FOOTNOTES:[1]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[2]New Departure of the Republican Party.By Henry Wilson.The Atlantic Monthly, Boston, January, 1871.[3]If any one should feel astonished at our insisting not only upon the exact day, but the very hour, when certain things occurred, let him or her remember that the calculation of eclipses, passing backward from one to another (as though ascending the steps of a staircase), reaches and fixes the date—yes, the precise minute of day—when incidents took place between which and us the broad haze of twice a thousand years is interposed.[4]For the rest, in support of the matters we have too briefly to recount, we could burden these pages with voluminous, and some of them most interesting and beautiful, extracts from both heathen and Christian works of classic fame and standard authority; with passages of direct and indirect evidence from Josephus, Phlegon, Plutarch, Saint Dionysius (our own true hero, the Areopagite of Greece, the St. Denis of France) [ad Apollophanem, epis. xi., andad Polycarpum Antistidem, vii.]; Tertullian (Cont. Jud., c. 8); St. Augustine (Civ. Dei, lib. 14); St. Chrysostom (Hom. de Joanne Baptista); the Bollandists, Baronius, Eusebius, Tillemont, Huet, and a host of others.... But our statements will not need such detailed "stabilitation," because the facts, being notorious among scholars, will be impugned by no really educated man or thoroughly competent critic.[5]The Roman Breviary thus speaks of St. Dionysius:"Dionysius of Athens, one of the judges of the Areopagus, was versed in every kind of learning. It is said that, while yet in the errors of paganism, having noticed on the day on which Christ the Lord was crucified that the sun was eclipsed out of the regular course, he exclaimed: 'Either the God of nature is suffering, or the universe is on the point of dissolution.' When afterward the Apostle Paul came to Athens, and, being led to the Areopagus, explained the doctrine which he preached, teaching that Christ the Lord had risen, and that the dead would all return to life, Dionysius believed with many others. He was then baptized by the apostle and placed over the church in Athens. He afterward came to Rome, whence he was sent to Gaul by Pope Clement to preach the Gospel. Rusticus, a priest, and Eleutherius, a deacon, followed him to Paris. Here he was scourged, together with his companions, by the Prefect Fescennius, because he had converted many to Christianity; and, as he continued with the greatest constancy to preach the faith, he was afterward stretched upon a gridiron over a fire, and tortured in many other ways; as were likewise his companions. After bearing all these sufferings courageously and gladly, on the ninth of October, Dionysius, now more than a hundred years of age, together with the others, was beheaded. There is a tradition that he took up his head after it had been cut off, and walked with it in his hands a distance of two Roman miles. He wrote admirable and most beautiful books on the divine names, on the heavenly and ecclesiastical hierarchy, on mystical theology; and a number of others."The Abbé Darras has published a work on the question of the identity of Dionysius of Athens with Dionysius, first Bishop of Paris, sustaining, with great strength and cogency of argument, the affirmative side. The authenticity of the works which pass under his name, although denied by nearly all modern critics, has been defended by Mgr. Darboy, Archbishop of Paris.—Ed. C. W.[6]"The art of governing men does not consist in giving them license to do evil."—Père Lacordaire.[7]The Life and Times of the Right Rev. John Timon, D.D., First Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo. By Charles G. Deuther. Buffalo: published by the Author.[8]Mr. Deuther incorrectly calls this Conevago.[9]We think it well to say that no one of these cures, except that of Denys Bouchet, whom the physicians had pronounced absolutely and constitutionally incurable, was declared to be miraculous by the episcopal commission which will be mentioned further on. For these cures, the 10th, 11th, and 16thprocès verbauxof the commission may be consulted. Whatever the probability of divine intervention may be in such cases, the church before proclaiming a miracle requiresthat no natural explanation of the fact should be possible, and sets aside, without affirming or denying, every case in which this condition is not found. She is content to sayNescio.We shall hereafter have occasion to speak of the work of the commission.[10The patient was, in fact, entirely cured at the second visit to Lourdes.[11The presence of chloride of sodium (common salt), to say nothing of the others,in abundance, without a decided taste in the water, is a little mysterious. The original reads: "Chlorures de soude, de chaux et de magnésie: abondants."—Note by Translator.[12The reader will perhaps like to see the reports of the episcopal commission on this case:"Hardly had Catherine Latapie-Chouat plunged her hand into the water, than she felt herself to be entirely cured; her fingers recovered their natural suppleness and elasticity, so that she could quickly open and shut them, and use them with as much ease as before the accident of October, 1856."From that time she has had no more trouble with them."The deformity of the hand of Catherine Latapie, and the impossibility of using it, being due to an anchylosis of the joints of the fingers, and to a complete lesion of the nerves or the flexor tendons, it is certain that the case was a very serious one; as also by the uselessness of all the means of cure used during eighteen months, and by the avowal of the physician, who had declared to this woman that her condition was irremediable."Nevertheless, in spite of the failure of such long and repeated attempts, the employment of various active healing agents, and the statement of the physician, this severe lesion disappeared immediately. Now, this sudden disappearance of the infirmity, and restoration of the fingers to their original state, is evidently beyond and above the usual course of nature, and of the laws which govern the efficacy of its agents."The means by which this result has been brought about leave no doubt in this respect, and establish this conclusion incontestably. In fact, it has been averred(a) that the Massabielle water is of an ordinary character, without the least curative properties. It cannot, then, by its natural action, have straightened the fingers of Catherine Latapie and restored their suppleness and agility, which had not been accomplished by the scientific remedies which were so various and used for so long a time. The wonderful result, then, which the mere touch of this water immediately produced, cannot be ascribed to it, but we must rise to a superior cause, and do homage for it to a supernatural power, of which the water of Massabielle has been, as it were, the veil and inert instrument."Besides, if ordinary water had been possessed of such a prodigious power, Catherine Latapie would have experienced its effect long before by the daily use which she made of it in washing herself and her children; for she had daily employed for this purpose water exactly similar to that at the grotto."—Extract from the 15th procès-verbal of the commission.(a): This was, in fact, authentically averred, the administrative analysis to the contrary notwithstanding, at the time of theprocès-verbauxof the commission.[13]We will also give the conclusions of the commission on this point."An eruptive affection of this sort might not of itself have a very grave character, nor threaten serious danger or disastrous consequences. Still, that from which Marianne Garrot had suffered would indicate by its duration, by its resistance to the treatment which had been prescribed and faithfully followed, and by its continual and progressive spreading, a very decidedly malignant character, the inoculation, so to speak, of a deeply seatedvirus, to expel which would require long and persevering attention, with a patient continuance of the treatment already adopted or of some other more appropriate and effectual one."The rapid though not instantaneous disappearance of the white eruption from the face of the patient is very different from the usual effect of chemical preparations; for the first lotion produced a perceptible improvement or partial cureinstantaneously, which was advanced by the second, made four days afterward; and without the aid of any other remedy, these two lotions accomplished a complete restoration in a few days by a gradual and rapid progress."Now, the liquid the employment of which produced this speedy effect was nothing but water, without any special properties, and without any relation or appropriateness to the disease which it overcame; and which, besides, if it had possessed any such qualities, would long before have produced the effect through the daily use which the patient made of it for drinking and washing."This cure cannot, then, be ascribed to the natural efficacy of the Massabielle water, and all the circumstances, as it would seem—namely, the tenacity and activity of the eruption, the rapidity of the cure, and the inappropriateness of the element which brought it about—concur to show in it a cause foreign and superior to natural agents."—Extract from the 15thprocès-verbalof the commission.[14]Ninth procès-verbal of the commission.[15]Prof. Seeley advocates the plan of devoting a part of the time during the last two years at English schools to Latin. The proper study of English must also include in it an analysis of the Latin element, and an explanation of the derivation of words of Latin origin.[16]Madame Fortune and Sir Money.[17]The Bank of Madrid.[18]Less than a farthing.[19]A gold piece valued at sixteen dollars.[20]Was becoming angry.[21]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[22]The Vatican Council and its Definitions.A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy. By Henry Edward, Archbishop of Westminster. New York: D. & J. Sadlier. 1871. 12mo, pp. 252.[23]Old and New School united.[24]Incomplete.[25]Southern States not reported.[26]Separation of South in 1845.[27]Centenary year.[28]He stole, killed, and ate the whole of Apollo's herd, before he was a day old! See Homer'sHymn to Mercury.[29]A French child's word forhurt.[30]The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and the Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria. By J. Roderick O'Flanagan, M.R.I.A. Two vols. pp. 555, 621. London: Longmans Green & Co. New York: The Catholic Publication Society.[31]Com. on the Laws of England, p. 429 et seq.[32]Between 1172 and 1200, Ireland had no fewer thanseventeenchief governors. In the thirteenth century, they numberedforty-six; in the fourteenth,ninety-three; in the fifteenth,eighty-five; in the sixteenth,seventy-six; in the seventeenth,seventy-nine; and in the eighteenth,ninety-four.—O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 293.[33]O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 130.[34]Life and Death of the Irish Parliament.By the Right Hon. James Whiteside, C.J.[35]Gilbert'sViceroys of Ireland.[36]State Papers, temp. Henry VIII.[37]Ware'sLife of Browne.[38]State Papers, vol. iii. p. 108.[39]Morrin'sCal.vol. i. p. 55.[40]John O'Hagan, the present Lord High Chancellor of Ireland.[41]The Little Wanderer's Friend, January, 1871.[42]Thom's Directory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for 1870, pp. 713-721.[43]SeeCatholic Worldfor April, September, and October, 1869, and April, 1870.[44]This letter of M. Rouland, the text of which, in spite of all our efforts, we have not been able to procure, was communicated to several persons, and all the correspondence before us mentions it, giving it in the same terms which we have just used.[45]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[46]1.The Unity of Italy.The American Celebration of the Unity of Italy, at the Academy of Music, New York, Jan. 12, 1871; with the Addresses, Letters, and Comments of the Press. New York: Putnam & Sons. 1871. Imp. 8vo, pp. 197.2.Programma Associazione dei Libri Pensatori in Roma.La Commissione.Roma, Febbraio, 1871. Fly-sheet.[47]The question, Mr. Dana really argues, is, whether Catholics in other than the Roman state have, under the law of nations, a right to insist that by virtue of their donations, or what the law treats as eleemosynary gifts, they shall continue to be vested in the Holy See? The answer must be founded on the acknowledged principle of law, that all gifts of the sort must be invested and appropriated according to the will of the donors; and in the interest of all Catholics in the Holy See, as the mistress and mother of all the churches, Catholics throughout the world have an ethical right that their gifts shall be invested and appropriated to the purposes for which they are given; but we doubt if their right can be juridically asserted, under international law, in the courts of the usurping state, or of any other state, since the state of the church is suppressed. But there can be no doubt, from the relation of all Catholics to the Holy See, the invasion of her rights and despoiling her of possessions, whether absolute or only fiduciary, gives to all Catholic powers the right of war against the invader and despoiler. At the order of the Holy Father, Catholics throughout the world would have the right, even without the license of their temporal sovereigns, to arm for the recovery and restoration to the Holy See of the possessions or trusts of which she may be despoiled, because these possessions and trusts belong to the spirituality, and the Holy Father has plenary authority in spirituals, and is the spiritual sovereign, not the temporal sovereign, of all Catholics. If Italian Catholics had understood that the Roman state belonged to the Holy See, and therefore to the spirituality, they would have understood that no order of their king could bind them to obey him in despoiling the Roman state, or in entering it against the order of the Pope, for in spirituals the spiritual sovereign overrides the temporal sovereign.[48]Le religioni dette rivelate sono state sempre il più grande nemico della umanità, poichè facendo del vero, patrimonio di tutti, il privilegio di pochi, si opposero allo sviluppo progressivo della scienza e della libertà, le sole capaci di risolvere i più gravi problemi sociali, attorno a cui da secoli si agitano intere generazioni.Il sacerdote ha inventato degli esseri sopran-naturali, e fattosi mediatore fra questi e gli uomini va predicando ancora uda fede, che sostituisce l'autorità alla ragione, la schiavitù alla libertà, il bruto all'uomo.Però la tenebra si è diradata, ed il progresso abbatte gl'idoli e svincola l'umana coscienza dalle catene, di cui i sacerdoti l'aveano cinta.Accanita ferve la lotta fra il dogma ed i postulati della scienza, tra la libertà e la tirannide, fra la scienza e l'errore.La voce della giustizia, fatta tacere nel sangue da re e preti assieme congiurati, è risorta onnipotente dai penetrali della inquisizione, dalle ceneri dei roghi, da ogni pietra sanctificata dal sangue degli apostoli della verità. Si credeva durasse eterno il regno del male, però l'alba è diventata giorno, la favilla si è fatta incendio. Ora Roma del prete diviene Roma del popolo, la città santa città umana. Non più si presti fede a credenze ipocrite, che sostituendo la forma alla sostanza suscitarono odi tra popoli e popoli, sol perchè gli uni adoravano un dio nella sinagoga e gli altri nella pagoda.L'associazione dei liberi pensatori si stabilisce qui opportunamente per dare l'ultimo colpo al crollante edificio sacerdotale, fondato nella ignoranza dei molti e per l'astuzia dei pochi. Le verità provate dalla scienza costituiscono la nostra sola fede, il rispetto al diritto proprio nel rispettare il diritto altrui, la nostra morale.E d'uopo guardare arditamente in faccia quel mostro secolare, che della terra ha fatto un campo di battaglia, sfidarlo all'aperto ed alla luce del giorno. Saremo così fedeli al programma della civiltà, in nome della quale il mondo ha applaudito alla liberazione di Roma dal Papa.Noi facciamo appello a quanti amano davvero l'indipendenza morale della famiglia, prostituita e fatta schiava dal prete—a quanti vogliono una patria grande e rispettata—a quanti credono alla umana perfettibilità—uniamoci tutti sotto la bandiera della scienza e della giustizia.A Roma è riservata una gran gloria—quella d'iniziare la terza e più splendida epoca dell'incivilimento umano.Roma libera deve riparare ai danni arrecati al mondo dalla Roma sacerdotale. Essa può far lo, essa deve farlo. I veri amici della libertà si associino, e non iscendano a patti sol nemico più terribile che abbia avuto l'umana famiglia.Roma, Febbraio, 1871.La Commissione.[49]Diod.ii. 13[50]Sir W. Jones.[51]"It is a sin to think of the future."[52]Mr. Vambéry'sCentral Asia.[53]Olivier de Sèvres.Introduction to edition of 1804.[54]See translation by Sir W. Jones. London edition, 13 vols.[55]Niebuhr'sArabia, vol. ii.[56]Translation of Sir W. Jones.[57]Anthon'sAnc. and Mediæval, p. 735.[58]See illus. Lond. ed. of Sir T. G. Wilkinson'sAnc. Egyp.[59]Vide 131, Nov. Justinian.[60]Doctor Harris's translation, p. 49. London, 1814.[61]Lib. ii. tit. 35.[62]According to some authorities, a copy of the Pandects was discovered at Amalphi, in the middle of the twelfth century, and was first given to the world by two Italian lawyers. D'Israeli, in hisCuriosities of Literature, says: "The original MS. of Justinian's Code was discovered by the Pisans accidentally when they took a city in Calabria. That vast code of laws had been in a manner unknown from the time of that Emperor. This curious book was brought to Pisa, and, when Pisa was taken by the Florentines, transferred to Florence, where it is still preserved." The Code, Pandects, and Institutes are still received as common law in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Scotland in their entirety, and partly so in France, Spain, and Italy.[63]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 201.[64]Encyclopædia Metropolitana.London, 1846[65]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 146.[66]Nov. Just. 123, c. 21-23.[67]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 149.