relating how Hortalus, grandson of the orator Hortensius, being reduced to poverty, came with his four children to the Senate: "igitur quatuor filiis ante limen curiæ adstantibus, loco sententiæ, cum in Palatio senatus haberetur, modo Hortensii inter oratores sitam imaginem, modo Augusti, intuens, ad hunc modum cœpit."

[37]Pausanias,Attica, Book I., Chap. 18, § 9, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. I., p. 26.

[38]The above description is derived from Miss Harrison's book,ut supra, pp. 195-198; Pausanias, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. II., pp. 184, 185.

[39]Eusebius,Chronicon, ed. Schöne, Vol.ii., p. 167.

[40]Middleton,Ancient Rome,i. 186.

[41]Tristia,iii. 59.

[42]Epist.,i. 3. 17.

[43]Noctes Atticæ,v. 21. 9.

[44]Vopiscus,Hist. Aug. Script.,ii. 637.

[45]Aulus Gellius,ut supra,xvi. 8. 2.

[46]Ibid.,xi. 17. 1.

[47]Flavii VopisciTacitus, c. 8.

[48]Id.,Aurelianus, c. 1.

[49]Noctes Atticæ,xix. 5.

[50]Plutarch,Lucullus, Chap.xlii.Σπονδηςδ' αξια και λογου τα περι την των βιβλιων κατασκευην. και γαρ πολλα, και γεγραμμενα καλως, συνηγε, η τε χρησις ην φιλοτιμοτερα της κτησεως, ανειμενων πασι των βιβλιοθηκων, και των περι αυτας περιπατων και σχολαοτηρλων ακωλυτως υποδεχομενων τους Ελληνας, ωσπερ εις Μουσων τι καταγωγιον εκεισε φοιτωντας και συνδιημερευοντας αλληλοις, απο των αλλων χρειων ασμενως αποτρεχοντας.

[51]De Tranquillitate Animi, Chap. IX. Studiorum quoque quæ liberalissima impensa est, tamdiu rationem habet quamdiu modum. Quo innumerabiles libros et bibliothecas quarum dominus vix tota vita indices perlegit? onerat discentem turba, non instruit, multoque satius est paucis te auctoribus tradere, quam errare per multos. Quadraginta milia librorum Alexandriæ arserunt: pulcherrimum regiæ opulentiæ monumentum alius laudaverit, sicut et Livius, quielegantiæ regum curæque egregium id opusaitfuisse: non fuit elegantia illud aut cura, sed studiosa luxuria, immo ne studiosa quidem, quoniam non in studium sed in spectaculum comparaverant sicut plerisque ignaris etiam servilium literarum libri non studiorum instrumenta sed cœnationum ornamenta sunt. Paretur itaque librorum quantum satis sit, nihil in adparatum. "Honestius" inquis "hoc impensis quas in Corinthia pictasque tabulas effuderim." Vitiosum est ubique quod nimium est. Quid habes cur ignoscas homini armaria citro atque ebore captanti, corpora conquirenti aut ignotorum auctorum aut improbatorum et inter tot milia librorum oscitanti, cui voluminum suorum frontes maxime placent titulique? Apud desidiosissimos ergo videbis quicquid orationum historiarumque est, tecto tenus exstructa loculamenta. Iam enim inter balnearia et thermas bibliotheca quoque ut necessarium domus ornamentum expolitur. Ignoscerem plane, si studiorum nimia cupidine oriretur: nunc ista conquisita, cum imaginibus suis descripta, sacrorum opera ingeniorum in speciem et cultum parietum comparantur. With this passage may be compared Lucian's tract:Ηροςαπαιδευτον και πολλα βιβλια ωνουμενον.My friend Mr F. Darwin in informs me that the Latin citrus, or Greekκεδρος, is the coniferous tree calledThuia articulata = Callitris quadrivalvis. See Helm,Kulturpflanzen, Berl. 1894. Engl. Trans, p. 431.

[52]Lanciani,Ancient Rome, 8vo. 1888, p. 193.

[53]Ancient Rome, ed. 1892, ii. 254.

