B. C.CarthageRomeThe GreeksEgyptHebrewsPersiaChina-Japan-IndiaB. C.Carthage became independent of Phœnicia in 530.ÆSCHYLUS(525-456).485. Xerxes quelled a revolt.485-465. XERXES I.481-475. Wars with Veii.481-480. Third expedition of the Persians against Greece, under Xerxes.480. Carthaginians invaded Sicily; defeated at Himera by Gela.480. Battle of the Greeks under Leonidas, at Thermopylæ. Naval battle of Salamis saved Athens.480. Xerxes invaded Greece, Thermopylæ, Salamis. Elaborate great palace at Persepolis. Hypostyle Hall, fine bull-capitals, good bas-reliefs with invocations to Ahura Mazda. Propylæa, winged human-headed bulls. Hanging draperies. Xerxes and his eldest son murdered.479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek victories at Platæa and Mycale. Persian army destroyed.479. Persians expelled from Greece.478.China: Death of Confucius. China distracted by internal wars.475SOPHOCLES(495-406).475471. First Publilian Laws.465.Battle of the Eurymedon.465-424.Artaxerxes I. succeeded to the throne.464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR.458(?).Ezra.462-455.Second revolt of the Egyptians.457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens.451-449.The Decemvirate.455(?). Herodotus in Egypt.450450. The Twelve Tables.449.Battle of Salamis in Cyprus.450. India: Brick and stone buildings in existence.450448. Valerian and Horatian Laws.HERODOTUS(484-408).EURIPIDES(480-406).445. Canuleian Laws.445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and Sparta.IV. Age of Pericles and Greek LuxuryPERICLES(499-429).444. Consular Tribunes.444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the zenith of its greatness.444.Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem. Rebuilds the city walls.PHIDIAS(fl. 448-440).431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR—between Athens and Sparta.425SOCRATES(469-399).424.Xerxes II. murdered by his brother Sogdianus same year.425421.Alcibiadesin power at Athens.423. Darius II.THUCYDIDES(471-402).410.HANNIBAL and Hamilcar invade Sicily.415-413. Expedition of the Athenians againstSyracuse. Greek defeat. Decline of Athenian power.415. Death of Nehemiah. High priests rule under Persian authority.412.Sparta recognized Persian rule in Asia minor.405. Treaty between Carthage and Syracuse. Landed aristocracy created at Carthage.405.Lysanderof Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet.405. Egypt declared its independence.The Spartan Supremacy(405-371).404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta supreme in Greece.404. Egypt independent of Persia for short period.404.Artaxerxes II.Revolt of his younger brother Cyrus, aided by Greeks.401. Cyrus defeated at Cunaxa and slain. “Retreat of the Ten Thousand.”400399-394.War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall of Spartan power in Asia.398.Artaxerxes II. War with Greece. Egypt and Cyprus assisted Greece.400390.GAUL’S INVASION OF ITALY. Rome burned.PLATO(429-347).394. Persian fleet defeated the Spartans at Cnidus.379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed.377-367. Licinian Laws.375366.First Plebeian Consul.361.Treaty with Sparta vs. Persians.370.Persian satrap suppressed civil war.370-363.Renewed revolts in Asia Minor. Egypt joined the rebels and invaded Syria.372. China:Menciusborn.375359. Rise of the Macedonian power.Philip of Macedon.359-342. Persian invasions of Egypt. Nectanebo II. last native king.DEMOSTHENES(382-347).358. Artaxerxes III. seized the throne. Persians defeated in Egypt.357-355. The Social War.360. Carthaginians form settlements in Spain.355-346.Second Sacred War against the Phocians, who seized Delphi.350348.Treaty of commerce with Carthage.ARISTOTLE(384-322).350. Temple destroyed by Persians. Many Jews deported.350343. Greek cities of Sicily freed from Carthage.343-341. FIRST SAMNITE WAR.340-338. Great Latin War.V. The Macedonian Period(338-146)340.Conquest of Egypt.339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.338. Macedonia supreme underPhilipII.337.Mithridates I.of Pontus became independent of Persia.336. Philip assassinated.336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension of power.335.Darius III. ascended the throne.334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA.334-323. Alexander the Great overthrows Persians, and is master of Egypt. Greek domination. Alexandria founded.334-332. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at Granicus and Issus.334. Battle at Granicus.333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued Persia and Darius III. Invaded India in 327.333. Palestine under Alexander the Great. Remained under Greek domination to 198 B. C.331.Battle ofArbela. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.Euclid(Alexandria). (fl. 325).326. India: Alexander’s invasion.CarthageRomeThe Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The GreatChina-Japan-India326-304. SECOND SAMNITE WAR.325325-315. India:Maurya Dynasty, most brilliant of old Hindu dynasties.325Carthagerises in wealth and political importance.323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals received lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the Hellespont.323-301.Wars of Alexander’s Successors for his Asiatic Dominions.The first partition of the empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the contending claimants.KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.BraceMacedoniaBraceGreeceBraceThraceBraceEgyptBracePalestineBracePhrygia, Lycia,PamphyliaBraceSyria323. Perdiccas appointed regent; slain 321.323-322. Lamian War; Phocian at head of affairs. Death of Demosthenes.323.Lysimachusis appointed governor of Thrace.323. Ptolemy I. Soter, the son of Lagus.323. Annexed with Phœnicia to Syria.321. The Samnites defeat the Romans at the Caudine Forks and send them under the yoke.319.Polysperchon succeeds Antipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities.321. Antipater, regent of the empire.320.Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus and Syria.320.Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia fell to the share of Antigonus, who defeats Eumenes and makes himself master of all Asia Minor.321. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ founded bySeleucus Nicator, who received Babylon as his province.317. Carthage and Syracuse at war.317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians.DemetriusPhalereus governs Athens.315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.312.Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy. Colony of Jews in Alexandria.315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus.312.Syria ruled by Seleucus Nicator; he takes Babylon.Eraof the Seleucidæ.312-306.India: Seleucus attempts to recover provinces of Alexander.310.Agathocles invades Carthaginian territory in Africa.309.Fabius Maximus defeats the Etrurians at the Vadimonian Lake.311-301. Subject to Antigonus.306.Peace with Syracuse.307. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles and besiege Syracuse.303.Demetrius Poliorcetes, general of the Grecian states, opposes Cassander.307. Lysimachus seizes the throne.305.Ptolemy assumes the regal title of Egypt.Alexandriabegins a great period.302.Cassander, king of Macedonia.302. Invades Asia.301.Again under Egypt.301.Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus killed.301.After the battle of Ipsus, Seleucus gains the provinces of Syria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS.MacedoniaGreek StatesEgyptPalestineSeleucid Kingdom300298-290.THIRD SAMNITE WAR.Thesewars pave the way to the subjugation of Italy, and the future greatness of Rome.296.Death of Cassander. Quarrels of his two sons, Antipater and Alexander.The empire of the Ptolemies extended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Arabia Pettræa, Judæa, Phœnicia, Damascus, and Cyprus.Goldenage of the Ptolemies.300. Canon of Old Testament, under Simon the Just.299.Seleucus built or improved a great number of cities including Antioch, Seleucia, Apamea, and Laodicea.300. India: Brahmanic system of caste instituted.300286.Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the Plebs are made absolute in the state. The end of the long struggle between Patricians and Plebeians.287. Demetrius expelled by Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia.287. Athens revolts from Demetrius.287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner.282-272.ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM.Tarentumseeks the aid ofPyrrhus, king of Epirus.283.Death of Demetrius.281.Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus.281.TheAchæan Leaguecreated.Lysimachusdefeated and slain by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion.283-247.Ptolemy II.Philadelphus, the most magnificent of the Egyptian kings, is associated by his father in the kingdom.Canalof Arsinoë.Obelisk.284. TheSeptuaginttranslation of theOld Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus.278.Pyrrhus lands in Sicily, and makes himself master of all the Carthaginian towns.280. Sosthenes ascends the throne and liberates his country; but falls, 278.280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus.278-250.Nicomedes I.277.Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, descendant of one of Alexander’s generals, master of all Greece except Sparta.277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded Asia Minor.275274.Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, defeats Antigonas, and is proclaimed king.273.Ambassadors sent to Rome.275272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos—is slain, and Antigonus is restored.272. Roman embassy sent to Egypt.270.India:Asokadescendant of Chandragupta, reigns in Magadha; he is a friend of Buddhism.266. Roman subjugation of Italy is completed.266. The Chremonidean War. Athens and Sparta allied in revolt against Macedonia.264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Contest over Sicily.