[68]Sir William Jones, a learned scholar and able jurist, was of opinion that the invention of trial by jury could be traced to the ancient Greeks, while Blackstone pretends that the credit of it is due to the Saxons who brought the custom with them to England; but Hallam and other superior authorities maintain that the canon quoted in the text is the first germ on record of this great distinguished feature of English common law, and that it was not till long after the advent of the Normans that it assumed its present systematic form.[69]Wilkins, p. 100.[70]P. 415.[71]Ingulph, p. 36. Nicholl'sLit. Anec.vol. i. p. 28.[72]Peter of Blois,Epist.vol. i. 3. Paris, 1519.[73]Middle Ages, p. 150.[74]The continued encroachments of the crown on the rights of the barons and their tenants led to an armed league against John I., the leading spirit of which was the intrepid Archbishop of Canterbury and the General, Robert Fitzwalter, who took the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and of Holy Church." The result was a timely concession of the king, which was granted in the form of a Great Charter. The importance of many of the liberal guarantees set forth in that instrument has departed with the special evils that gave rise to them, but many of a more general nature and such as related to cheap, speedy, and impartial justice, have become integral parts of the British Constitution. As to the document itself, D'Israeli relates the following curious circumstance: "Sir Thomas Cotton one day at his tailor's discovered that the man was holding in his hand, ready to cut up for measures, an originalmagna charta, with all its appendages of seals and signatures. He bought the curiosity for a trifle, and recovered in this manner what had been given over for lost. This anecdote is told by Colomies, who long resided and died in this country. An originalmagna chartais preserved in the Cottonian Library; it exhibits marks of dilapidation, but whether from the invisible scythe of time or the humble scissors of a tailor I leave to archæological inquiry."[75]Enc. Brit., art. "Law," p. 413.[76]Institutes, b. 1, tit. 1, § 14.[77]Thoughts suggested by reading, inNature, an account of the solar eclipse of December, 1870.[78]"The Souls"—generally said of souls in purgatory.[79]Diminutive for Sebastiana.[80]"El Marques de MontegordoQue se quedó mudo ciego y sordo."Said of those who do not wish to speak, see, or hear.[81]Very obstinate.[82]Tiene las luces espabiladas.He has his lights snuffed,i.e., wits brightened—a common expression.[83]Ha entrado en la casaca pero la casaca no ha entrado en él.Though he has put on soldier clothes, he hasn't gained wit by a soldier's experience.[84]Dejarse ir, rule of rustic grammar, literally equivalent to "don't commit yourself."[85]TheTarasca, or mammoth snake—an immense frame covered with canvas, and painted to resemble a snake—which is carried in front of the procession on the feast of Corpus Christi.[86]Saint Thomas is the patron of smokers.[87]A little more than a farthing, as if he had said, "Without the farthing, you can't make the fip."[88]Pan perdido.[89]Oveja que bala bocado pierde.The sheep that baas misses a mouthful.[90]Without sayingchuzormuz—without saying anything.[91]Sodality of the Blessed Sacrament.[92]Field hired of the town.[93]The materials for this article are found in the learned work of Gregorovius (Geschichte der Stadt Rom), the publication of which, commenced at Stuttgardt in 1859, is not yet fully completed; in Baron Hübner'sLife of Sixtus V.; Burckhardt'sCicerone in Italy; and Von Reumont's classical work onMiddle Ages Rome.[94]Even as the Romans, for the mighty host,The year of jubilee, upon the bridge,Have chosen a mode to pass the people over.For all upon one side towards the castleTheir faces have and go into St. Peter's;On the other side they go towards the mountain.Longfellow's Translation[95]The reader will, of course, remember that these were races of horses without riders.[96]Particularités de la Vie de la Princesse Amelie Galitzin.Par Theod. Katerkamp Münster. 1828.La Princesse Galitzin et les Amis.Schücking: Cologne. 1840.[97]"God became man that man might become God."—St. Augustine.[98]Col. i. 18.[99]Rom. vi. 4.[100]We find in a letter of Dr. Dozous, who had followed closely the course of events, a list of the various chronic maladies of which he testifies the extraordinary cure by the water of the grotto."Continual headache; weakness of sight; amaurosis; chronic neuralgia; partial and general paralysis; chronic rheumatism; partial or general debility of the system; debility of early childhood. In these cases the healing action was so sudden, that many who had not previously believed in the reality of such cures were forced to accept them as real and incontestable."Diseases of the spine; leucorrhea, and other diseases of women; chronic maladies of the digestive organs; obstructions of the liver, and bile."Sore-throat; deafness from feebleness of the auricular nerves," etc., etc.[101]Every one will understand the reserve which prevents the bishop from mentioning the universal suspicion at Lourdes, Cauterets, Barèges, and Tarbes, of the secret action of the police in the affair of the visionaries.It would have been somewhat difficult for the prelate to say to the minister: "The pretended scandal, which you lament and magnify out of all natural proportion to the point of making it a pure romance, is nothing more nor less than yourself in the persons of your agents."[102]Letter from M. Filhol to the Mayor of Lourdes, transmitting his analysis.[103]We give complete details of the analysis contained in the report of M. Filhol. The eminent chemist continues:I certify to having obtained the following results:PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF THIS WATER.It is clear, colorless, odorless: it has no decided taste. Its density is scarcely greater than that of distilled water.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.The water of the grotto of Lourdes acts as follows, with reagents:WithRed Tincture of Turnsol.—It becomes blue.Lime-water.—The mixture becomes milky; an excess of the water of grotto redissolves the precipitate first formed.Soapsuds.—It becomes very cloudy.Chloride of Barium.—No apparent action.Nitrate of Silver.—Slight white precipitate, which partly dissolves in nitric acid.Oxalate of Ammonia.—Scarcely any sensible action.Submitted to the action of heat in a glass retort communicating with a receiver, the water yielded a gas partly absorbed by potassa. The portion thus left undissolved was partly absorbed by phosphorus; finally, there remained a gaseous residuum possessing all the properties of nitrogen. At the same time that this gas was disengaged, the water was slightly clouded and precipitated a white deposit, slightly tinged with red. Treated with hydrochloric acid, this deposit was dissolved, producing a lively effervescence.I saturated the acid solution with an excess of ammonia; this reagent caused the precipitation of several light flakes of a reddish color, which I carefully separated. These flakes washed with distilled water I treated with caustic potash, which took nothing from them. I washed the flakes again, and dissolved them in chlorhydric acid; then I further diluted the solution with water, and submitted it to the action of several reagents, whose effects I will proceed to indicate:Yellow Cyanide of Potassium and Iron.—Blue precipitate.Ammonia.—Reddish brown precipitate.Tannin.—Principally black.Sulpho-Cyanide of Potassium.—Blood-red color.The liquid, separated from the flaky deposit, gave with oxalate of ammonia an abundant white precipitate. Having separated this precipitate by a filter, I threw phosphate of ammonia into the clear liquid; this reagent determined the formation of a new white precipitate.I evaporated to dryness five litres of the water, and treated the dry residuum with a small quantity of distilled water in order to dissolve the soluble salts. The solution thus obtained was turned blue by red tincture of turnsol. I again evaporated the solution thus obtained, and poured alcohol over the dry residuum; this being set on fire, gave a pale yellow flame, such as is produced by salts of soda. I again dissolved the residuum in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed the solution with chloride of platina; a slight canary-colored precipitate was formed in the mixture.Having acidulated twolitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes with chlorhydric acid, I evaporated it to dryness, and found the residuum taken by the acidulated water to be but partly dissolved. The insoluble part presented all the appearance of silica.I submitted to evaporation tenlitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes, in which I found a very pure carbonate of potassa had been previously dissolved. The result of the evaporation was moistened with boiling alcohol, and, again evaporated to dryness, the residuum was heated to a dull red.The product of this operation was dissolved, after cooling, in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed with a little starch paste. Carefully treating this mixture with weakly chlorated water, I saw the liquid take a blue tint.Submitted to distillation, the water of the grotto of Lourdes gives a slightly alkaline distilled product.From these facts it follows that the water of the grotto of Lourdes holds in solution:1. Oxygen.2. Nitrogen.3. Carbonic acid.4. Carbonates of lime, of magnesia, and a trace of carbonate of iron.5. An alkaline carbonate or silicate, chlorides of potassium and sodium.6. Traces of sulphates of potassa and soda.7. Traces of ammonia.8. Traces of iodine.The quantitative analysis of this water, made according to the ordinary methods, gives the following results:Water1 kilogramme.Centig.Carbonic acid8Oxygen5Nitrogen17Ammoniatraces.Gr. millig.Carbonate of Lime.096Carbonate of Magnesia0.012Carbonate of Irontraces.Carbonate of Sodatraces.Chloride of Sodium0.008Chloride of Potassiumtraces.Silicate of Soda, and traces of Silicate of Potassa0.018Sulphates of Potassa and Sodatraces.Iodinetraces.0.134[104]According to the old Irish chronicles, Cormac, King of all Ireland, renounced the worship of idols about two centuries before the arrival of St. Patrick, having received in a vision the promise of the true faith.[105]See the second volume of this periodical for 1861, and also the number for March, 1870.[106]Thus I will, thus I command: let my will stand for a reason.[107]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[108]Marangoni:Life of the Servant of God, Father Buonsignore Cacciaguerra.[109]In hisSpeculum Historiale, lib. iv., chap. 22.[110]See the notes of Jacques Laderchi in the life of St. Cecilia published by him, and the long list of memorials which he has collected in her honor.Sanctæ Ceciliæ, V. et M., acta: edidet Jacobius Laderchius. 2 vols. in 4to, Rome, 1723. The work is very rare, but may be found in the Imperial Library, Paris.[111]Justice and gratitude oblige us to acknowledge the great advantage we have received from Dom Guéranger's book. As well written as it is learned, it is still the best history of St. Cecilia. But the learned Benedictine has only touched slightly on the influence of St. Cecilia on the fine arts, and we have been obliged to fill out these notes by personal research and observations made in a recent journey to Italy.[112]Died 1593.[113]See Laderchi, op. cit. t. ii., pp. 438-450.[114]SeeSelect Works of Alexander Pope. One vol. in 12mo, Leipsic, 1848, Tauchnitz edition. "Ode for Music on St. Cecilia's Day."[115]He was decorated by the "Académie Française" (Nov., 1869).[116]St. Cecilia, a tragic poem. By Count Anatole de Ségur. One volume folio, at Amb. Bray's, Paris, 1868.[117]This is not an arbitrary philosophic division. It corresponds to the three worlds recognized by the greatest geniuses of antiquity or of modern times—Plato, Aristotle, Bossuet, and Malebranche—the world of the senses, the world of human thought, and the divine world.[118]So in Raphael's famous picture, the pearl of the gallery at Bologna; while its exacted symbolism and heavenly sentiment tempt us to class it among the masterpieces of the mystic school, it must be confessed that St. Magdalen has a veryearthlylook. We know, alas, how this noble form has been profaned by some artists; the victim, even after her penitence, of the sensual tastes of the Renaissance, she remained a courtesan in the eyes of Titian and Correggio; and the pagans of the sixteenth century have turned our saint into a nymph lying in a grotto, or standing veiled only by the masses of her long hair.[119]The frescoes of St. Louis have been engraved by Landon in his great book on the life and works of celebrated painters. SeeWorks of Domenichino. 3 vols. in 4to, Paris, 1803.[120]There are two more pictures of St. Cecilia by Domenichino. One is in the Rospigliosi Palace at Rome; the other was in England at the beginning of this century. See the engravings already mentioned in Landon.[121]In this second school may be classed the pictures of Paul Veronese and of Garofolo in the Dresden Museum. As for Carlo Dolce's St. Cecilia, it is far sweeter, and forms the connecting link between the rationalistic and mystic schools. We have not seen the picture, which is in the Museum at Dresden, but it has become well-known through engravings, and has been published by Schulger at Paris.[122]Raphael has also represented St. Cecilia bearing witness to Christ at the tomb. This may be seen at the Museum at Naples. Dom Guéranger considers the type of this picture far higher than any of the others.—C. F. Vasari, t. iii. p. 166.[123]Raphael d'Urbin, t. ii., p. 277.[124]His name was M. Bottu de Toulmont, it appears.[125]Dictionary of Plain Chant, in theTheological Encyclopediaat Migne, 256.[126]At Brussels this mass is sung in St. Gudule.[127]Though the above lines were written before the disestablishment of the State Church in Ireland, their author's indignation has been little appeased by that extorted act of justice. The measure was unaccompanied by any attempt at reparation for the past. At the very least, the old Catholic churches might have been returned to their lawful owners. And is there any sign to-day of full justice ever being done or half-done? None—except in the event of divine vengeance forcing England to kneel to her generous victim and "sue to be forgiven."Fiat, fiat.[128]The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages.By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1871. 16mo, pp. 380.[129]SeeThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, by Charles Darwin.[130]Authorities:The Jesuit Relations; History of the Catholic Missions, by John G. Shea;The Pioneers of France in the New World, andThe Jesuits in North America, by Francis Parkman; Bancroft'sHistory of the United States, etc., etc.[131]Presse, Aug. 31, 1858.[132]Siècle, Aug. 30, 1858.[133]Amsterdaamsche Courant, Sept. 9, 1858.[134]The above extracts are from theUnivers, on various dates in August and September, 1858.[135]Twenty-eighthprocès-verbalof the episcopal commission.The following is the report of one of the physicians appointed to examine this cure:"The boy Tambourné, at five years of age, showed the symptoms of hip disease in the first stage; very sharp pains in the knee, duller at the hip, a turning out of the foot, lameness at first, afterwards inability to walk without great suffering. The digestive functions became impaired. He had a repugnance to food, and became very much reduced. The disease, going through its first period very rapidly, was threatening sooner or later to put an end to the child's life, when the idea was formed of taking him to the grotto of Lourdes, where his cure was effected instantly."The complaint of young Tambourné was of the same class as that of Busquet, but it was more severe, having affected one of the principal joints. Its indications were already most distressing to the eyes of the physician who is able to see what the future has in store."It is, no doubt, possible to cure hip-disease, by the means and processes employed by science. Natural sulphurous waters can remove it; but in no case is it possible for them to operate with the rapidity of lightning."Instantaneousness of action is so much beyond the healing power by means of which such waters operate, that it may be asserted that there is a fact in the supernatural order in all the cases of immediate cure in which a material lesion has been involved. It hardly needs to be stated that young Tambourné came to the grotto carried by his mother, and that a few moments afterwards he climbed a steep slope, walked and ran the rest of the day, without feeling the least pain, and with as much ease as before the coming on of the disease, etc."[136]We give in this note the report of the physicians entrusted with the examination of this case by the episcopal commission. It is remarkable for its circumspection. It does not dare to pronounce in favor of a miracle; but such a reserve in so striking a case gives to the reports in which miraculous power is recognized an authority yet more incontestable and conclusive."Mlle. Massot-Bordenave, of Arras, aged fifty-three, was afflicted in the month of May, 1858, with a malady which deprived her feet and hands of part of their power and mobility. Her fingers were much bent.... Her bread had to be cut for her. She went on foot to the grotto, bathed her hands and feet, and went away cured."It cannot be denied that all theprima facieindications in this case are in favor of the intervention of some supernatural cause; but examining it with attention, we shall see that this view is opposed by several well-founded objections. Thus, the beginning of the trouble was hardly four months before; its character was not alarming, being a weakness of convalescence, a diminution of energy in the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers and toes. Let the nervous power flow into these muscles, under the influence of a strong moral stimulus, and they would resume their functions immediately. Now, may we not admit in this case that the imagination may have become exalted by the religious sentiment, and by the hope of becoming the recipient of a favor from heaven?"[137]A great part of the papers relating to the grotto of Lourdes were kept by the Lacadé family instead of being left in the archives of the mayoralty. We endeavored in vain to get at these precious documents. The Lacadé family say that they have been burned.[138]New York: Charles Scribner & Co.[139]Author ofLays of the Scottish Cavaliers.