[54]Phil. Trans., Vol.xlviii., Pt 2, p. 634.

[55]Ibid., p. 821.

[56]Ibid., p. 825.

[57]Opere di G. G. Winckelmann, Prato, 1831,vii. 197.

[58]Lanciani,Ruins of Ancient Rome, pp. 213-217. He describes and figures Ligorio's elevation, from MS. Vat. 3439, inCommissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, Ann.x. Ser.ii., 1882. pp. 29-54. See also Middleton,Ancient Rome, 1892,ii. 15-19. The plan of Rome called the Capitoline Plan, because it is now preserved in the Museum of the Capitol, was fixed to the north-east wall (fig. 7. 3).

[59]The average length of a roll may be taken at 20-30 ft.; the width at 9-11 in. SeeThe Palæography of Greek Papyri, by F. G. Kenyon, Oxf. 1899, Chap.ii.

[60]The breadth of these columns from left to right was not great, and their length was considerably shorter than the width of the roll, as a margin was left at the top and bottom.

[61]Antichità di Ercolano, Fol. Napoli, 1779. Vol.v., Tavola 55, p. 243.

[62]In this statue the roll is a restoration, but a perfectly correct one. It is original, and slightly different, in the replica of the statue at Knowle Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. See a paper on this statue by J. E. Sandys. Litt.D. inMélanges Weil, 1898. pp. 423-428.

[63]Horace,Epodes,xiv. 5-8. Comp. Martial,Epigrams,iv. 89. Ohe! libelle, Iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos.

[64]Tristia,i. i. 109.

[65]Catullus (xxii. 7) says of a roll which had been got up with special smartness:Novi umbilici, lora rubra, membranaDirecta plumbo, et pumice omnia æquata.

[65]Catullus (xxii. 7) says of a roll which had been got up with special smartness:

Novi umbilici, lora rubra, membranaDirecta plumbo, et pumice omnia æquata.

[66]Lucian,Adv. Indoct., Chap. 16.

[67]Epigrams,x. 93.

[68]My friend M. R. James, Litt.D., of King's College, has kindly given me the following note: In the apocryphal Assumption of Moses Joshua is told to 'cedar' Moses' words (= rolls), and to lay them up in Jerusalem: "quos ordinabis et chedriabis et repones in vasis fictilibus in loco quem fecit [Deus] ab initio creaturæ orbis terrarum." Assump. Mos., ed. Charles, I. 17. See also Dueange, s.v. Cedria. Vitruvius (II. ix. 13) says: "ex cedro oleum quod cedreum dicitur nascitur, quo reliquæ res cum sint unctæ, uti etiam libri, a tineis et earie non læduntur." See above,p. 22.

[69]Epigrams,iii. ii. 6.

[70]Ovid (Tristia,i. i. 105) addressing his book, says:Cum tamen in nostrum fueris penetrale receptusContigerisque tuam, scrinia curva, domum.

[70]Ovid (Tristia,i. i. 105) addressing his book, says:

Cum tamen in nostrum fueris penetrale receptusContigerisque tuam, scrinia curva, domum.

[71]Epigrams,i. 117.

[72]Epigrams,vii.17.

[73]Suet.Aug.31. Libros Sibyllinos condidit duobusforulisauratis sub Palatini Apollinis basi.

[74]Sat.iii.219.

[75]Georg.iv.250.

[76]De Re Rustica,viii.8. Paxillis adactis tabulæ superponantur; quæ vel loculamenta quibus nidificent aves, vel fictilia columbaria, recipiant.

[77]Ibid.,ix.12. 2. The writer, having described bees swarming, proceeds: protinus custos novum loculamentum in hoc præparatum perlinat intrinsecus prædictis herbis ... tum manibus aut etiam trulla congregatas apes recondat, atque ... diligenter compositum et illitum vas ... patiatur in eodem loco esse dum advesperascat. Primo deinde crepusculo transferat et reponat in ordinem reliquarum alvorum.

[78]Vegetius,Art. Vet.,iii.32. Si iumento loculamenta dentium vel dentes doluerint.

