B. C.CarthageRomeMacedoniaGreek StatesSeleucid EmpirePalestineEgyptParthiaChina, India, JapanB. C.III. Epoch of the Punic Wars, and Beginning of the Universal Rule of Rome(264-146)264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Carthaginians led by Hamilcar, father of Hannibal.262.Antigonus took Athens. End of its independence and political importance.261.Revolt of Parthians from Seleucid rule. Parthian kingdom formed.TheJewsremainedsubjecttoEgyptdowntoB. C.203,incomparativepeace.256.Regulus invades Africa and is defeated by Xanthippus, a Spartan general.260. First Roman fleet built. Victory at sea.255.Antigonus liberates Athens.Athensjoins the Achæan League.Scipio Africanus.ARCHIMEDES(287-212).250250-248. Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of Parthia, having killed Agathocles, and expelled the Macedonians.250241.Peace with Carthage. The ceded parts of Sicily formed the first Roman province there.247-30. Ptolemy III., Euergetes. Extended his empire by conquests in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia, Susiana, and Media, and extends his influence as far as Thrace and Macedonia.238.Hamilcarbegins establishment of Carthaginian power in Spain.241. The Roman fleet under Catulus defeats the Carthaginians off the Ægatian Islands.HANNIBAL (247-183).227. War between Cleomenes, King of Sparta, and the Ætolian league.226. Athens freed from Macedonia allied with Rome.225224.The Romans first cross the Po.223.Antiochus III., the Great, ruled Syria, Phœnicia to Egypt.225221. Hannibal succeeds Asdrubal in the command.219.Hannibal takes Saguntum and crosses the Alps.221-210. China: Chi-Huang-Ti, first universal emperor.Great wall built.218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. Hannibal crossed the Alps.217. Romans defeated at Lake Trasimeno.217. Antiochus III. defeated by Ptolemy Philopater in the battle of Raphia.216. Romans at Cannæ totally defeated by Hannibal. Fabius Maximus, Dictator.216. Arsaces III., King of Persia.215. Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V. of Macedonia.214-205. FIRST WAR WITH MACEDONIA.212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed.212-206. Campaigns in Upper Asia against the Parthians and Bactrians.211. Capua taken by the Romans.211. Alliance of Rome, the Ætolians, Spartans, Eleans and Illyria.211. The Ætolians secure the alliance of Rome against the Achæans and the Macedonians.209. Publius Scipio takes New Carthage.207. Nero and Livy defeat Hasdrubal at theMetaurus—Hasdrubal killed. Here it was decided that the civilization of the world was to be Roman rather than Carthaginian.207. Battle of Mantinea: Philopœmen, the general of the Achæan League, defeats the Spartans.206. The Carthaginians defeated in the battle of Ilipa and driven out of Spain.206. China: The dynasty of Han founded; it lasts until 221 A. D.One of the most brilliant periods in the history of China.204.Scipio carries the war into Africa.204.General peace.205. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes. Lost most of the cities of Palestine and Phœnicia to Antiochus and the cities of the Hellespont to Philip V. of Macedon. Egypt assisted by Rome.202.Flight of Hannibal. Carthage conquered. Battle of Zama. End of Punic War.203. Philip wages war against Attalus and the Rhodians.203. Judæa submits to Antiochus the Great.Romaninfluence prevails from this time200200-197. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR.198.The Achæans and Spartans join the Romans against Macedonia.198.Antiochus defeats the Egyptians under Scopas in a great battle in Palestine.198.The Jews assist Antiochus in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem; final establishment of the Syrian power in Palestine.199-138.India: So-called “Greek Kings.”200197. Philip V. defeated at Cynoscephalæ by the Romans under Flamininus.196. Hannibal joins Antiochus, whom he urges to carry on war against the Romans.195.Cato in Spain.196. Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans.195.Hannibal flees to Antiochus III.196. Arsaces IV., King of Parthia.193. Masinissa, King of Numidia, harasses the Carthaginians, and injures their commerce.192-190.War with Antiochus of Syria, who is totally defeated at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus.192.Syria at war with Rome.190.Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus III. at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia.193. Ptolemy marries the daughter of Antiochus the Great.Rome the Arbitress of Nations, from the Atlantic to the Euphrates.189. The Ætolian League crushed by the Romans.189.Armeniarevolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its independence.The dangers which threaten Carthage are much increased by the rising jealousy of Rome, the daring hostilities of Masinissa, and the factious spirit of her own citizens.188. Philopœmen abrogates the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta.187.Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator.187.Ptolemy renews his alliance with the Achæans.181.Demetrius is put to death by his father.183. Philopœmen is taken prisoner and put to death by the Messenians.Decline of the Achæan League.181-146.Ptolemy VI. (Philometor).181-174.Arsaces V., conquers the Mardians on the Caspian.177.Istria subdued.179. Death of Philip.175172.The Romans effect the dissolution of the Bœotian confederacy.175-164. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. Universally hated and despised.175. Deposition of the high priest Onias.174-136.Mithridates I., raises Parthia to an exalted rank.175171-168. THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR.171. Invades Egypt, and gains a victory at Pelusium.171-168. War with Antiochus Epiphanes.168.Decisive battle ofPydna, and overthrow of the kingdom of Macedon.170. Another victory. Subjugation of Egypt as far as Alexandria.170. Tyranny of Antiochus.167. Revolt of Mattathias, which proves remarkably successful.The Romans aspire to universal empire. Increased patronage of literature and the arts. Grecian system of education adopted at Rome.164.Dies on his way to Babylon. Loss of Babylonia, Persia, and all the countries between the Euphrates and Indus.166-161. Judas Maccabæus.164.Partition of the kingdom. Physcon receives Cyrene and Libya.166. China: Tartar invasion.161-150. Demetrius I. Soter.161-142. Jonathan joins the party of Alexander Bala, and becomes the leading man in Judæa.Continuedstruggle of the Jews, in defence of their civil and religious rights to 130.152.Masinissa’s party expelled from Carthage, which leads to a war. Masinissa defeats the Carthaginians.Carthageat this time contained 700,000 inhabitants.155-150.Spanish War.The Roman arms unsuccessful in Spain.155. Embassy of Diogenes, Carniades, and Critolaus to Rome.153-152.Alexander Bala. Occupies Ptolemais.150149-146.THIRD PUNIC WAR.148.Macedon reduced to aRoman province.150. Dissensions between the Spartans and Achæans.150. Demetrius killed in battle.150-125.Demetrius II. Nicator. regains his father’s kingdom by the aid of Ptolemy Philometor.150146.P. Scipio Æmilianus takes and destroys Carthage.A Roman province.149-8. FOURTH MACEDONIAN WAR.Cato’scontinual harangue “Delenda est Carthage.”146.Fall of Corinth.Roman province of Achæa.146-117. Ptolemy VII. (Euergetes II.), a cruel and odious tyrant.IV.Epoch of the Civil WarsDownto the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the Battle of Actium.Affairs in the WestAffairs and Civil Wars in RomeAffairs in the East146-140. War with Viriathus, the gallant leader of the Lusitani, who maintains a six years’ war with Rome.A struggle arises between the aristocracy (the nobiles and optimates, or rich families of senators and magistrates) and the plebs, or common people.145. Æmilianus is sent against Viriathus.143-133.Numantine Warof ten years.143. Embassy of Scipio Africanus to Alexandria.140. Viriathus is treacherously murdered, and Lusitania becomes a Roman province.140. China:Vouti, Emperor, Great Ruler. Invasion of Huns.133-121.Civil Troubles under the Gracchi.133.Pergamus bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III.137-128.Antiochus VI. Sidetes, marries Cleopatra.138. The invasion of Demetrius II. of Syria.128.Flaccus reduces the Transalpine Ligurians.Increaseof Roman power in Transalpine Gaul.130. The Tribunes obtain a seat and the right of voting in the senate.129.War with Parthia, in which Antiochus is slain, 126.Thesucceeding history of the Seleucidæ is a horrid picture of civil wars, family feuds, and deeds of violence.130. John Hyrcanus, aided by the Parthians, asserts his entire independence.130. The Alexandrines rebel. The king flees to Cyprus.128.Invasion of Antiochus. Parthian empire is henceforward freed from the attacks of the Syrian kings.125122.Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul.Gaula Roman province.123.Tribunate ofCaius Gracchus. Renewal of the Agrarian Law.124-87.Mithridates II., restores tranquillity to the East after a long succession of bloody wars.Hemeets with a powerful rival in Tigranes I., King of Armenia.125121. General struggle in the city. C. Gracchus and 3000 citizens killed.Triumph of the aristocracy.118.Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia, and assassination of Hiempsal by Jugurtha.111.Conclusion of war by a partition of territory. Syria and Phœnicia are the only provinces that acknowledge the sway of the king of Syria.110.Hyrcanus joins the Sadducees.117-81.Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.)106.Alexander Jannæus.Cleopatra and her younger son, Alexander, jointly reign in Egypt.RomeAffairs in the WestAffairs and Civil Wars in RomeRomeAffairs in the EastSeleucid EmpirePalestineEgyptParthiaChina, India, Japan113-101.Cimbrian War.The Cimbrians and Teutones migrate along the Danube to the boundaries of Illyria.111-106.JUGURTHINE WAR. Mummius and Metellus take part in it; and Marius ends it by the capture of Jugurtha, 106.Syria10096.Cyrene bequeathed to the Romans by Apion.98-97.Jannæus besieges and takes Gaza.97-30.Japan: Sujin, Mikado. Important reforms.10091-88.Marsian or Social Warwhich costs the lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the concession of the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship to the Italian states.92. Sulla settles the affairs of Asia Minor.92. First public transaction betweenRome and Parthia.83-72.Sertorius, the opponent of Sulla, goes into Spain, becomes general of the Lusitani.88-82. FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS AND SULLA. Sulla obtains the command against Mithridates. Marius