[140]Mr. Froude's memory is not always good. In hisHistory of England, vol. ix., p. 307, he tells us: "The guidance of the great movement was snatched from the control of reason to be made over to Calvinism; and Calvinism, could it have had the world under its feet, would have been as merciless as the Inquisition itself. The Huguenots and the Puritans, the Bible in one hand, the sword in the other, were ready to make war with steel and fire against all which Europe for ten centuries had held sacred. Fury encountered fury, fanaticism fanaticism;and wherever Calvin's spirit penetrated, the Christian world was divided into two armies, who abhorred each other with a bitterness exceeding the utmost malignity of mere human nature."[141]Orig.De Orat.[142]Gerbet,Le Dogme Générateur de la Piété Catholique.[143]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[144]Contra Academicos, lib. iii. § 23.[145]These letters, from the pen of the well-known Canadian writer, M. l'Abbé Casgrain, have been translated forThe Catholic World, with the permission of the author.—Translator's Note.[146]On my return to Canada, a small collection was taken up among the admirers of Eugénie, which amounted to five hundred francs, and which has been sent to Mlle. de Guérin.His Holiness Pius IX., whom we count among the admirers of the virgin of Cayla, and designated by him in a letter as theblessed Eugénie, has deigned to accord his apostolic benediction, and a plenary indulgence, to all the benefactors of Andillac. Their names are inscribed in the archives of the parish, and the holy sacrifice of the Mass is offered for them four times a year.[147]Napoleon got Nice and Savoy; Victor Emanuel, the Papal States. Every wise and religious man must desire that Italy should be free. The greatest enemy to true andpermanentfreedom is that false freedom which divorces itself from justice that it may wed itself to fortune.[148]TheSenchus Morwas sometimes known asCain Patraic, orPatrick's Law.[149]1 Thess. v. 8; Ephes. vi. 11, 17.[150]1 John v. 4.[151]Bien Public, n. 82.[152]Matt. x. 32, 33; Mark viii. 38; Luke xii. 8; Tim. ii. 12.[153]John xvi. 33; Matt. xiii. 33; John xvii. 20-23.[154]Heb. xi. 33, 34.[155]"All the circumstances connected with this fact," says the report of the physicians, "stamp it with a supernatural character. It is impossible to escape from this conviction, if one considers, on one hand, the chronic nature of the complaint which began in 1834; the force of its engendering cause, namely, the cholera; the permanence of some of its symptoms in a most important organ of life, the stomach; the fruitlessness of remedies applied by a competent physician, M. Subervielle, the gradual prostration of strength, followed inevitably by dyspepsia, and the enervation resulting from continual pain; and, on the other hand, if one will couple with these circumstances the effect produced by natural water, only once applied, and the instantaneous character of the result."[156]1.Church and State in America.A Discourse given at Washington, D. C., at the installation of Rev. Frederic Hinckley as Pastor of the Unitarian Church, January 25, 1871. By Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D. Washington, D. C.: Philp & Solomons. 1871. 8vo, pp. 22.2.A Secular View of Religion in the State, and of the Bible in the Public Schools.By E. P. Hurlbut. Albany: Munsell. 1870. 8vo, pp. 55.[157]The citation is fromMedical Bibliography. By James Atkinson. London. 1854.[158]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.[159]The Conservative Reformation and its Theology; as Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.By Charles V. Krauth, D.D., Norton Professor of Theology in the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1871. 8vo, pp. 800.[160]A house sometimes contains two or three suites of apartments for distinct families. Each one forms a habitation.[161]28th of August, St. Augustine; 4th of October, St. Francis.[162]La Leona, the lioness.[163]Azacan, water-carrier, said of a servant or very laborious person.[164]Los Usias, the You Sirs. That is to say, grand folks that must be treated to theUsted(you), instead of thetu(thou) of common people.[165]Jabeque, a clumsy three-masted vessel used in the Mediterranean.[166]Arturo.[167]Magpie.[168]A common dish on the tables of the country people.[169]Offscouring.[170]Partisans, or party.[171]The patron of Spain.[172]Brigands.[173]To have misgivings as to the result of anything.[174]Tactica, tactics.[175]Mala, bad;parte, part; name given by the Spanish soldiers to Bonaparte.[176]Murat, Duke of Berg.[177]Funesto.Nickname given by the Spanish soldiers to Junot.[178]One who asks alms for charitable purposes.[179]Rob the saints.[180]A girl-boy.[181]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments exposés dans les Galeries provisoires du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes de S. A. le Vice-Roi, à Boulaq. Alexandrie. 1864. It may be well to remark here that the antiquity of the Egyptian nation is by no means irreconcilable with the Septuagint, as Mgr. Meignan shows in his learned work onLe Monde primitif, pp. 164 and 151. Paris. 1869. Palmé.[182]Egypt ancienne, by Champollion-Figeac. Paris. 1859.[183]Aperçu de l'Histoire d'Egypte depuis les Temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la Conquête Musulmane.By Auguste Mariette-Bey, Director of the Company for the Preservation of Egyptian Antiquities. Alexandria. 1864.[184]E. Renan.Les Antiquités et les Fouilles d'Egypte(Revue des Deux Mondes, for April 1, 1865).[185]H. Dufresne,Moniteur Officielfor July 2, 1867.[186]Gladstone.[187]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire universelle.[188]Robiau,Histoire ancienne du Peuple de l'Orient, p. 83.[189]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes à Boulaq, P. 75.[190]Little moral treatise by Phtah-Hotep, who lived in the reign of Assa-Tatkera, the last king but one of the fifth dynasty—partly translated by M. Chabas in theRevue Archéol., xxix., first series.[191]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, 173.[192]Robiau,Histoire anc. des Peuples de l'Orient.[193]De Bonald,Thêorie du Pouvoir, vol. i. p. 253.[194]Champollion-Figeac.[195]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, p. 173.[196]Diodorus.[197]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire univ. The passage from Diodorus which inspired the sagacious reflections of the illustrious Bishop of Meaux is this: "Wrestling and music are not allowed to be taught, for, according to the Egyptian belief, the daily exercise of the body gives young men not health, but a transient strength which is prejudicial. As to music, it is considered not only useless, but injurious, as rendering the mind of man effeminate."[198]The large wigs so often found on the monuments of the ancient monarchy, worn by both sexes, like the turban, were a preservative against the ardor of the sun's rays.[199]Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus.[200]Bossuet,Histoire universelle.[201]Des Castes et de la Transmission héréditaire des Professions dans l'ancienne Egypte: a memoir published in theJournal général de l'Instruction publique, and in Vol. X. of theRevue Archéologique. Ampère proves by this learnedétudethat "there were nocastesamong the ancient Egyptians in the strict sense of that word, as it is used in India, for example." He very satisfactorily explains how a slight inexactness in the histories of Herodotus and Diodorus respecting hereditary transmission in the class of priests and warriors, "sufficed to found on this inheritance of pursuits and the separation of classes in Egypt, a theory that ended by becoming completely erroneous." M. Egger, in speaking of hereditary professions, says: "It is known that every degree of the social scale in ancient Egypt rested on this foundation. It was for a long time believed, according to Herodotus and Diodorus, that the Egyptian castes were absolutely exclusive; but an interesting memoir by J. J. Ampère (1848) proves the contrary, and scientific discoveries daily confirm the truth of his observations." (Bulletin de la Société d' Economie Sociale, June, 1868.)[202]Diodorus. With the exception of certain fabulous relations, easily recognized by their mythological character, we consider as perfectly credible the interesting details Diodorus has left concerning the manners, laws, and institutions of ancient Egypt. He had visited that country himself, and did not depend on the testimony of others. "We give," says he, "the facts we have carefully examined, which are preserved in the records of the Egyptian priesthood." After stating that he visited that country under Ptolemy, son of Lagus, during the 180th Olympiad, he adds: "During our travels in Egypt we had intercourse with many priests, and conversed with a great number of Ethiopian envoys. After carefully collecting all the information we could find on the subject, and examining the accounts of historians, we have only admitted into our narration facts generally received." Lib. iii.[203]M. Troplong.[204]Probably superintendents is meant.[205]Champollion-Figeac.[206]Diodorus.[207]The ritual of the dead puts the following beautiful words into the mouth of the deceased, when he justifies himself before the tribunal of Osiris: "I have spoken ill neither of the king nor my own father."[208]Diodorus.[209]Decree of 196 B.C., found on the Rosetta Stone.[210]Diodorus.[211]It could also be explained as the effect of a reaction which often accompanies a change of dynasty. M. F. Lenormant regards this judgment of kings as a mere fable. "The king when dead," says he, "was as much of a god as when living." Doubtless, but the Cæsars were also during their lives raised to the rank of divinities, which did not prevent the Romans from killing several. We see no difficulty in admitting the explicit testimony of Diodorus, corroborated by the opinion of Champollion the Younger as well as his brother.[212]Bossuet,Histoire univ., ii. 177. The Israelites probably borrowed this custom from the Egyptians.[213]Notre Dame de Garaison.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[1]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[2]New Departure of the Republican Party.By Henry Wilson.The Atlantic Monthly, Boston, January, 1871.
[2]New Departure of the Republican Party.By Henry Wilson.The Atlantic Monthly, Boston, January, 1871.
[3]If any one should feel astonished at our insisting not only upon the exact day, but the very hour, when certain things occurred, let him or her remember that the calculation of eclipses, passing backward from one to another (as though ascending the steps of a staircase), reaches and fixes the date—yes, the precise minute of day—when incidents took place between which and us the broad haze of twice a thousand years is interposed.
[3]If any one should feel astonished at our insisting not only upon the exact day, but the very hour, when certain things occurred, let him or her remember that the calculation of eclipses, passing backward from one to another (as though ascending the steps of a staircase), reaches and fixes the date—yes, the precise minute of day—when incidents took place between which and us the broad haze of twice a thousand years is interposed.
[4]For the rest, in support of the matters we have too briefly to recount, we could burden these pages with voluminous, and some of them most interesting and beautiful, extracts from both heathen and Christian works of classic fame and standard authority; with passages of direct and indirect evidence from Josephus, Phlegon, Plutarch, Saint Dionysius (our own true hero, the Areopagite of Greece, the St. Denis of France) [ad Apollophanem, epis. xi., andad Polycarpum Antistidem, vii.]; Tertullian (Cont. Jud., c. 8); St. Augustine (Civ. Dei, lib. 14); St. Chrysostom (Hom. de Joanne Baptista); the Bollandists, Baronius, Eusebius, Tillemont, Huet, and a host of others.... But our statements will not need such detailed "stabilitation," because the facts, being notorious among scholars, will be impugned by no really educated man or thoroughly competent critic.
[4]For the rest, in support of the matters we have too briefly to recount, we could burden these pages with voluminous, and some of them most interesting and beautiful, extracts from both heathen and Christian works of classic fame and standard authority; with passages of direct and indirect evidence from Josephus, Phlegon, Plutarch, Saint Dionysius (our own true hero, the Areopagite of Greece, the St. Denis of France) [ad Apollophanem, epis. xi., andad Polycarpum Antistidem, vii.]; Tertullian (Cont. Jud., c. 8); St. Augustine (Civ. Dei, lib. 14); St. Chrysostom (Hom. de Joanne Baptista); the Bollandists, Baronius, Eusebius, Tillemont, Huet, and a host of others.... But our statements will not need such detailed "stabilitation," because the facts, being notorious among scholars, will be impugned by no really educated man or thoroughly competent critic.
[5]The Roman Breviary thus speaks of St. Dionysius:"Dionysius of Athens, one of the judges of the Areopagus, was versed in every kind of learning. It is said that, while yet in the errors of paganism, having noticed on the day on which Christ the Lord was crucified that the sun was eclipsed out of the regular course, he exclaimed: 'Either the God of nature is suffering, or the universe is on the point of dissolution.' When afterward the Apostle Paul came to Athens, and, being led to the Areopagus, explained the doctrine which he preached, teaching that Christ the Lord had risen, and that the dead would all return to life, Dionysius believed with many others. He was then baptized by the apostle and placed over the church in Athens. He afterward came to Rome, whence he was sent to Gaul by Pope Clement to preach the Gospel. Rusticus, a priest, and Eleutherius, a deacon, followed him to Paris. Here he was scourged, together with his companions, by the Prefect Fescennius, because he had converted many to Christianity; and, as he continued with the greatest constancy to preach the faith, he was afterward stretched upon a gridiron over a fire, and tortured in many other ways; as were likewise his companions. After bearing all these sufferings courageously and gladly, on the ninth of October, Dionysius, now more than a hundred years of age, together with the others, was beheaded. There is a tradition that he took up his head after it had been cut off, and walked with it in his hands a distance of two Roman miles. He wrote admirable and most beautiful books on the divine names, on the heavenly and ecclesiastical hierarchy, on mystical theology; and a number of others."The Abbé Darras has published a work on the question of the identity of Dionysius of Athens with Dionysius, first Bishop of Paris, sustaining, with great strength and cogency of argument, the affirmative side. The authenticity of the works which pass under his name, although denied by nearly all modern critics, has been defended by Mgr. Darboy, Archbishop of Paris.—Ed. C. W.
[5]The Roman Breviary thus speaks of St. Dionysius:
"Dionysius of Athens, one of the judges of the Areopagus, was versed in every kind of learning. It is said that, while yet in the errors of paganism, having noticed on the day on which Christ the Lord was crucified that the sun was eclipsed out of the regular course, he exclaimed: 'Either the God of nature is suffering, or the universe is on the point of dissolution.' When afterward the Apostle Paul came to Athens, and, being led to the Areopagus, explained the doctrine which he preached, teaching that Christ the Lord had risen, and that the dead would all return to life, Dionysius believed with many others. He was then baptized by the apostle and placed over the church in Athens. He afterward came to Rome, whence he was sent to Gaul by Pope Clement to preach the Gospel. Rusticus, a priest, and Eleutherius, a deacon, followed him to Paris. Here he was scourged, together with his companions, by the Prefect Fescennius, because he had converted many to Christianity; and, as he continued with the greatest constancy to preach the faith, he was afterward stretched upon a gridiron over a fire, and tortured in many other ways; as were likewise his companions. After bearing all these sufferings courageously and gladly, on the ninth of October, Dionysius, now more than a hundred years of age, together with the others, was beheaded. There is a tradition that he took up his head after it had been cut off, and walked with it in his hands a distance of two Roman miles. He wrote admirable and most beautiful books on the divine names, on the heavenly and ecclesiastical hierarchy, on mystical theology; and a number of others."
The Abbé Darras has published a work on the question of the identity of Dionysius of Athens with Dionysius, first Bishop of Paris, sustaining, with great strength and cogency of argument, the affirmative side. The authenticity of the works which pass under his name, although denied by nearly all modern critics, has been defended by Mgr. Darboy, Archbishop of Paris.—Ed. C. W.
[6]"The art of governing men does not consist in giving them license to do evil."—Père Lacordaire.
[6]"The art of governing men does not consist in giving them license to do evil."—Père Lacordaire.
[7]The Life and Times of the Right Rev. John Timon, D.D., First Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo. By Charles G. Deuther. Buffalo: published by the Author.
[7]The Life and Times of the Right Rev. John Timon, D.D., First Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo. By Charles G. Deuther. Buffalo: published by the Author.
[8]Mr. Deuther incorrectly calls this Conevago.
[8]Mr. Deuther incorrectly calls this Conevago.
[9]We think it well to say that no one of these cures, except that of Denys Bouchet, whom the physicians had pronounced absolutely and constitutionally incurable, was declared to be miraculous by the episcopal commission which will be mentioned further on. For these cures, the 10th, 11th, and 16thprocès verbauxof the commission may be consulted. Whatever the probability of divine intervention may be in such cases, the church before proclaiming a miracle requiresthat no natural explanation of the fact should be possible, and sets aside, without affirming or denying, every case in which this condition is not found. She is content to sayNescio.We shall hereafter have occasion to speak of the work of the commission.