[79]Vitruvius,De Arch., ed. Schneider,x.9. Insuper autem ad capsum redæ loculamentum firmiter figatur habens tympanum versatile in cultro collocatum, etc.

[80]Dr. Sandys, in his edition of Aristotle'sConstitution of Athens, 1893, p. 174, has shewn that in the office of the public clerk a similar contrivance was used, calledεπιστυλιον: "a shelf supporting a series of pigeon-holes, and itself supported by wooden pedestals."

[81]Ulpian,Digest, 33. 7. 12. In emptionem domus et specularia et pegmata cedere solent, sive in æditiciis sint posita, sive ad tempus detracta.

[82]Ibid., 29. 1. 17. Reticuli circa columnas, plutei circa parietes, item cilicia, vela, ædium non sunt.

[83]Sat.II. 4. I do not think that these lines refer to a library. The whole house, not a single room in it, is full of plaster busts of philosophers.

[84]Ep.cv. (ed. Billerbeck);Ad Att.iv.4, p. 2.

[85]Ep.cvi. (ibid.);Ad Att.iv.5.

[86]Ep.cxi. (ibid.);Ad Att.iv.8.

[87]This cut is given inAntiquitatum et Annalium Trevirensium libriXXV. Auctoribus RR. PP. Soc. Jesu P. Christophoro Browero, et P. Jacobo Masenio. 2 v. fol. Leodii, 1670. It is headed: Schema voluminum in bibliothecam (sic) ordine olim digestorum Noviomagi in loco Castrorum Constantini M. hodiedum in lapide reperto excisum. See also C. G. Schwarz,De Ornamentis Librorum, 4to, Lips. 1756, pp. 86, 172, 231, and Tab. II., fig. 4. I learnt this reference from Sir E. M. Thompson'sHandbook of Greek and Latin Palæography, ed. 2, 1894, p. 57,note. The Director of the Museum at Trèves informs me that all the antiquities discovered at Neumagen were destroyed in the seventeenth century.

[88]See above,p. 11.

[89]Ibid.,p. 12.

[90]Epigrams, Lib.ix.Introduction.

[91]The whole relief is figured in Seyffert,Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, ed. Nettleship and Sandys, p. 649.

[92]De Architectura, Lib.vii, Pref. [Aristophanes] e certis amiariis infinita volumina eduxit.

[93]Digesta Justiniani Augusti, ed. Mommsen. 8vo. Berlin, 1870. Vol.ii. p. 88. Book XXXII. 52.

[94]This is the date of theColumna cochlis. Middleton's Rome,ii. 24 note.

[95]Nibby,Roma Antica, 8vo. Roma, 1839, p. 188.

[96]Epist.II. 17. 8. Parieti eius [cubiculi mei] in bibliothecæ speciem armarium insertum est quod non legendos libros sed lectitandos capit.

[97]I should not have known of the existence of this sarcophagus had it not been figured, accurately enough on the whole, inLe Palais de Scaurus, by Mazois, published at Paris in 1822. The sarcophagus had passed through the hands of several collectors since Mazois figured it, and I had a long and amusing search for it.

[98]Mittheilungen des K. D. Archaeologischen Instituts Rom, 1900, Bandxv. p. 171. Der Sarkophag eines Arztes.

[99]The inscription is printed in full inAntike Bilderwerke in Rom ... beschrieben von Friedrich Matz., und F. von Duhn, 3 vols., 8vo. Leipzig, 1881, Vol.ii. p. 346, No. 3127*.

[100]Garrucci,Arte Christiana, Vol. IV. p. 39. It would appear from some curious drawings on glass figured by Garrucci,ut supraPl. 490, that the Jews used presses of similar design in their synagogues to contain the rolls of the law.

[101]The original of this picture is 18 in. high by 9-3/4 in. broad, including the border. It could not be photographed, and therefore, through the kind offices of Miss G. Dixon, and Signor Biagi, Librarian of the Laurentian Library, the services of a thoroughly capable artist, Professor Attilio Formilli, were secured to make an exact copy in water colours. This he has done with singular taste and skill. My figure has been reduced from this copy. The press has also been figured in outline by Garrucci,Arte Christiana, Vol.iii., Pl. 126.