B. C.CarthageRomeChina-Japan-IndiaCarthage became independent of Phœnicia in 530.481-475. Wars with Veii.480. Carthaginians invaded Sicily; defeated at Himera by Gela.478. China: Death of Confucius. China distracted by internal wars.475471. First Publilian Laws.451-449. The Decemvirate.450450. The Twelve Tables.450. India: Brick and stone buildings in existence.448. Valerian and Horatian Laws.445. Canuleian Laws.444. Consular Tribunes.425410. HANNIBAL and Hamilcar invade Sicily.405. Treaty between Carthage and Syracuse. Landed aristocracy created at Carthage.400390. GAUL’S INVASION OF ITALY. Rome burned.377-367. Licinian Laws.375366.First Plebeian Consul.372. China:Menciusborn.360. Carthaginians form settlements in Spain.350348.Treaty of commerce with Carthage.343. Greek cities of Sicily freed from Carthage.343-341. FIRST SAMNITE WAR.340-338. Great Latin War.326. India: Alexander’s invasion.326-304. SECOND SAMNITE WAR.325325-315. India:Maurya Dynasty, most brilliant of old Hindu dynasties.Carthage rises in wealth and political importance.317. Carthage and Syracuse at war.312-306. India: Seleucus attempts to recover provinces of Alexander.310. Agathocles invades Carthaginian territory in Africa.309.Fabius Maximus defeats the Etrurians at the Vadimonian Lake.306.Peace with Syracuse.307. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles and besiege Syracuse.300298-290.THIRD SAMNITE WAR.Thesewars pave the way to the subjugation of Italy, and the future greatness of Rome.300. India: Brahmanic system of caste instituted.286.Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the Plebs are made absolute in the state. The end of the long struggle between Patricians and Plebeians.282-272. ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM.Tarentumseeks the aid ofPyrrhus, king of Epirus.278. Pyrrhus lands in Sicily, and makes himself master of all the Carthaginian towns.275270. India:Asokadescendant of Chandragupta, reigns in Magadha; he is a friend of Buddhism.266. Roman subjugation of Italy is completed.264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Contest over Sicily.B. C.The GreeksEgyptHebrewsPersiaÆSCHYLUS(525-456).485. Xerxes quelled a revolt.485-465. XERXES I.481-480. Third expedition of the Persians against Greece, under Xerxes.480. Battle of the Greeks under Leonidas, at Thermopylæ. Naval battle of Salamis saved Athens.480. Xerxes invaded Greece, Thermopylæ, Salamis. Elaborate great palace at Persepolis. Hypostyle Hall, fine bull-capitals, good bas-reliefs with invocations to Ahura Mazda. Propylæa, winged human-headed bulls. Hanging draperies. Xerxes and his eldest son murdered.479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek victories at Platæa and Mycale. Persian army destroyed.479. Persians expelled from Greece.475SOPHOCLES(495-406).465. Battle of the Eurymedon.465-424. Artaxerxes I. succeeded to the throne.464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR.458(?).Ezra.462-455.Second revolt of the Egyptians.457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens.455(?). Herodotus in Egypt.450449.Battle of Salamis in Cyprus.HERODOTUS(484-408).EURIPIDES(480-406).445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and Sparta.IV. Age of Pericles and Greek LuxuryPERICLES(499-429).444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the zenith of its greatness.444.Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem. Rebuilds the city walls.PHIDIAS(fl. 448-440).431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR—between Athens and Sparta.425SOCRATES(469-399).424.Xerxes II. murdered by his brother Sogdianus same year.421.Alcibiadesin power at Athens.423. Darius II.THUCYDIDES(471-402).415-413. Expedition of the Athenians againstSyracuse. Greek defeat. Decline of Athenian power.415. Death of Nehemiah. High priests rule under Persian authority.412.Sparta recognized Persian rule in Asia minor.405.Lysanderof Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet.405. Egypt declared its independence.The Spartan Supremacy(405-371).404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta supreme in Greece.404. Egypt independent of Persia for short period.404.Artaxerxes II.Revolt of his younger brother Cyrus, aided by Greeks.401. Cyrus defeated at Cunaxa and slain. “Retreat of the Ten Thousand.”400399-394.War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall of Spartan power in Asia.398.Artaxerxes II. War with Greece. Egypt and Cyprus assisted Greece.PLATO(429-347).394. Persian fleet defeated the Spartans at Cnidus.379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed.375361.Treaty with Sparta vs. Persians.370.Persian satrap suppressed civil war.370-363.Renewed revolts in Asia Minor. Egypt joined the rebels and invaded Syria.359. Rise of the Macedonian power.Philip of Macedon.359-342. Persian invasions of Egypt. Nectanebo II. last native king.DEMOSTHENES(382-347).358. Artaxerxes III. seized the throne. Persians defeated in Egypt.357-355. The Social War.355-346.Second Sacred War against the Phocians, who seized Delphi.350ARISTOTLE(384-322).350. Temple destroyed by Persians. Many Jews deported.V. The Macedonian Period(338-146)340.Conquest of Egypt.339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.338. Macedonia supreme underPhilipII.337.Mithridates I.of Pontus became independent of Persia.336. Philip assassinated.336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension of power.335.Darius III. ascended the throne.334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA.334-323. Alexander the Great overthrows Persians, and is master of Egypt. Greek domination. Alexandria founded.334-332. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at Granicus and Issus.334. Battle at Granicus.333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued Persia and Darius III. Invaded India in 327.333. Palestine under Alexander the Great. Remained under Greek domination to 198 B. C.331.Battle ofArbela. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.Euclid(Alexandria). (fl. 325).The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great325323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals received lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the Hellespont.323-301.Wars of Alexander’s Successors for his Asiatic Dominions.The first partition of the empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the contending claimants.KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.BraceMacedoniaBraceGreeceBraceThraceBraceEgyptBracePalestineBracePhrygia, Lycia,PamphyliaBraceSyria323. Perdiccas appointed regent; slain 321.323-322. Lamian War; Phocian at head of affairs. Death of Demosthenes.323.Lysimachusis appointed governor of Thrace.323. Ptolemy I. Soter, the son of Lagus.323. Annexed with Phœnicia to Syria.319.Polysperchon succeeds Antipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities.321. Antipater, regent of the empire.320.Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus and Syria.320.Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia fell to the share of Antigonus, who defeats Eumenes and makes himself master of all Asia Minor.321. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ founded bySeleucus Nicator, who received Babylon as his province.317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians.DemetriusPhalereus governs Athens.315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.312.Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy. Colony of Jews in Alexandria.315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus312.Syria ruled by Seleucus Nicator; he takes Babylon.Eraof the Seleucidæ.311-301. Subject to Antigonus.303.Demetrius Poliorcetes, general of the Grecian states, opposes Cassander.307. Lysimachus seizes the throne.305.Ptolemy assumes the regal title of Egypt.Alexandriabegins a great period.302.Cassander, king of Macedonia.302. Invades Asia.301.Again under Egypt.301.Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus killed.301.After the battle of Ipsus, Seleucus gains the provinces of Syria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS.MacedoniaGreek StatesEgyptPalestineSeleucid Kingdom300296.Death of Cassander. Quarrels of his two sons, Antipater and Alexander.The empire of the Ptolemies extended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Arabia Pettræa, Judæa, Phœnicia, Damascus, and Cyprus.Goldenage of the Ptolemies.300. Canon of Old Testament, under Simon the Just.299.Seleucus built or improved a great number of cities including Antioch, Seleucia, Apamea, and Laodicea.287. Demetrius expelled by Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia.287. Athens revolts from Demetrius.287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner.283.Death of Demetrius.281.Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus.281.TheAchæan Leaguecreated.Lysimachusdefeated and slain by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion.283-247.Ptolemy II.Philadelphus, the most magnificent of the Egyptian kings, is associated by his father in the kingdom.Canalof Arsinoë.Obelisk.284. TheSeptuaginttranslation of theOld Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus.280. Sosthenes ascends the throne and liberates his country; but falls, 278.280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus.278-250.Nicomedes I.277.Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, descendant of one of Alexander’s generals, master of all Greece except Sparta.277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded Asia Minor.275274.Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, defeats Antigonas, and is proclaimed king.273.Ambassadors sent to Rome.272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos—is slain, and Antigonus is restored.272. Roman embassy sent to Egypt.266. The Chremonidean War. Athens and Sparta allied in revolt against Macedonia.
Great Events of Period.300-200: Rome mistress of Italy; then, victorious over Carthage, extends her influence to Greece and Spain. Peasant proprietors replaced by slaves in Italy. 200-100: Greece, Macedonia, Carthage, and Spain under Roman rule; decline of the Roman Oligarchy; the Gracchi begin the democratic revolution which ends in the empire. Eastern luxury introduced among the Romans. 100-1: The Romans govern all the countries around the Mediterranean. Roman Oligarchy is followed by establishment of the empire.