[9]We think it well to say that no one of these cures, except that of Denys Bouchet, whom the physicians had pronounced absolutely and constitutionally incurable, was declared to be miraculous by the episcopal commission which will be mentioned further on. For these cures, the 10th, 11th, and 16thprocès verbauxof the commission may be consulted. Whatever the probability of divine intervention may be in such cases, the church before proclaiming a miracle requiresthat no natural explanation of the fact should be possible, and sets aside, without affirming or denying, every case in which this condition is not found. She is content to sayNescio.
We shall hereafter have occasion to speak of the work of the commission.
[10The patient was, in fact, entirely cured at the second visit to Lourdes.
[10The patient was, in fact, entirely cured at the second visit to Lourdes.
[11The presence of chloride of sodium (common salt), to say nothing of the others,in abundance, without a decided taste in the water, is a little mysterious. The original reads: "Chlorures de soude, de chaux et de magnésie: abondants."—Note by Translator.
[11The presence of chloride of sodium (common salt), to say nothing of the others,in abundance, without a decided taste in the water, is a little mysterious. The original reads: "Chlorures de soude, de chaux et de magnésie: abondants."—Note by Translator.
[12The reader will perhaps like to see the reports of the episcopal commission on this case:"Hardly had Catherine Latapie-Chouat plunged her hand into the water, than she felt herself to be entirely cured; her fingers recovered their natural suppleness and elasticity, so that she could quickly open and shut them, and use them with as much ease as before the accident of October, 1856."From that time she has had no more trouble with them."The deformity of the hand of Catherine Latapie, and the impossibility of using it, being due to an anchylosis of the joints of the fingers, and to a complete lesion of the nerves or the flexor tendons, it is certain that the case was a very serious one; as also by the uselessness of all the means of cure used during eighteen months, and by the avowal of the physician, who had declared to this woman that her condition was irremediable."Nevertheless, in spite of the failure of such long and repeated attempts, the employment of various active healing agents, and the statement of the physician, this severe lesion disappeared immediately. Now, this sudden disappearance of the infirmity, and restoration of the fingers to their original state, is evidently beyond and above the usual course of nature, and of the laws which govern the efficacy of its agents."The means by which this result has been brought about leave no doubt in this respect, and establish this conclusion incontestably. In fact, it has been averred(a) that the Massabielle water is of an ordinary character, without the least curative properties. It cannot, then, by its natural action, have straightened the fingers of Catherine Latapie and restored their suppleness and agility, which had not been accomplished by the scientific remedies which were so various and used for so long a time. The wonderful result, then, which the mere touch of this water immediately produced, cannot be ascribed to it, but we must rise to a superior cause, and do homage for it to a supernatural power, of which the water of Massabielle has been, as it were, the veil and inert instrument."Besides, if ordinary water had been possessed of such a prodigious power, Catherine Latapie would have experienced its effect long before by the daily use which she made of it in washing herself and her children; for she had daily employed for this purpose water exactly similar to that at the grotto."—Extract from the 15th procès-verbal of the commission.(a): This was, in fact, authentically averred, the administrative analysis to the contrary notwithstanding, at the time of theprocès-verbauxof the commission.
[12The reader will perhaps like to see the reports of the episcopal commission on this case:
"Hardly had Catherine Latapie-Chouat plunged her hand into the water, than she felt herself to be entirely cured; her fingers recovered their natural suppleness and elasticity, so that she could quickly open and shut them, and use them with as much ease as before the accident of October, 1856.
"From that time she has had no more trouble with them.
"The deformity of the hand of Catherine Latapie, and the impossibility of using it, being due to an anchylosis of the joints of the fingers, and to a complete lesion of the nerves or the flexor tendons, it is certain that the case was a very serious one; as also by the uselessness of all the means of cure used during eighteen months, and by the avowal of the physician, who had declared to this woman that her condition was irremediable.
"Nevertheless, in spite of the failure of such long and repeated attempts, the employment of various active healing agents, and the statement of the physician, this severe lesion disappeared immediately. Now, this sudden disappearance of the infirmity, and restoration of the fingers to their original state, is evidently beyond and above the usual course of nature, and of the laws which govern the efficacy of its agents.
"The means by which this result has been brought about leave no doubt in this respect, and establish this conclusion incontestably. In fact, it has been averred(a) that the Massabielle water is of an ordinary character, without the least curative properties. It cannot, then, by its natural action, have straightened the fingers of Catherine Latapie and restored their suppleness and agility, which had not been accomplished by the scientific remedies which were so various and used for so long a time. The wonderful result, then, which the mere touch of this water immediately produced, cannot be ascribed to it, but we must rise to a superior cause, and do homage for it to a supernatural power, of which the water of Massabielle has been, as it were, the veil and inert instrument.
"Besides, if ordinary water had been possessed of such a prodigious power, Catherine Latapie would have experienced its effect long before by the daily use which she made of it in washing herself and her children; for she had daily employed for this purpose water exactly similar to that at the grotto."—Extract from the 15th procès-verbal of the commission.
(a): This was, in fact, authentically averred, the administrative analysis to the contrary notwithstanding, at the time of theprocès-verbauxof the commission.
[13]We will also give the conclusions of the commission on this point."An eruptive affection of this sort might not of itself have a very grave character, nor threaten serious danger or disastrous consequences. Still, that from which Marianne Garrot had suffered would indicate by its duration, by its resistance to the treatment which had been prescribed and faithfully followed, and by its continual and progressive spreading, a very decidedly malignant character, the inoculation, so to speak, of a deeply seatedvirus, to expel which would require long and persevering attention, with a patient continuance of the treatment already adopted or of some other more appropriate and effectual one."The rapid though not instantaneous disappearance of the white eruption from the face of the patient is very different from the usual effect of chemical preparations; for the first lotion produced a perceptible improvement or partial cureinstantaneously, which was advanced by the second, made four days afterward; and without the aid of any other remedy, these two lotions accomplished a complete restoration in a few days by a gradual and rapid progress."Now, the liquid the employment of which produced this speedy effect was nothing but water, without any special properties, and without any relation or appropriateness to the disease which it overcame; and which, besides, if it had possessed any such qualities, would long before have produced the effect through the daily use which the patient made of it for drinking and washing."This cure cannot, then, be ascribed to the natural efficacy of the Massabielle water, and all the circumstances, as it would seem—namely, the tenacity and activity of the eruption, the rapidity of the cure, and the inappropriateness of the element which brought it about—concur to show in it a cause foreign and superior to natural agents."—Extract from the 15thprocès-verbalof the commission.
[13]We will also give the conclusions of the commission on this point.
"An eruptive affection of this sort might not of itself have a very grave character, nor threaten serious danger or disastrous consequences. Still, that from which Marianne Garrot had suffered would indicate by its duration, by its resistance to the treatment which had been prescribed and faithfully followed, and by its continual and progressive spreading, a very decidedly malignant character, the inoculation, so to speak, of a deeply seatedvirus, to expel which would require long and persevering attention, with a patient continuance of the treatment already adopted or of some other more appropriate and effectual one.
"The rapid though not instantaneous disappearance of the white eruption from the face of the patient is very different from the usual effect of chemical preparations; for the first lotion produced a perceptible improvement or partial cureinstantaneously, which was advanced by the second, made four days afterward; and without the aid of any other remedy, these two lotions accomplished a complete restoration in a few days by a gradual and rapid progress.
"Now, the liquid the employment of which produced this speedy effect was nothing but water, without any special properties, and without any relation or appropriateness to the disease which it overcame; and which, besides, if it had possessed any such qualities, would long before have produced the effect through the daily use which the patient made of it for drinking and washing.
"This cure cannot, then, be ascribed to the natural efficacy of the Massabielle water, and all the circumstances, as it would seem—namely, the tenacity and activity of the eruption, the rapidity of the cure, and the inappropriateness of the element which brought it about—concur to show in it a cause foreign and superior to natural agents."—Extract from the 15thprocès-verbalof the commission.
[14]Ninth procès-verbal of the commission.
[14]Ninth procès-verbal of the commission.
[15]Prof. Seeley advocates the plan of devoting a part of the time during the last two years at English schools to Latin. The proper study of English must also include in it an analysis of the Latin element, and an explanation of the derivation of words of Latin origin.
[15]Prof. Seeley advocates the plan of devoting a part of the time during the last two years at English schools to Latin. The proper study of English must also include in it an analysis of the Latin element, and an explanation of the derivation of words of Latin origin.
[16]Madame Fortune and Sir Money.
[16]Madame Fortune and Sir Money.
[17]The Bank of Madrid.
[17]The Bank of Madrid.
[18]Less than a farthing.
[18]Less than a farthing.
[19]A gold piece valued at sixteen dollars.
[19]A gold piece valued at sixteen dollars.
[20]Was becoming angry.
[20]Was becoming angry.
[21]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[21]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[22]The Vatican Council and its Definitions.A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy. By Henry Edward, Archbishop of Westminster. New York: D. & J. Sadlier. 1871. 12mo, pp. 252.
[22]The Vatican Council and its Definitions.A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy. By Henry Edward, Archbishop of Westminster. New York: D. & J. Sadlier. 1871. 12mo, pp. 252.
[23]Old and New School united.
[23]Old and New School united.
[24]Incomplete.
[24]Incomplete.
[25]Southern States not reported.
[25]Southern States not reported.
[26]Separation of South in 1845.
[26]Separation of South in 1845.
[27]Centenary year.
[27]Centenary year.
[28]He stole, killed, and ate the whole of Apollo's herd, before he was a day old! See Homer'sHymn to Mercury.
[28]He stole, killed, and ate the whole of Apollo's herd, before he was a day old! See Homer'sHymn to Mercury.
[29]A French child's word forhurt.
[29]A French child's word forhurt.
[30]The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and the Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria. By J. Roderick O'Flanagan, M.R.I.A. Two vols. pp. 555, 621. London: Longmans Green & Co. New York: The Catholic Publication Society.
[30]The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and the Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria. By J. Roderick O'Flanagan, M.R.I.A. Two vols. pp. 555, 621. London: Longmans Green & Co. New York: The Catholic Publication Society.
[31]Com. on the Laws of England, p. 429 et seq.
[31]Com. on the Laws of England, p. 429 et seq.
[32]Between 1172 and 1200, Ireland had no fewer thanseventeenchief governors. In the thirteenth century, they numberedforty-six; in the fourteenth,ninety-three; in the fifteenth,eighty-five; in the sixteenth,seventy-six; in the seventeenth,seventy-nine; and in the eighteenth,ninety-four.—O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 293.
[32]Between 1172 and 1200, Ireland had no fewer thanseventeenchief governors. In the thirteenth century, they numberedforty-six; in the fourteenth,ninety-three; in the fifteenth,eighty-five; in the sixteenth,seventy-six; in the seventeenth,seventy-nine; and in the eighteenth,ninety-four.—O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 293.
[33]O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 130.
[33]O'Flanagan, vol. i. p. 130.
[34]Life and Death of the Irish Parliament.By the Right Hon. James Whiteside, C.J.
[34]Life and Death of the Irish Parliament.By the Right Hon. James Whiteside, C.J.
[35]Gilbert'sViceroys of Ireland.
[35]Gilbert'sViceroys of Ireland.
[36]State Papers, temp. Henry VIII.
[36]State Papers, temp. Henry VIII.
[37]Ware'sLife of Browne.
[37]Ware'sLife of Browne.
[38]State Papers, vol. iii. p. 108.
[38]State Papers, vol. iii. p. 108.
[39]Morrin'sCal.vol. i. p. 55.
[39]Morrin'sCal.vol. i. p. 55.
[40]John O'Hagan, the present Lord High Chancellor of Ireland.
[40]John O'Hagan, the present Lord High Chancellor of Ireland.
[41]The Little Wanderer's Friend, January, 1871.
[41]The Little Wanderer's Friend, January, 1871.
[42]Thom's Directory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for 1870, pp. 713-721.
[42]Thom's Directory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for 1870, pp. 713-721.
[43]SeeCatholic Worldfor April, September, and October, 1869, and April, 1870.
[43]SeeCatholic Worldfor April, September, and October, 1869, and April, 1870.
[44]This letter of M. Rouland, the text of which, in spite of all our efforts, we have not been able to procure, was communicated to several persons, and all the correspondence before us mentions it, giving it in the same terms which we have just used.
[44]This letter of M. Rouland, the text of which, in spite of all our efforts, we have not been able to procure, was communicated to several persons, and all the correspondence before us mentions it, giving it in the same terms which we have just used.
[45]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[45]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[46]1.The Unity of Italy.The American Celebration of the Unity of Italy, at the Academy of Music, New York, Jan. 12, 1871; with the Addresses, Letters, and Comments of the Press. New York: Putnam & Sons. 1871. Imp. 8vo, pp. 197.2.Programma Associazione dei Libri Pensatori in Roma.La Commissione.Roma, Febbraio, 1871. Fly-sheet.
[46]1.The Unity of Italy.The American Celebration of the Unity of Italy, at the Academy of Music, New York, Jan. 12, 1871; with the Addresses, Letters, and Comments of the Press. New York: Putnam & Sons. 1871. Imp. 8vo, pp. 197.
2.Programma Associazione dei Libri Pensatori in Roma.La Commissione.Roma, Febbraio, 1871. Fly-sheet.
[47]The question, Mr. Dana really argues, is, whether Catholics in other than the Roman state have, under the law of nations, a right to insist that by virtue of their donations, or what the law treats as eleemosynary gifts, they shall continue to be vested in the Holy See? The answer must be founded on the acknowledged principle of law, that all gifts of the sort must be invested and appropriated according to the will of the donors; and in the interest of all Catholics in the Holy See, as the mistress and mother of all the churches, Catholics throughout the world have an ethical right that their gifts shall be invested and appropriated to the purposes for which they are given; but we doubt if their right can be juridically asserted, under international law, in the courts of the usurping state, or of any other state, since the state of the church is suppressed. But there can be no doubt, from the relation of all Catholics to the Holy See, the invasion of her rights and despoiling her of possessions, whether absolute or only fiduciary, gives to all Catholic powers the right of war against the invader and despoiler. At the order of the Holy Father, Catholics throughout the world would have the right, even without the license of their temporal sovereigns, to arm for the recovery and restoration to the Holy See of the possessions or trusts of which she may be despoiled, because these possessions and trusts belong to the spirituality, and the Holy Father has plenary authority in spirituals, and is the spiritual sovereign, not the temporal sovereign, of all Catholics. If Italian Catholics had understood that the Roman state belonged to the Holy See, and therefore to the spirituality, they would have understood that no order of their king could bind them to obey him in despoiling the Roman state, or in entering it against the order of the Pope, for in spirituals the spiritual sovereign overrides the temporal sovereign.
[47]The question, Mr. Dana really argues, is, whether Catholics in other than the Roman state have, under the law of nations, a right to insist that by virtue of their donations, or what the law treats as eleemosynary gifts, they shall continue to be vested in the Holy See? The answer must be founded on the acknowledged principle of law, that all gifts of the sort must be invested and appropriated according to the will of the donors; and in the interest of all Catholics in the Holy See, as the mistress and mother of all the churches, Catholics throughout the world have an ethical right that their gifts shall be invested and appropriated to the purposes for which they are given; but we doubt if their right can be juridically asserted, under international law, in the courts of the usurping state, or of any other state, since the state of the church is suppressed. But there can be no doubt, from the relation of all Catholics to the Holy See, the invasion of her rights and despoiling her of possessions, whether absolute or only fiduciary, gives to all Catholic powers the right of war against the invader and despoiler. At the order of the Holy Father, Catholics throughout the world would have the right, even without the license of their temporal sovereigns, to arm for the recovery and restoration to the Holy See of the possessions or trusts of which she may be despoiled, because these possessions and trusts belong to the spirituality, and the Holy Father has plenary authority in spirituals, and is the spiritual sovereign, not the temporal sovereign, of all Catholics. If Italian Catholics had understood that the Roman state belonged to the Holy See, and therefore to the spirituality, they would have understood that no order of their king could bind them to obey him in despoiling the Roman state, or in entering it against the order of the Pope, for in spirituals the spiritual sovereign overrides the temporal sovereign.