[102]The romantic story of theCodex Amiatinusis fully narrated by Mr H. J. White inStudia Biblica et Ecclesiastica, 8vo. Oxf. 1890,ii. pp. 273-308.

[103]TheOctateuch, or, the five books of Moses, with the addition of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.

[104]Consol. Philosoph., Book I. Ch. 5. Nec bibliothecæ potius comptos ebore ac vitro parietes quam tuæ mentis sedem requiro.

[105]Origines, Book VI. Ch. ii. Cum peritiores architecti neque aurea lacunaria ponenda in bibliothecis putent neque pavimenta alia quam a Carysteo marmore, quod auri fulgor hebetat et Carystei viriditas reficiat oculos.

[106]Apol. adv. Rufinum, ii. 20: Opera, ed. Vallarsi,ii. 549.

[107]De Origine Historia Indicibus scrinii et bibliothecæ Sedis Apostolicæ commentatio Ioannis Baptistæ de Rossi....4to. Romæ, 1886, Chapterv. A brief, but accurate, summary of his account will be found in Lanciani'sAncient Rome, 8vo. 1888, pp. 187-190. Father C. J. Ehrle has given me much help on this difficult question.

[108]Sidonii Apollinaris Opera, ed. Sirmondi. 4to. Paris, 1652. Notes, p. 33. The words of this letter, which I have translated very freely, are as follows:Sed dum hæc tacitus mecum revolvo, occurrit mihi quod in Bibliotheca studiosi sæcularium litterarum puer quondam, ut se ætatis illius curiositas habet, prætereundo legissem. Nam cum supra memoratæ ædis ordinator ac dominus, inter expressas lapillis aut ceris discoloribus, formatasque effigies vel Oratorum vel etiam Poetarum specialia singulorum autotypis epigrammata subdidisset; ubi ad præiudicati eloquii venit poetam, hoc modo orsus est.The last three lines of the inscription are from theÆneid, Book I. 607. I owe the most important part of the translation of Rusticus to Lanciani,ut supra, p. 196: that of Virgil is by Professor Conington.

[108]Sidonii Apollinaris Opera, ed. Sirmondi. 4to. Paris, 1652. Notes, p. 33. The words of this letter, which I have translated very freely, are as follows:

Sed dum hæc tacitus mecum revolvo, occurrit mihi quod in Bibliotheca studiosi sæcularium litterarum puer quondam, ut se ætatis illius curiositas habet, prætereundo legissem. Nam cum supra memoratæ ædis ordinator ac dominus, inter expressas lapillis aut ceris discoloribus, formatasque effigies vel Oratorum vel etiam Poetarum specialia singulorum autotypis epigrammata subdidisset; ubi ad præiudicati eloquii venit poetam, hoc modo orsus est.

The last three lines of the inscription are from theÆneid, Book I. 607. I owe the most important part of the translation of Rusticus to Lanciani,ut supra, p. 196: that of Virgil is by Professor Conington.

[109]I have taken the text of the inscription, and my account of Agapetus and his work, from De Rossi,ut supra, Chap.viii. p. lv.

[110]Cassiodorus,De Inst. Div. Litt.Chap. XXX. pp. 1145, 46. Ed. Migne. De Rossi,ut supra.

[111]Versus qui scripti sunt in armaria sua ab ipso [Isidoro] compositi.Cod. Vat. Pal.1877, a MS. which came from Lorch in Germany. De Rossi,ut supra. Chap. VII.

[112]Isidori Opera Omnia, 410. Rome, 1803. Vol.vii. p. 179.

[113]See Hen. Stevenson,Topografia e Monumenti di Roma nelle Pitture a fresco di Sisto V. della Biblioteca Vaticana, p. 7; inAl Sommo Pontefice Leone XIII. Omaggio Giubilare della Biblioteca Vaticana, Fol. Rome, 1881.

[114]Signor Lanciani (Ancient Rome, p. 195) was the first to suggest a comparison between the Vatican Library and those of ancient Rome.

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