[48]Le religioni dette rivelate sono state sempre il più grande nemico della umanità, poichè facendo del vero, patrimonio di tutti, il privilegio di pochi, si opposero allo sviluppo progressivo della scienza e della libertà, le sole capaci di risolvere i più gravi problemi sociali, attorno a cui da secoli si agitano intere generazioni.Il sacerdote ha inventato degli esseri sopran-naturali, e fattosi mediatore fra questi e gli uomini va predicando ancora uda fede, che sostituisce l'autorità alla ragione, la schiavitù alla libertà, il bruto all'uomo.Però la tenebra si è diradata, ed il progresso abbatte gl'idoli e svincola l'umana coscienza dalle catene, di cui i sacerdoti l'aveano cinta.Accanita ferve la lotta fra il dogma ed i postulati della scienza, tra la libertà e la tirannide, fra la scienza e l'errore.La voce della giustizia, fatta tacere nel sangue da re e preti assieme congiurati, è risorta onnipotente dai penetrali della inquisizione, dalle ceneri dei roghi, da ogni pietra sanctificata dal sangue degli apostoli della verità. Si credeva durasse eterno il regno del male, però l'alba è diventata giorno, la favilla si è fatta incendio. Ora Roma del prete diviene Roma del popolo, la città santa città umana. Non più si presti fede a credenze ipocrite, che sostituendo la forma alla sostanza suscitarono odi tra popoli e popoli, sol perchè gli uni adoravano un dio nella sinagoga e gli altri nella pagoda.L'associazione dei liberi pensatori si stabilisce qui opportunamente per dare l'ultimo colpo al crollante edificio sacerdotale, fondato nella ignoranza dei molti e per l'astuzia dei pochi. Le verità provate dalla scienza costituiscono la nostra sola fede, il rispetto al diritto proprio nel rispettare il diritto altrui, la nostra morale.E d'uopo guardare arditamente in faccia quel mostro secolare, che della terra ha fatto un campo di battaglia, sfidarlo all'aperto ed alla luce del giorno. Saremo così fedeli al programma della civiltà, in nome della quale il mondo ha applaudito alla liberazione di Roma dal Papa.Noi facciamo appello a quanti amano davvero l'indipendenza morale della famiglia, prostituita e fatta schiava dal prete—a quanti vogliono una patria grande e rispettata—a quanti credono alla umana perfettibilità—uniamoci tutti sotto la bandiera della scienza e della giustizia.A Roma è riservata una gran gloria—quella d'iniziare la terza e più splendida epoca dell'incivilimento umano.Roma libera deve riparare ai danni arrecati al mondo dalla Roma sacerdotale. Essa può far lo, essa deve farlo. I veri amici della libertà si associino, e non iscendano a patti sol nemico più terribile che abbia avuto l'umana famiglia.Roma, Febbraio, 1871.La Commissione.
[48]Le religioni dette rivelate sono state sempre il più grande nemico della umanità, poichè facendo del vero, patrimonio di tutti, il privilegio di pochi, si opposero allo sviluppo progressivo della scienza e della libertà, le sole capaci di risolvere i più gravi problemi sociali, attorno a cui da secoli si agitano intere generazioni.
Il sacerdote ha inventato degli esseri sopran-naturali, e fattosi mediatore fra questi e gli uomini va predicando ancora uda fede, che sostituisce l'autorità alla ragione, la schiavitù alla libertà, il bruto all'uomo.
Però la tenebra si è diradata, ed il progresso abbatte gl'idoli e svincola l'umana coscienza dalle catene, di cui i sacerdoti l'aveano cinta.
Accanita ferve la lotta fra il dogma ed i postulati della scienza, tra la libertà e la tirannide, fra la scienza e l'errore.
La voce della giustizia, fatta tacere nel sangue da re e preti assieme congiurati, è risorta onnipotente dai penetrali della inquisizione, dalle ceneri dei roghi, da ogni pietra sanctificata dal sangue degli apostoli della verità. Si credeva durasse eterno il regno del male, però l'alba è diventata giorno, la favilla si è fatta incendio. Ora Roma del prete diviene Roma del popolo, la città santa città umana. Non più si presti fede a credenze ipocrite, che sostituendo la forma alla sostanza suscitarono odi tra popoli e popoli, sol perchè gli uni adoravano un dio nella sinagoga e gli altri nella pagoda.
L'associazione dei liberi pensatori si stabilisce qui opportunamente per dare l'ultimo colpo al crollante edificio sacerdotale, fondato nella ignoranza dei molti e per l'astuzia dei pochi. Le verità provate dalla scienza costituiscono la nostra sola fede, il rispetto al diritto proprio nel rispettare il diritto altrui, la nostra morale.
E d'uopo guardare arditamente in faccia quel mostro secolare, che della terra ha fatto un campo di battaglia, sfidarlo all'aperto ed alla luce del giorno. Saremo così fedeli al programma della civiltà, in nome della quale il mondo ha applaudito alla liberazione di Roma dal Papa.
Noi facciamo appello a quanti amano davvero l'indipendenza morale della famiglia, prostituita e fatta schiava dal prete—a quanti vogliono una patria grande e rispettata—a quanti credono alla umana perfettibilità—uniamoci tutti sotto la bandiera della scienza e della giustizia.
A Roma è riservata una gran gloria—quella d'iniziare la terza e più splendida epoca dell'incivilimento umano.
Roma libera deve riparare ai danni arrecati al mondo dalla Roma sacerdotale. Essa può far lo, essa deve farlo. I veri amici della libertà si associino, e non iscendano a patti sol nemico più terribile che abbia avuto l'umana famiglia.
Roma, Febbraio, 1871.La Commissione.
[49]Diod.ii. 13
[49]Diod.ii. 13
[50]Sir W. Jones.
[50]Sir W. Jones.
[51]"It is a sin to think of the future."
[51]"It is a sin to think of the future."
[52]Mr. Vambéry'sCentral Asia.
[52]Mr. Vambéry'sCentral Asia.
[53]Olivier de Sèvres.Introduction to edition of 1804.
[53]Olivier de Sèvres.Introduction to edition of 1804.
[54]See translation by Sir W. Jones. London edition, 13 vols.
[54]See translation by Sir W. Jones. London edition, 13 vols.
[55]Niebuhr'sArabia, vol. ii.
[55]Niebuhr'sArabia, vol. ii.
[56]Translation of Sir W. Jones.
[56]Translation of Sir W. Jones.
[57]Anthon'sAnc. and Mediæval, p. 735.
[57]Anthon'sAnc. and Mediæval, p. 735.
[58]See illus. Lond. ed. of Sir T. G. Wilkinson'sAnc. Egyp.
[58]See illus. Lond. ed. of Sir T. G. Wilkinson'sAnc. Egyp.
[59]Vide 131, Nov. Justinian.
[59]Vide 131, Nov. Justinian.
[60]Doctor Harris's translation, p. 49. London, 1814.
[60]Doctor Harris's translation, p. 49. London, 1814.
[61]Lib. ii. tit. 35.
[61]Lib. ii. tit. 35.
[62]According to some authorities, a copy of the Pandects was discovered at Amalphi, in the middle of the twelfth century, and was first given to the world by two Italian lawyers. D'Israeli, in hisCuriosities of Literature, says: "The original MS. of Justinian's Code was discovered by the Pisans accidentally when they took a city in Calabria. That vast code of laws had been in a manner unknown from the time of that Emperor. This curious book was brought to Pisa, and, when Pisa was taken by the Florentines, transferred to Florence, where it is still preserved." The Code, Pandects, and Institutes are still received as common law in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Scotland in their entirety, and partly so in France, Spain, and Italy.
[62]According to some authorities, a copy of the Pandects was discovered at Amalphi, in the middle of the twelfth century, and was first given to the world by two Italian lawyers. D'Israeli, in hisCuriosities of Literature, says: "The original MS. of Justinian's Code was discovered by the Pisans accidentally when they took a city in Calabria. That vast code of laws had been in a manner unknown from the time of that Emperor. This curious book was brought to Pisa, and, when Pisa was taken by the Florentines, transferred to Florence, where it is still preserved." The Code, Pandects, and Institutes are still received as common law in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Scotland in their entirety, and partly so in France, Spain, and Italy.
[63]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 201.
[63]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 201.
[64]Encyclopædia Metropolitana.London, 1846
[64]Encyclopædia Metropolitana.London, 1846
[65]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 146.
[65]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 146.
[66]Nov. Just. 123, c. 21-23.
[66]Nov. Just. 123, c. 21-23.
[67]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 149.
[67]Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 149.
[68]Sir William Jones, a learned scholar and able jurist, was of opinion that the invention of trial by jury could be traced to the ancient Greeks, while Blackstone pretends that the credit of it is due to the Saxons who brought the custom with them to England; but Hallam and other superior authorities maintain that the canon quoted in the text is the first germ on record of this great distinguished feature of English common law, and that it was not till long after the advent of the Normans that it assumed its present systematic form.
[68]Sir William Jones, a learned scholar and able jurist, was of opinion that the invention of trial by jury could be traced to the ancient Greeks, while Blackstone pretends that the credit of it is due to the Saxons who brought the custom with them to England; but Hallam and other superior authorities maintain that the canon quoted in the text is the first germ on record of this great distinguished feature of English common law, and that it was not till long after the advent of the Normans that it assumed its present systematic form.
[69]Wilkins, p. 100.
[69]Wilkins, p. 100.
[70]P. 415.
[70]P. 415.
[71]Ingulph, p. 36. Nicholl'sLit. Anec.vol. i. p. 28.
[71]Ingulph, p. 36. Nicholl'sLit. Anec.vol. i. p. 28.
[72]Peter of Blois,Epist.vol. i. 3. Paris, 1519.
[72]Peter of Blois,Epist.vol. i. 3. Paris, 1519.
[73]Middle Ages, p. 150.
[73]Middle Ages, p. 150.
[74]The continued encroachments of the crown on the rights of the barons and their tenants led to an armed league against John I., the leading spirit of which was the intrepid Archbishop of Canterbury and the General, Robert Fitzwalter, who took the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and of Holy Church." The result was a timely concession of the king, which was granted in the form of a Great Charter. The importance of many of the liberal guarantees set forth in that instrument has departed with the special evils that gave rise to them, but many of a more general nature and such as related to cheap, speedy, and impartial justice, have become integral parts of the British Constitution. As to the document itself, D'Israeli relates the following curious circumstance: "Sir Thomas Cotton one day at his tailor's discovered that the man was holding in his hand, ready to cut up for measures, an originalmagna charta, with all its appendages of seals and signatures. He bought the curiosity for a trifle, and recovered in this manner what had been given over for lost. This anecdote is told by Colomies, who long resided and died in this country. An originalmagna chartais preserved in the Cottonian Library; it exhibits marks of dilapidation, but whether from the invisible scythe of time or the humble scissors of a tailor I leave to archæological inquiry."
[74]The continued encroachments of the crown on the rights of the barons and their tenants led to an armed league against John I., the leading spirit of which was the intrepid Archbishop of Canterbury and the General, Robert Fitzwalter, who took the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and of Holy Church." The result was a timely concession of the king, which was granted in the form of a Great Charter. The importance of many of the liberal guarantees set forth in that instrument has departed with the special evils that gave rise to them, but many of a more general nature and such as related to cheap, speedy, and impartial justice, have become integral parts of the British Constitution. As to the document itself, D'Israeli relates the following curious circumstance: "Sir Thomas Cotton one day at his tailor's discovered that the man was holding in his hand, ready to cut up for measures, an originalmagna charta, with all its appendages of seals and signatures. He bought the curiosity for a trifle, and recovered in this manner what had been given over for lost. This anecdote is told by Colomies, who long resided and died in this country. An originalmagna chartais preserved in the Cottonian Library; it exhibits marks of dilapidation, but whether from the invisible scythe of time or the humble scissors of a tailor I leave to archæological inquiry."
[75]Enc. Brit., art. "Law," p. 413.
[75]Enc. Brit., art. "Law," p. 413.
[76]Institutes, b. 1, tit. 1, § 14.
[76]Institutes, b. 1, tit. 1, § 14.
[77]Thoughts suggested by reading, inNature, an account of the solar eclipse of December, 1870.
[77]Thoughts suggested by reading, inNature, an account of the solar eclipse of December, 1870.
[78]"The Souls"—generally said of souls in purgatory.
[78]"The Souls"—generally said of souls in purgatory.
[79]Diminutive for Sebastiana.
[79]Diminutive for Sebastiana.
[80]"El Marques de MontegordoQue se quedó mudo ciego y sordo."Said of those who do not wish to speak, see, or hear.
[80]
"El Marques de MontegordoQue se quedó mudo ciego y sordo."
"El Marques de MontegordoQue se quedó mudo ciego y sordo."
"El Marques de MontegordoQue se quedó mudo ciego y sordo."
Said of those who do not wish to speak, see, or hear.
[81]Very obstinate.
[81]Very obstinate.
[82]Tiene las luces espabiladas.He has his lights snuffed,i.e., wits brightened—a common expression.
[82]Tiene las luces espabiladas.He has his lights snuffed,i.e., wits brightened—a common expression.
[83]Ha entrado en la casaca pero la casaca no ha entrado en él.Though he has put on soldier clothes, he hasn't gained wit by a soldier's experience.
[83]Ha entrado en la casaca pero la casaca no ha entrado en él.Though he has put on soldier clothes, he hasn't gained wit by a soldier's experience.
[84]Dejarse ir, rule of rustic grammar, literally equivalent to "don't commit yourself."
[84]Dejarse ir, rule of rustic grammar, literally equivalent to "don't commit yourself."
[85]TheTarasca, or mammoth snake—an immense frame covered with canvas, and painted to resemble a snake—which is carried in front of the procession on the feast of Corpus Christi.
[85]TheTarasca, or mammoth snake—an immense frame covered with canvas, and painted to resemble a snake—which is carried in front of the procession on the feast of Corpus Christi.
[86]Saint Thomas is the patron of smokers.
[86]Saint Thomas is the patron of smokers.
[87]A little more than a farthing, as if he had said, "Without the farthing, you can't make the fip."
[87]A little more than a farthing, as if he had said, "Without the farthing, you can't make the fip."
[88]Pan perdido.
[88]Pan perdido.
[89]Oveja que bala bocado pierde.The sheep that baas misses a mouthful.
[89]Oveja que bala bocado pierde.The sheep that baas misses a mouthful.
[90]Without sayingchuzormuz—without saying anything.
[90]Without sayingchuzormuz—without saying anything.
[91]Sodality of the Blessed Sacrament.
[91]Sodality of the Blessed Sacrament.
[92]Field hired of the town.
[92]Field hired of the town.
[93]The materials for this article are found in the learned work of Gregorovius (Geschichte der Stadt Rom), the publication of which, commenced at Stuttgardt in 1859, is not yet fully completed; in Baron Hübner'sLife of Sixtus V.; Burckhardt'sCicerone in Italy; and Von Reumont's classical work onMiddle Ages Rome.
[93]The materials for this article are found in the learned work of Gregorovius (Geschichte der Stadt Rom), the publication of which, commenced at Stuttgardt in 1859, is not yet fully completed; in Baron Hübner'sLife of Sixtus V.; Burckhardt'sCicerone in Italy; and Von Reumont's classical work onMiddle Ages Rome.
[94]Even as the Romans, for the mighty host,The year of jubilee, upon the bridge,Have chosen a mode to pass the people over.For all upon one side towards the castleTheir faces have and go into St. Peter's;On the other side they go towards the mountain.Longfellow's Translation
[94]
Even as the Romans, for the mighty host,The year of jubilee, upon the bridge,Have chosen a mode to pass the people over.For all upon one side towards the castleTheir faces have and go into St. Peter's;On the other side they go towards the mountain.Longfellow's Translation
Even as the Romans, for the mighty host,The year of jubilee, upon the bridge,Have chosen a mode to pass the people over.For all upon one side towards the castleTheir faces have and go into St. Peter's;On the other side they go towards the mountain.Longfellow's Translation
Even as the Romans, for the mighty host,The year of jubilee, upon the bridge,Have chosen a mode to pass the people over.
For all upon one side towards the castleTheir faces have and go into St. Peter's;On the other side they go towards the mountain.
Longfellow's Translation
[95]The reader will, of course, remember that these were races of horses without riders.
[95]The reader will, of course, remember that these were races of horses without riders.
[96]Particularités de la Vie de la Princesse Amelie Galitzin.Par Theod. Katerkamp Münster. 1828.La Princesse Galitzin et les Amis.Schücking: Cologne. 1840.
[96]Particularités de la Vie de la Princesse Amelie Galitzin.Par Theod. Katerkamp Münster. 1828.
La Princesse Galitzin et les Amis.Schücking: Cologne. 1840.
[97]"God became man that man might become God."—St. Augustine.
[97]"God became man that man might become God."—St. Augustine.
[98]Col. i. 18.
[98]Col. i. 18.
[99]Rom. vi. 4.
[99]Rom. vi. 4.
[100]We find in a letter of Dr. Dozous, who had followed closely the course of events, a list of the various chronic maladies of which he testifies the extraordinary cure by the water of the grotto."Continual headache; weakness of sight; amaurosis; chronic neuralgia; partial and general paralysis; chronic rheumatism; partial or general debility of the system; debility of early childhood. In these cases the healing action was so sudden, that many who had not previously believed in the reality of such cures were forced to accept them as real and incontestable."Diseases of the spine; leucorrhea, and other diseases of women; chronic maladies of the digestive organs; obstructions of the liver, and bile."Sore-throat; deafness from feebleness of the auricular nerves," etc., etc.
[100]We find in a letter of Dr. Dozous, who had followed closely the course of events, a list of the various chronic maladies of which he testifies the extraordinary cure by the water of the grotto.
"Continual headache; weakness of sight; amaurosis; chronic neuralgia; partial and general paralysis; chronic rheumatism; partial or general debility of the system; debility of early childhood. In these cases the healing action was so sudden, that many who had not previously believed in the reality of such cures were forced to accept them as real and incontestable.
"Diseases of the spine; leucorrhea, and other diseases of women; chronic maladies of the digestive organs; obstructions of the liver, and bile.
"Sore-throat; deafness from feebleness of the auricular nerves," etc., etc.
[101]Every one will understand the reserve which prevents the bishop from mentioning the universal suspicion at Lourdes, Cauterets, Barèges, and Tarbes, of the secret action of the police in the affair of the visionaries.It would have been somewhat difficult for the prelate to say to the minister: "The pretended scandal, which you lament and magnify out of all natural proportion to the point of making it a pure romance, is nothing more nor less than yourself in the persons of your agents."
[101]Every one will understand the reserve which prevents the bishop from mentioning the universal suspicion at Lourdes, Cauterets, Barèges, and Tarbes, of the secret action of the police in the affair of the visionaries.
It would have been somewhat difficult for the prelate to say to the minister: "The pretended scandal, which you lament and magnify out of all natural proportion to the point of making it a pure romance, is nothing more nor less than yourself in the persons of your agents."
[102]Letter from M. Filhol to the Mayor of Lourdes, transmitting his analysis.
[102]Letter from M. Filhol to the Mayor of Lourdes, transmitting his analysis.
[103]We give complete details of the analysis contained in the report of M. Filhol. The eminent chemist continues:I certify to having obtained the following results:PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF THIS WATER.It is clear, colorless, odorless: it has no decided taste. Its density is scarcely greater than that of distilled water.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.The water of the grotto of Lourdes acts as follows, with reagents:WithRed Tincture of Turnsol.—It becomes blue.Lime-water.—The mixture becomes milky; an excess of the water of grotto redissolves the precipitate first formed.Soapsuds.—It becomes very cloudy.Chloride of Barium.—No apparent action.Nitrate of Silver.—Slight white precipitate, which partly dissolves in nitric acid.Oxalate of Ammonia.—Scarcely any sensible action.Submitted to the action of heat in a glass retort communicating with a receiver, the water yielded a gas partly absorbed by potassa. The portion thus left undissolved was partly absorbed by phosphorus; finally, there remained a gaseous residuum possessing all the properties of nitrogen. At the same time that this gas was disengaged, the water was slightly clouded and precipitated a white deposit, slightly tinged with red. Treated with hydrochloric acid, this deposit was dissolved, producing a lively effervescence.I saturated the acid solution with an excess of ammonia; this reagent caused the precipitation of several light flakes of a reddish color, which I carefully separated. These flakes washed with distilled water I treated with caustic potash, which took nothing from them. I washed the flakes again, and dissolved them in chlorhydric acid; then I further diluted the solution with water, and submitted it to the action of several reagents, whose effects I will proceed to indicate:Yellow Cyanide of Potassium and Iron.—Blue precipitate.Ammonia.—Reddish brown precipitate.Tannin.—Principally black.Sulpho-Cyanide of Potassium.—Blood-red color.The liquid, separated from the flaky deposit, gave with oxalate of ammonia an abundant white precipitate. Having separated this precipitate by a filter, I threw phosphate of ammonia into the clear liquid; this reagent determined the formation of a new white precipitate.I evaporated to dryness five litres of the water, and treated the dry residuum with a small quantity of distilled water in order to dissolve the soluble salts. The solution thus obtained was turned blue by red tincture of turnsol. I again evaporated the solution thus obtained, and poured alcohol over the dry residuum; this being set on fire, gave a pale yellow flame, such as is produced by salts of soda. I again dissolved the residuum in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed the solution with chloride of platina; a slight canary-colored precipitate was formed in the mixture.Having acidulated twolitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes with chlorhydric acid, I evaporated it to dryness, and found the residuum taken by the acidulated water to be but partly dissolved. The insoluble part presented all the appearance of silica.I submitted to evaporation tenlitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes, in which I found a very pure carbonate of potassa had been previously dissolved. The result of the evaporation was moistened with boiling alcohol, and, again evaporated to dryness, the residuum was heated to a dull red.The product of this operation was dissolved, after cooling, in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed with a little starch paste. Carefully treating this mixture with weakly chlorated water, I saw the liquid take a blue tint.Submitted to distillation, the water of the grotto of Lourdes gives a slightly alkaline distilled product.From these facts it follows that the water of the grotto of Lourdes holds in solution:1. Oxygen.2. Nitrogen.3. Carbonic acid.4. Carbonates of lime, of magnesia, and a trace of carbonate of iron.5. An alkaline carbonate or silicate, chlorides of potassium and sodium.6. Traces of sulphates of potassa and soda.7. Traces of ammonia.8. Traces of iodine.The quantitative analysis of this water, made according to the ordinary methods, gives the following results:Water1 kilogramme.Centig.Carbonic acid8Oxygen5Nitrogen17Ammoniatraces.Gr. millig.Carbonate of Lime.096Carbonate of Magnesia0.012Carbonate of Irontraces.Carbonate of Sodatraces.Chloride of Sodium0.008Chloride of Potassiumtraces.Silicate of Soda, and traces of Silicate of Potassa0.018Sulphates of Potassa and Sodatraces.Iodinetraces.0.134
[103]We give complete details of the analysis contained in the report of M. Filhol. The eminent chemist continues:
I certify to having obtained the following results:
PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF THIS WATER.It is clear, colorless, odorless: it has no decided taste. Its density is scarcely greater than that of distilled water.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.The water of the grotto of Lourdes acts as follows, with reagents:WithRed Tincture of Turnsol.—It becomes blue.Lime-water.—The mixture becomes milky; an excess of the water of grotto redissolves the precipitate first formed.Soapsuds.—It becomes very cloudy.Chloride of Barium.—No apparent action.Nitrate of Silver.—Slight white precipitate, which partly dissolves in nitric acid.Oxalate of Ammonia.—Scarcely any sensible action.Submitted to the action of heat in a glass retort communicating with a receiver, the water yielded a gas partly absorbed by potassa. The portion thus left undissolved was partly absorbed by phosphorus; finally, there remained a gaseous residuum possessing all the properties of nitrogen. At the same time that this gas was disengaged, the water was slightly clouded and precipitated a white deposit, slightly tinged with red. Treated with hydrochloric acid, this deposit was dissolved, producing a lively effervescence.I saturated the acid solution with an excess of ammonia; this reagent caused the precipitation of several light flakes of a reddish color, which I carefully separated. These flakes washed with distilled water I treated with caustic potash, which took nothing from them. I washed the flakes again, and dissolved them in chlorhydric acid; then I further diluted the solution with water, and submitted it to the action of several reagents, whose effects I will proceed to indicate:Yellow Cyanide of Potassium and Iron.—Blue precipitate.Ammonia.—Reddish brown precipitate.Tannin.—Principally black.Sulpho-Cyanide of Potassium.—Blood-red color.The liquid, separated from the flaky deposit, gave with oxalate of ammonia an abundant white precipitate. Having separated this precipitate by a filter, I threw phosphate of ammonia into the clear liquid; this reagent determined the formation of a new white precipitate.I evaporated to dryness five litres of the water, and treated the dry residuum with a small quantity of distilled water in order to dissolve the soluble salts. The solution thus obtained was turned blue by red tincture of turnsol. I again evaporated the solution thus obtained, and poured alcohol over the dry residuum; this being set on fire, gave a pale yellow flame, such as is produced by salts of soda. I again dissolved the residuum in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed the solution with chloride of platina; a slight canary-colored precipitate was formed in the mixture.Having acidulated twolitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes with chlorhydric acid, I evaporated it to dryness, and found the residuum taken by the acidulated water to be but partly dissolved. The insoluble part presented all the appearance of silica.I submitted to evaporation tenlitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes, in which I found a very pure carbonate of potassa had been previously dissolved. The result of the evaporation was moistened with boiling alcohol, and, again evaporated to dryness, the residuum was heated to a dull red.The product of this operation was dissolved, after cooling, in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed with a little starch paste. Carefully treating this mixture with weakly chlorated water, I saw the liquid take a blue tint.Submitted to distillation, the water of the grotto of Lourdes gives a slightly alkaline distilled product.From these facts it follows that the water of the grotto of Lourdes holds in solution:1. Oxygen.2. Nitrogen.3. Carbonic acid.4. Carbonates of lime, of magnesia, and a trace of carbonate of iron.5. An alkaline carbonate or silicate, chlorides of potassium and sodium.6. Traces of sulphates of potassa and soda.7. Traces of ammonia.8. Traces of iodine.The quantitative analysis of this water, made according to the ordinary methods, gives the following results:Water1 kilogramme.Centig.Carbonic acid8Oxygen5Nitrogen17Ammoniatraces.Gr. millig.Carbonate of Lime.096Carbonate of Magnesia0.012Carbonate of Irontraces.Carbonate of Sodatraces.Chloride of Sodium0.008Chloride of Potassiumtraces.Silicate of Soda, and traces of Silicate of Potassa0.018Sulphates of Potassa and Sodatraces.Iodinetraces.0.134
PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF THIS WATER.
It is clear, colorless, odorless: it has no decided taste. Its density is scarcely greater than that of distilled water.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
The water of the grotto of Lourdes acts as follows, with reagents:
WithRed Tincture of Turnsol.—It becomes blue.
Lime-water.—The mixture becomes milky; an excess of the water of grotto redissolves the precipitate first formed.
Soapsuds.—It becomes very cloudy.
Chloride of Barium.—No apparent action.
Nitrate of Silver.—Slight white precipitate, which partly dissolves in nitric acid.
Oxalate of Ammonia.—Scarcely any sensible action.
Submitted to the action of heat in a glass retort communicating with a receiver, the water yielded a gas partly absorbed by potassa. The portion thus left undissolved was partly absorbed by phosphorus; finally, there remained a gaseous residuum possessing all the properties of nitrogen. At the same time that this gas was disengaged, the water was slightly clouded and precipitated a white deposit, slightly tinged with red. Treated with hydrochloric acid, this deposit was dissolved, producing a lively effervescence.
I saturated the acid solution with an excess of ammonia; this reagent caused the precipitation of several light flakes of a reddish color, which I carefully separated. These flakes washed with distilled water I treated with caustic potash, which took nothing from them. I washed the flakes again, and dissolved them in chlorhydric acid; then I further diluted the solution with water, and submitted it to the action of several reagents, whose effects I will proceed to indicate:
Yellow Cyanide of Potassium and Iron.—Blue precipitate.
Ammonia.—Reddish brown precipitate.
Tannin.—Principally black.
Sulpho-Cyanide of Potassium.—Blood-red color.
The liquid, separated from the flaky deposit, gave with oxalate of ammonia an abundant white precipitate. Having separated this precipitate by a filter, I threw phosphate of ammonia into the clear liquid; this reagent determined the formation of a new white precipitate.
I evaporated to dryness five litres of the water, and treated the dry residuum with a small quantity of distilled water in order to dissolve the soluble salts. The solution thus obtained was turned blue by red tincture of turnsol. I again evaporated the solution thus obtained, and poured alcohol over the dry residuum; this being set on fire, gave a pale yellow flame, such as is produced by salts of soda. I again dissolved the residuum in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed the solution with chloride of platina; a slight canary-colored precipitate was formed in the mixture.
Having acidulated twolitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes with chlorhydric acid, I evaporated it to dryness, and found the residuum taken by the acidulated water to be but partly dissolved. The insoluble part presented all the appearance of silica.
I submitted to evaporation tenlitresof the water of the grotto of Lourdes, in which I found a very pure carbonate of potassa had been previously dissolved. The result of the evaporation was moistened with boiling alcohol, and, again evaporated to dryness, the residuum was heated to a dull red.
The product of this operation was dissolved, after cooling, in a few drops of distilled water, and mixed with a little starch paste. Carefully treating this mixture with weakly chlorated water, I saw the liquid take a blue tint.
Submitted to distillation, the water of the grotto of Lourdes gives a slightly alkaline distilled product.
From these facts it follows that the water of the grotto of Lourdes holds in solution:
1. Oxygen.
2. Nitrogen.
3. Carbonic acid.
4. Carbonates of lime, of magnesia, and a trace of carbonate of iron.
5. An alkaline carbonate or silicate, chlorides of potassium and sodium.
6. Traces of sulphates of potassa and soda.
7. Traces of ammonia.
8. Traces of iodine.
The quantitative analysis of this water, made according to the ordinary methods, gives the following results:
Water1 kilogramme.Centig.Carbonic acid8Oxygen5Nitrogen17Ammoniatraces.Gr. millig.Carbonate of Lime.096Carbonate of Magnesia0.012Carbonate of Irontraces.Carbonate of Sodatraces.Chloride of Sodium0.008Chloride of Potassiumtraces.Silicate of Soda, and traces of Silicate of Potassa0.018Sulphates of Potassa and Sodatraces.Iodinetraces.0.134
[104]According to the old Irish chronicles, Cormac, King of all Ireland, renounced the worship of idols about two centuries before the arrival of St. Patrick, having received in a vision the promise of the true faith.
[104]According to the old Irish chronicles, Cormac, King of all Ireland, renounced the worship of idols about two centuries before the arrival of St. Patrick, having received in a vision the promise of the true faith.
[105]See the second volume of this periodical for 1861, and also the number for March, 1870.
[105]See the second volume of this periodical for 1861, and also the number for March, 1870.
[106]Thus I will, thus I command: let my will stand for a reason.
[106]Thus I will, thus I command: let my will stand for a reason.
[107]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[107]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[108]Marangoni:Life of the Servant of God, Father Buonsignore Cacciaguerra.
[108]Marangoni:Life of the Servant of God, Father Buonsignore Cacciaguerra.
[109]In hisSpeculum Historiale, lib. iv., chap. 22.
[109]In hisSpeculum Historiale, lib. iv., chap. 22.
[110]See the notes of Jacques Laderchi in the life of St. Cecilia published by him, and the long list of memorials which he has collected in her honor.Sanctæ Ceciliæ, V. et M., acta: edidet Jacobius Laderchius. 2 vols. in 4to, Rome, 1723. The work is very rare, but may be found in the Imperial Library, Paris.
[110]See the notes of Jacques Laderchi in the life of St. Cecilia published by him, and the long list of memorials which he has collected in her honor.Sanctæ Ceciliæ, V. et M., acta: edidet Jacobius Laderchius. 2 vols. in 4to, Rome, 1723. The work is very rare, but may be found in the Imperial Library, Paris.
[111]Justice and gratitude oblige us to acknowledge the great advantage we have received from Dom Guéranger's book. As well written as it is learned, it is still the best history of St. Cecilia. But the learned Benedictine has only touched slightly on the influence of St. Cecilia on the fine arts, and we have been obliged to fill out these notes by personal research and observations made in a recent journey to Italy.
[111]Justice and gratitude oblige us to acknowledge the great advantage we have received from Dom Guéranger's book. As well written as it is learned, it is still the best history of St. Cecilia. But the learned Benedictine has only touched slightly on the influence of St. Cecilia on the fine arts, and we have been obliged to fill out these notes by personal research and observations made in a recent journey to Italy.
[112]Died 1593.
[112]Died 1593.
[113]See Laderchi, op. cit. t. ii., pp. 438-450.
[113]See Laderchi, op. cit. t. ii., pp. 438-450.
[114]SeeSelect Works of Alexander Pope. One vol. in 12mo, Leipsic, 1848, Tauchnitz edition. "Ode for Music on St. Cecilia's Day."
[114]SeeSelect Works of Alexander Pope. One vol. in 12mo, Leipsic, 1848, Tauchnitz edition. "Ode for Music on St. Cecilia's Day."
[115]He was decorated by the "Académie Française" (Nov., 1869).
[115]He was decorated by the "Académie Française" (Nov., 1869).
[116]St. Cecilia, a tragic poem. By Count Anatole de Ségur. One volume folio, at Amb. Bray's, Paris, 1868.
[116]St. Cecilia, a tragic poem. By Count Anatole de Ségur. One volume folio, at Amb. Bray's, Paris, 1868.
[117]This is not an arbitrary philosophic division. It corresponds to the three worlds recognized by the greatest geniuses of antiquity or of modern times—Plato, Aristotle, Bossuet, and Malebranche—the world of the senses, the world of human thought, and the divine world.
[117]This is not an arbitrary philosophic division. It corresponds to the three worlds recognized by the greatest geniuses of antiquity or of modern times—Plato, Aristotle, Bossuet, and Malebranche—the world of the senses, the world of human thought, and the divine world.
[118]So in Raphael's famous picture, the pearl of the gallery at Bologna; while its exacted symbolism and heavenly sentiment tempt us to class it among the masterpieces of the mystic school, it must be confessed that St. Magdalen has a veryearthlylook. We know, alas, how this noble form has been profaned by some artists; the victim, even after her penitence, of the sensual tastes of the Renaissance, she remained a courtesan in the eyes of Titian and Correggio; and the pagans of the sixteenth century have turned our saint into a nymph lying in a grotto, or standing veiled only by the masses of her long hair.
[118]So in Raphael's famous picture, the pearl of the gallery at Bologna; while its exacted symbolism and heavenly sentiment tempt us to class it among the masterpieces of the mystic school, it must be confessed that St. Magdalen has a veryearthlylook. We know, alas, how this noble form has been profaned by some artists; the victim, even after her penitence, of the sensual tastes of the Renaissance, she remained a courtesan in the eyes of Titian and Correggio; and the pagans of the sixteenth century have turned our saint into a nymph lying in a grotto, or standing veiled only by the masses of her long hair.
[119]The frescoes of St. Louis have been engraved by Landon in his great book on the life and works of celebrated painters. SeeWorks of Domenichino. 3 vols. in 4to, Paris, 1803.
[119]The frescoes of St. Louis have been engraved by Landon in his great book on the life and works of celebrated painters. SeeWorks of Domenichino. 3 vols. in 4to, Paris, 1803.
[120]There are two more pictures of St. Cecilia by Domenichino. One is in the Rospigliosi Palace at Rome; the other was in England at the beginning of this century. See the engravings already mentioned in Landon.
[120]There are two more pictures of St. Cecilia by Domenichino. One is in the Rospigliosi Palace at Rome; the other was in England at the beginning of this century. See the engravings already mentioned in Landon.
[121]In this second school may be classed the pictures of Paul Veronese and of Garofolo in the Dresden Museum. As for Carlo Dolce's St. Cecilia, it is far sweeter, and forms the connecting link between the rationalistic and mystic schools. We have not seen the picture, which is in the Museum at Dresden, but it has become well-known through engravings, and has been published by Schulger at Paris.
[121]In this second school may be classed the pictures of Paul Veronese and of Garofolo in the Dresden Museum. As for Carlo Dolce's St. Cecilia, it is far sweeter, and forms the connecting link between the rationalistic and mystic schools. We have not seen the picture, which is in the Museum at Dresden, but it has become well-known through engravings, and has been published by Schulger at Paris.
[122]Raphael has also represented St. Cecilia bearing witness to Christ at the tomb. This may be seen at the Museum at Naples. Dom Guéranger considers the type of this picture far higher than any of the others.—C. F. Vasari, t. iii. p. 166.
[122]Raphael has also represented St. Cecilia bearing witness to Christ at the tomb. This may be seen at the Museum at Naples. Dom Guéranger considers the type of this picture far higher than any of the others.—C. F. Vasari, t. iii. p. 166.
[123]Raphael d'Urbin, t. ii., p. 277.
[123]Raphael d'Urbin, t. ii., p. 277.
[124]His name was M. Bottu de Toulmont, it appears.
[124]His name was M. Bottu de Toulmont, it appears.
[125]Dictionary of Plain Chant, in theTheological Encyclopediaat Migne, 256.
[125]Dictionary of Plain Chant, in theTheological Encyclopediaat Migne, 256.
[126]At Brussels this mass is sung in St. Gudule.
[126]At Brussels this mass is sung in St. Gudule.
[127]Though the above lines were written before the disestablishment of the State Church in Ireland, their author's indignation has been little appeased by that extorted act of justice. The measure was unaccompanied by any attempt at reparation for the past. At the very least, the old Catholic churches might have been returned to their lawful owners. And is there any sign to-day of full justice ever being done or half-done? None—except in the event of divine vengeance forcing England to kneel to her generous victim and "sue to be forgiven."Fiat, fiat.
[127]Though the above lines were written before the disestablishment of the State Church in Ireland, their author's indignation has been little appeased by that extorted act of justice. The measure was unaccompanied by any attempt at reparation for the past. At the very least, the old Catholic churches might have been returned to their lawful owners. And is there any sign to-day of full justice ever being done or half-done? None—except in the event of divine vengeance forcing England to kneel to her generous victim and "sue to be forgiven."Fiat, fiat.
[128]The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages.By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1871. 16mo, pp. 380.
[128]The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages.By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1871. 16mo, pp. 380.
[129]SeeThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, by Charles Darwin.
[129]SeeThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, by Charles Darwin.
[130]Authorities:The Jesuit Relations; History of the Catholic Missions, by John G. Shea;The Pioneers of France in the New World, andThe Jesuits in North America, by Francis Parkman; Bancroft'sHistory of the United States, etc., etc.
[130]Authorities:The Jesuit Relations; History of the Catholic Missions, by John G. Shea;The Pioneers of France in the New World, andThe Jesuits in North America, by Francis Parkman; Bancroft'sHistory of the United States, etc., etc.
[131]Presse, Aug. 31, 1858.
[131]Presse, Aug. 31, 1858.
[132]Siècle, Aug. 30, 1858.
[132]Siècle, Aug. 30, 1858.
[133]Amsterdaamsche Courant, Sept. 9, 1858.
[133]Amsterdaamsche Courant, Sept. 9, 1858.
[134]The above extracts are from theUnivers, on various dates in August and September, 1858.
[134]The above extracts are from theUnivers, on various dates in August and September, 1858.
[135]Twenty-eighthprocès-verbalof the episcopal commission.The following is the report of one of the physicians appointed to examine this cure:"The boy Tambourné, at five years of age, showed the symptoms of hip disease in the first stage; very sharp pains in the knee, duller at the hip, a turning out of the foot, lameness at first, afterwards inability to walk without great suffering. The digestive functions became impaired. He had a repugnance to food, and became very much reduced. The disease, going through its first period very rapidly, was threatening sooner or later to put an end to the child's life, when the idea was formed of taking him to the grotto of Lourdes, where his cure was effected instantly."The complaint of young Tambourné was of the same class as that of Busquet, but it was more severe, having affected one of the principal joints. Its indications were already most distressing to the eyes of the physician who is able to see what the future has in store."It is, no doubt, possible to cure hip-disease, by the means and processes employed by science. Natural sulphurous waters can remove it; but in no case is it possible for them to operate with the rapidity of lightning."Instantaneousness of action is so much beyond the healing power by means of which such waters operate, that it may be asserted that there is a fact in the supernatural order in all the cases of immediate cure in which a material lesion has been involved. It hardly needs to be stated that young Tambourné came to the grotto carried by his mother, and that a few moments afterwards he climbed a steep slope, walked and ran the rest of the day, without feeling the least pain, and with as much ease as before the coming on of the disease, etc."
[135]Twenty-eighthprocès-verbalof the episcopal commission.
The following is the report of one of the physicians appointed to examine this cure:
"The boy Tambourné, at five years of age, showed the symptoms of hip disease in the first stage; very sharp pains in the knee, duller at the hip, a turning out of the foot, lameness at first, afterwards inability to walk without great suffering. The digestive functions became impaired. He had a repugnance to food, and became very much reduced. The disease, going through its first period very rapidly, was threatening sooner or later to put an end to the child's life, when the idea was formed of taking him to the grotto of Lourdes, where his cure was effected instantly.
"The complaint of young Tambourné was of the same class as that of Busquet, but it was more severe, having affected one of the principal joints. Its indications were already most distressing to the eyes of the physician who is able to see what the future has in store.
"It is, no doubt, possible to cure hip-disease, by the means and processes employed by science. Natural sulphurous waters can remove it; but in no case is it possible for them to operate with the rapidity of lightning.
"Instantaneousness of action is so much beyond the healing power by means of which such waters operate, that it may be asserted that there is a fact in the supernatural order in all the cases of immediate cure in which a material lesion has been involved. It hardly needs to be stated that young Tambourné came to the grotto carried by his mother, and that a few moments afterwards he climbed a steep slope, walked and ran the rest of the day, without feeling the least pain, and with as much ease as before the coming on of the disease, etc."
[136]We give in this note the report of the physicians entrusted with the examination of this case by the episcopal commission. It is remarkable for its circumspection. It does not dare to pronounce in favor of a miracle; but such a reserve in so striking a case gives to the reports in which miraculous power is recognized an authority yet more incontestable and conclusive."Mlle. Massot-Bordenave, of Arras, aged fifty-three, was afflicted in the month of May, 1858, with a malady which deprived her feet and hands of part of their power and mobility. Her fingers were much bent.... Her bread had to be cut for her. She went on foot to the grotto, bathed her hands and feet, and went away cured."It cannot be denied that all theprima facieindications in this case are in favor of the intervention of some supernatural cause; but examining it with attention, we shall see that this view is opposed by several well-founded objections. Thus, the beginning of the trouble was hardly four months before; its character was not alarming, being a weakness of convalescence, a diminution of energy in the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers and toes. Let the nervous power flow into these muscles, under the influence of a strong moral stimulus, and they would resume their functions immediately. Now, may we not admit in this case that the imagination may have become exalted by the religious sentiment, and by the hope of becoming the recipient of a favor from heaven?"
[136]We give in this note the report of the physicians entrusted with the examination of this case by the episcopal commission. It is remarkable for its circumspection. It does not dare to pronounce in favor of a miracle; but such a reserve in so striking a case gives to the reports in which miraculous power is recognized an authority yet more incontestable and conclusive.
"Mlle. Massot-Bordenave, of Arras, aged fifty-three, was afflicted in the month of May, 1858, with a malady which deprived her feet and hands of part of their power and mobility. Her fingers were much bent.... Her bread had to be cut for her. She went on foot to the grotto, bathed her hands and feet, and went away cured.
"It cannot be denied that all theprima facieindications in this case are in favor of the intervention of some supernatural cause; but examining it with attention, we shall see that this view is opposed by several well-founded objections. Thus, the beginning of the trouble was hardly four months before; its character was not alarming, being a weakness of convalescence, a diminution of energy in the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers and toes. Let the nervous power flow into these muscles, under the influence of a strong moral stimulus, and they would resume their functions immediately. Now, may we not admit in this case that the imagination may have become exalted by the religious sentiment, and by the hope of becoming the recipient of a favor from heaven?"
[137]A great part of the papers relating to the grotto of Lourdes were kept by the Lacadé family instead of being left in the archives of the mayoralty. We endeavored in vain to get at these precious documents. The Lacadé family say that they have been burned.
[137]A great part of the papers relating to the grotto of Lourdes were kept by the Lacadé family instead of being left in the archives of the mayoralty. We endeavored in vain to get at these precious documents. The Lacadé family say that they have been burned.
[138]New York: Charles Scribner & Co.
[138]New York: Charles Scribner & Co.
[139]Author ofLays of the Scottish Cavaliers.
[139]Author ofLays of the Scottish Cavaliers.
[140]Mr. Froude's memory is not always good. In hisHistory of England, vol. ix., p. 307, he tells us: "The guidance of the great movement was snatched from the control of reason to be made over to Calvinism; and Calvinism, could it have had the world under its feet, would have been as merciless as the Inquisition itself. The Huguenots and the Puritans, the Bible in one hand, the sword in the other, were ready to make war with steel and fire against all which Europe for ten centuries had held sacred. Fury encountered fury, fanaticism fanaticism;and wherever Calvin's spirit penetrated, the Christian world was divided into two armies, who abhorred each other with a bitterness exceeding the utmost malignity of mere human nature."
[140]Mr. Froude's memory is not always good. In hisHistory of England, vol. ix., p. 307, he tells us: "The guidance of the great movement was snatched from the control of reason to be made over to Calvinism; and Calvinism, could it have had the world under its feet, would have been as merciless as the Inquisition itself. The Huguenots and the Puritans, the Bible in one hand, the sword in the other, were ready to make war with steel and fire against all which Europe for ten centuries had held sacred. Fury encountered fury, fanaticism fanaticism;and wherever Calvin's spirit penetrated, the Christian world was divided into two armies, who abhorred each other with a bitterness exceeding the utmost malignity of mere human nature."
[141]Orig.De Orat.
[141]Orig.De Orat.
[142]Gerbet,Le Dogme Générateur de la Piété Catholique.
[142]Gerbet,Le Dogme Générateur de la Piété Catholique.
[143]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[143]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[144]Contra Academicos, lib. iii. § 23.
[144]Contra Academicos, lib. iii. § 23.
[145]These letters, from the pen of the well-known Canadian writer, M. l'Abbé Casgrain, have been translated forThe Catholic World, with the permission of the author.—Translator's Note.
[145]These letters, from the pen of the well-known Canadian writer, M. l'Abbé Casgrain, have been translated forThe Catholic World, with the permission of the author.—Translator's Note.
[146]On my return to Canada, a small collection was taken up among the admirers of Eugénie, which amounted to five hundred francs, and which has been sent to Mlle. de Guérin.His Holiness Pius IX., whom we count among the admirers of the virgin of Cayla, and designated by him in a letter as theblessed Eugénie, has deigned to accord his apostolic benediction, and a plenary indulgence, to all the benefactors of Andillac. Their names are inscribed in the archives of the parish, and the holy sacrifice of the Mass is offered for them four times a year.
[146]On my return to Canada, a small collection was taken up among the admirers of Eugénie, which amounted to five hundred francs, and which has been sent to Mlle. de Guérin.
His Holiness Pius IX., whom we count among the admirers of the virgin of Cayla, and designated by him in a letter as theblessed Eugénie, has deigned to accord his apostolic benediction, and a plenary indulgence, to all the benefactors of Andillac. Their names are inscribed in the archives of the parish, and the holy sacrifice of the Mass is offered for them four times a year.
[147]Napoleon got Nice and Savoy; Victor Emanuel, the Papal States. Every wise and religious man must desire that Italy should be free. The greatest enemy to true andpermanentfreedom is that false freedom which divorces itself from justice that it may wed itself to fortune.
[147]Napoleon got Nice and Savoy; Victor Emanuel, the Papal States. Every wise and religious man must desire that Italy should be free. The greatest enemy to true andpermanentfreedom is that false freedom which divorces itself from justice that it may wed itself to fortune.
[148]TheSenchus Morwas sometimes known asCain Patraic, orPatrick's Law.
[148]TheSenchus Morwas sometimes known asCain Patraic, orPatrick's Law.
[149]1 Thess. v. 8; Ephes. vi. 11, 17.
[149]1 Thess. v. 8; Ephes. vi. 11, 17.
[150]1 John v. 4.
[150]1 John v. 4.
[151]Bien Public, n. 82.
[151]Bien Public, n. 82.
[152]Matt. x. 32, 33; Mark viii. 38; Luke xii. 8; Tim. ii. 12.
[152]Matt. x. 32, 33; Mark viii. 38; Luke xii. 8; Tim. ii. 12.
[153]John xvi. 33; Matt. xiii. 33; John xvii. 20-23.
[153]John xvi. 33; Matt. xiii. 33; John xvii. 20-23.
[154]Heb. xi. 33, 34.
[154]Heb. xi. 33, 34.
[155]"All the circumstances connected with this fact," says the report of the physicians, "stamp it with a supernatural character. It is impossible to escape from this conviction, if one considers, on one hand, the chronic nature of the complaint which began in 1834; the force of its engendering cause, namely, the cholera; the permanence of some of its symptoms in a most important organ of life, the stomach; the fruitlessness of remedies applied by a competent physician, M. Subervielle, the gradual prostration of strength, followed inevitably by dyspepsia, and the enervation resulting from continual pain; and, on the other hand, if one will couple with these circumstances the effect produced by natural water, only once applied, and the instantaneous character of the result."
[155]"All the circumstances connected with this fact," says the report of the physicians, "stamp it with a supernatural character. It is impossible to escape from this conviction, if one considers, on one hand, the chronic nature of the complaint which began in 1834; the force of its engendering cause, namely, the cholera; the permanence of some of its symptoms in a most important organ of life, the stomach; the fruitlessness of remedies applied by a competent physician, M. Subervielle, the gradual prostration of strength, followed inevitably by dyspepsia, and the enervation resulting from continual pain; and, on the other hand, if one will couple with these circumstances the effect produced by natural water, only once applied, and the instantaneous character of the result."
[156]1.Church and State in America.A Discourse given at Washington, D. C., at the installation of Rev. Frederic Hinckley as Pastor of the Unitarian Church, January 25, 1871. By Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D. Washington, D. C.: Philp & Solomons. 1871. 8vo, pp. 22.2.A Secular View of Religion in the State, and of the Bible in the Public Schools.By E. P. Hurlbut. Albany: Munsell. 1870. 8vo, pp. 55.
[156]1.Church and State in America.A Discourse given at Washington, D. C., at the installation of Rev. Frederic Hinckley as Pastor of the Unitarian Church, January 25, 1871. By Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D. Washington, D. C.: Philp & Solomons. 1871. 8vo, pp. 22.
2.A Secular View of Religion in the State, and of the Bible in the Public Schools.By E. P. Hurlbut. Albany: Munsell. 1870. 8vo, pp. 55.
[157]The citation is fromMedical Bibliography. By James Atkinson. London. 1854.
[157]The citation is fromMedical Bibliography. By James Atkinson. London. 1854.
[158]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[158]Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, byRev. I. T. Hecker, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
[159]The Conservative Reformation and its Theology; as Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.By Charles V. Krauth, D.D., Norton Professor of Theology in the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1871. 8vo, pp. 800.
[159]The Conservative Reformation and its Theology; as Represented in the Augsburg Confession, and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.By Charles V. Krauth, D.D., Norton Professor of Theology in the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1871. 8vo, pp. 800.
[160]A house sometimes contains two or three suites of apartments for distinct families. Each one forms a habitation.
[160]A house sometimes contains two or three suites of apartments for distinct families. Each one forms a habitation.
[161]28th of August, St. Augustine; 4th of October, St. Francis.
[161]28th of August, St. Augustine; 4th of October, St. Francis.
[162]La Leona, the lioness.
[162]La Leona, the lioness.
[163]Azacan, water-carrier, said of a servant or very laborious person.
[163]Azacan, water-carrier, said of a servant or very laborious person.
[164]Los Usias, the You Sirs. That is to say, grand folks that must be treated to theUsted(you), instead of thetu(thou) of common people.
[164]Los Usias, the You Sirs. That is to say, grand folks that must be treated to theUsted(you), instead of thetu(thou) of common people.
[165]Jabeque, a clumsy three-masted vessel used in the Mediterranean.
[165]Jabeque, a clumsy three-masted vessel used in the Mediterranean.
[166]Arturo.
[166]Arturo.
[167]Magpie.
[167]Magpie.
[168]A common dish on the tables of the country people.
[168]A common dish on the tables of the country people.
[169]Offscouring.
[169]Offscouring.
[170]Partisans, or party.
[170]Partisans, or party.
[171]The patron of Spain.
[171]The patron of Spain.
[172]Brigands.
[172]Brigands.
[173]To have misgivings as to the result of anything.
[173]To have misgivings as to the result of anything.
[174]Tactica, tactics.
[174]Tactica, tactics.
[175]Mala, bad;parte, part; name given by the Spanish soldiers to Bonaparte.
[175]Mala, bad;parte, part; name given by the Spanish soldiers to Bonaparte.
[176]Murat, Duke of Berg.
[176]Murat, Duke of Berg.
[177]Funesto.Nickname given by the Spanish soldiers to Junot.
[177]Funesto.Nickname given by the Spanish soldiers to Junot.
[178]One who asks alms for charitable purposes.
[178]One who asks alms for charitable purposes.
[179]Rob the saints.
[179]Rob the saints.
[180]A girl-boy.
[180]A girl-boy.
[181]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments exposés dans les Galeries provisoires du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes de S. A. le Vice-Roi, à Boulaq. Alexandrie. 1864. It may be well to remark here that the antiquity of the Egyptian nation is by no means irreconcilable with the Septuagint, as Mgr. Meignan shows in his learned work onLe Monde primitif, pp. 164 and 151. Paris. 1869. Palmé.
[181]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments exposés dans les Galeries provisoires du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes de S. A. le Vice-Roi, à Boulaq. Alexandrie. 1864. It may be well to remark here that the antiquity of the Egyptian nation is by no means irreconcilable with the Septuagint, as Mgr. Meignan shows in his learned work onLe Monde primitif, pp. 164 and 151. Paris. 1869. Palmé.
[182]Egypt ancienne, by Champollion-Figeac. Paris. 1859.
[182]Egypt ancienne, by Champollion-Figeac. Paris. 1859.
[183]Aperçu de l'Histoire d'Egypte depuis les Temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la Conquête Musulmane.By Auguste Mariette-Bey, Director of the Company for the Preservation of Egyptian Antiquities. Alexandria. 1864.
[183]Aperçu de l'Histoire d'Egypte depuis les Temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la Conquête Musulmane.By Auguste Mariette-Bey, Director of the Company for the Preservation of Egyptian Antiquities. Alexandria. 1864.
[184]E. Renan.Les Antiquités et les Fouilles d'Egypte(Revue des Deux Mondes, for April 1, 1865).
[184]E. Renan.Les Antiquités et les Fouilles d'Egypte(Revue des Deux Mondes, for April 1, 1865).
[185]H. Dufresne,Moniteur Officielfor July 2, 1867.
[185]H. Dufresne,Moniteur Officielfor July 2, 1867.
[186]Gladstone.
[186]Gladstone.
[187]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire universelle.
[187]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire universelle.
[188]Robiau,Histoire ancienne du Peuple de l'Orient, p. 83.
[188]Robiau,Histoire ancienne du Peuple de l'Orient, p. 83.
[189]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes à Boulaq, P. 75.
[189]Mariette,Notice des principaux Monuments du Musée d'Antiquités Egyptiennes à Boulaq, P. 75.
[190]Little moral treatise by Phtah-Hotep, who lived in the reign of Assa-Tatkera, the last king but one of the fifth dynasty—partly translated by M. Chabas in theRevue Archéol., xxix., first series.
[190]Little moral treatise by Phtah-Hotep, who lived in the reign of Assa-Tatkera, the last king but one of the fifth dynasty—partly translated by M. Chabas in theRevue Archéol., xxix., first series.
[191]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, 173.
[191]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, 173.
[192]Robiau,Histoire anc. des Peuples de l'Orient.
[192]Robiau,Histoire anc. des Peuples de l'Orient.
[193]De Bonald,Thêorie du Pouvoir, vol. i. p. 253.
[193]De Bonald,Thêorie du Pouvoir, vol. i. p. 253.
[194]Champollion-Figeac.
[194]Champollion-Figeac.
[195]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, p. 173.
[195]Champollion-Figeac,Egypte ancienne, p. 173.
[196]Diodorus.
[196]Diodorus.
[197]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire univ. The passage from Diodorus which inspired the sagacious reflections of the illustrious Bishop of Meaux is this: "Wrestling and music are not allowed to be taught, for, according to the Egyptian belief, the daily exercise of the body gives young men not health, but a transient strength which is prejudicial. As to music, it is considered not only useless, but injurious, as rendering the mind of man effeminate."
[197]Bossuet,Discours sur l'Histoire univ. The passage from Diodorus which inspired the sagacious reflections of the illustrious Bishop of Meaux is this: "Wrestling and music are not allowed to be taught, for, according to the Egyptian belief, the daily exercise of the body gives young men not health, but a transient strength which is prejudicial. As to music, it is considered not only useless, but injurious, as rendering the mind of man effeminate."
[198]The large wigs so often found on the monuments of the ancient monarchy, worn by both sexes, like the turban, were a preservative against the ardor of the sun's rays.
[198]The large wigs so often found on the monuments of the ancient monarchy, worn by both sexes, like the turban, were a preservative against the ardor of the sun's rays.
[199]Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus.
[199]Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus.
[200]Bossuet,Histoire universelle.
[200]Bossuet,Histoire universelle.
[201]Des Castes et de la Transmission héréditaire des Professions dans l'ancienne Egypte: a memoir published in theJournal général de l'Instruction publique, and in Vol. X. of theRevue Archéologique. Ampère proves by this learnedétudethat "there were nocastesamong the ancient Egyptians in the strict sense of that word, as it is used in India, for example." He very satisfactorily explains how a slight inexactness in the histories of Herodotus and Diodorus respecting hereditary transmission in the class of priests and warriors, "sufficed to found on this inheritance of pursuits and the separation of classes in Egypt, a theory that ended by becoming completely erroneous." M. Egger, in speaking of hereditary professions, says: "It is known that every degree of the social scale in ancient Egypt rested on this foundation. It was for a long time believed, according to Herodotus and Diodorus, that the Egyptian castes were absolutely exclusive; but an interesting memoir by J. J. Ampère (1848) proves the contrary, and scientific discoveries daily confirm the truth of his observations." (Bulletin de la Société d' Economie Sociale, June, 1868.)
[201]Des Castes et de la Transmission héréditaire des Professions dans l'ancienne Egypte: a memoir published in theJournal général de l'Instruction publique, and in Vol. X. of theRevue Archéologique. Ampère proves by this learnedétudethat "there were nocastesamong the ancient Egyptians in the strict sense of that word, as it is used in India, for example." He very satisfactorily explains how a slight inexactness in the histories of Herodotus and Diodorus respecting hereditary transmission in the class of priests and warriors, "sufficed to found on this inheritance of pursuits and the separation of classes in Egypt, a theory that ended by becoming completely erroneous." M. Egger, in speaking of hereditary professions, says: "It is known that every degree of the social scale in ancient Egypt rested on this foundation. It was for a long time believed, according to Herodotus and Diodorus, that the Egyptian castes were absolutely exclusive; but an interesting memoir by J. J. Ampère (1848) proves the contrary, and scientific discoveries daily confirm the truth of his observations." (Bulletin de la Société d' Economie Sociale, June, 1868.)
[202]Diodorus. With the exception of certain fabulous relations, easily recognized by their mythological character, we consider as perfectly credible the interesting details Diodorus has left concerning the manners, laws, and institutions of ancient Egypt. He had visited that country himself, and did not depend on the testimony of others. "We give," says he, "the facts we have carefully examined, which are preserved in the records of the Egyptian priesthood." After stating that he visited that country under Ptolemy, son of Lagus, during the 180th Olympiad, he adds: "During our travels in Egypt we had intercourse with many priests, and conversed with a great number of Ethiopian envoys. After carefully collecting all the information we could find on the subject, and examining the accounts of historians, we have only admitted into our narration facts generally received." Lib. iii.
[202]Diodorus. With the exception of certain fabulous relations, easily recognized by their mythological character, we consider as perfectly credible the interesting details Diodorus has left concerning the manners, laws, and institutions of ancient Egypt. He had visited that country himself, and did not depend on the testimony of others. "We give," says he, "the facts we have carefully examined, which are preserved in the records of the Egyptian priesthood." After stating that he visited that country under Ptolemy, son of Lagus, during the 180th Olympiad, he adds: "During our travels in Egypt we had intercourse with many priests, and conversed with a great number of Ethiopian envoys. After carefully collecting all the information we could find on the subject, and examining the accounts of historians, we have only admitted into our narration facts generally received." Lib. iii.
[203]M. Troplong.
[203]M. Troplong.
[204]Probably superintendents is meant.
[204]Probably superintendents is meant.
[205]Champollion-Figeac.
[205]Champollion-Figeac.
[206]Diodorus.
[206]Diodorus.
[207]The ritual of the dead puts the following beautiful words into the mouth of the deceased, when he justifies himself before the tribunal of Osiris: "I have spoken ill neither of the king nor my own father."
[207]The ritual of the dead puts the following beautiful words into the mouth of the deceased, when he justifies himself before the tribunal of Osiris: "I have spoken ill neither of the king nor my own father."
[208]Diodorus.
[208]Diodorus.
[209]Decree of 196 B.C., found on the Rosetta Stone.
[209]Decree of 196 B.C., found on the Rosetta Stone.
[210]Diodorus.
[210]Diodorus.
[211]It could also be explained as the effect of a reaction which often accompanies a change of dynasty. M. F. Lenormant regards this judgment of kings as a mere fable. "The king when dead," says he, "was as much of a god as when living." Doubtless, but the Cæsars were also during their lives raised to the rank of divinities, which did not prevent the Romans from killing several. We see no difficulty in admitting the explicit testimony of Diodorus, corroborated by the opinion of Champollion the Younger as well as his brother.
[211]It could also be explained as the effect of a reaction which often accompanies a change of dynasty. M. F. Lenormant regards this judgment of kings as a mere fable. "The king when dead," says he, "was as much of a god as when living." Doubtless, but the Cæsars were also during their lives raised to the rank of divinities, which did not prevent the Romans from killing several. We see no difficulty in admitting the explicit testimony of Diodorus, corroborated by the opinion of Champollion the Younger as well as his brother.
[212]Bossuet,Histoire univ., ii. 177. The Israelites probably borrowed this custom from the Egyptians.
[212]Bossuet,Histoire univ., ii. 177. The Israelites probably borrowed this custom from the Egyptians.
[213]Notre Dame de Garaison.
[213]Notre Dame de Garaison.