by an alliance with Sulpicius and the people. Sulla is created perpetual dictator.88-63.Wars with Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus.83.Tigranes, King of Armenia, is invited by the Syrians to assume the crown.82.Revolt and three years’ siege of Thebes, which is captured and destroyed.CICERO(106-43).78.War with Rome.79-78. Abdication and death of Sulla.Risingsplendor of Rome. Marble theater of Saurus for 80,000 spectators. Magnificent houses of the Roman nobles. Library of Lucullus.72.The Helvetii and other tribes, under Ariovistus, advance into Gaul, but are defeated by JULIUS CÆSAR, 58.73-71.WAR WITH SPARTACUS the gladiator, at the head of 70,000 slaves in Italy. Concluded by Crassus and Pompey.74. Bithynia bequeathed to Rome by King Nicomedes III.69.He is expelled by Lucullus.68-60.Arsaces XII. contemporary with the third Mithridatic War.65-62.Catiline’s conspiracy suppressed by the vigilance of Cicero.66. Pompey in Asia, about the Caucasus, 65, in Syria, 64. Settles the affairs of Asia, 63.65-62.Antiochus Asiaticus is expelled by Pompey, who reduces Syria to a Roman province.63.Judæa dependent upon Romans.This period of Egyptian history is very obscure.60.First Triumvirate: Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus.58-51. GALLIC WAR. Cæsar’s eight campaigns in Gaul—he arrests the invasion of the Helvetii and expels the Germans.By the absorption of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power.55. First invasion of Britain, and expedition into Germany.54. Second invasion of Britain.54-53.Cæsar crosses the Rhine, but is unsuccessful in his attack upon the Germans.54-53. Parthian War, in which Crassus is slain.54. Crassus pillages the Temple.54. First war with Rome caused by the invasion of Crassus.52. Parthians overrun Syria and threaten Antioch.52-51. The Parthians invade Syria.5049-31.SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with 6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender.5048. Cæsar gains the decisive victory ofPharsallaover Pompey, who flees into Egypt and is there slain.48. Antipater, by the influence of Julius Cæsar, he is appointed procurator of Judæa.48.Alexandrine War. Ptolemy perishes in the contest, and the crown falls to CLEOPATRA, who reigns jointly with Ptolemy II.VIRGIL(70-19).47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”)46.African War: defeat of Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten years.45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons at Munda—Cæsar returns to Rome—Perpetual dictator, and Consul for ten years.44. Plans an expedition against the Parthians, but is assassinated in the senate house by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators, on the ides of March. Antony and Octavianus (Cæsar’s heir) obtain the upper hand in Rome.SecondTriumvirate: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus.44. Cleopatra removes her brother by poison.42. Civil war of the triumvirate against the republicans—Philippi—death of Brutus and Cassius.41-30. Quarrels of the Oligarchy.40. Parthians invade Syria, take Antioch and Sidon, plunder Jerusalem and advance as far as the Mediterranean.38.Herod, his second son, rises to power by the friendship of Antony and is appointed king.38.Arsaces XV.40. India: Trade with Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and the East. Period of Hindu power.37. He takes possession of Jerusalem and Judæa.36. Defeat and death of Pompey.36. Marcus Antonius invades Parthia but is compelled to retreat with loss.36. Cleopatra obtains from Antony grant of Phœnicia, Cyrene and Cyprus.36. Defeats Antony.33-30.Civil war between Octavianus and Antony.34. Antony subdues Armenia.31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains his fleet and army—death of Antony.OctavianusCæsarsole master of the republic.30.Dies by her own hand.ARoman province.30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.
B. C.CarthageRomeMacedoniaGreek StatesSeleucid EmpireIII. Epoch of the Punic Wars, and Beginning of the Universal Rule of Rome(264-146)264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Carthaginians led by Hamilcar, father of Hannibal.262.Antigonus took Athens. End of its independence and political importance.261.Revolt of Parthians from Seleucid rule. Parthian kingdom formed.256.Regulus invades Africa and is defeated by Xanthippus, a Spartan general.260. First Roman fleet built. Victory at sea.255.Antigonus liberates Athens.Athensjoins the Achæan League.Scipio Africanus.ARCHIMEDES(287-212).250241. Peace with Carthage. The ceded parts of Sicily formed the first Roman province there.238.Hamilcarbegins establishment of Carthaginian power in Spain.241. The Roman fleet under Catulus defeats the Carthaginians off the Ægatian Islands.HANNIBAL (247-183).227. War between Cleomenes, King of Sparta, and the Ætolian league.226. Athens freed from Macedonia allied with Rome.225224.The Romans first cross the Po.223.Antiochus III., the Great, ruled Syria, Phœnicia to Egypt.221. Hannibal succeeds Asdrubal in the command.219.Hannibal takes Saguntum and crosses the Alps.218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. Hannibal crossed the Alps.217. Romans defeated at Lake Trasimeno.217. Antiochus III. defeated by Ptolemy Philopater in the battle of Raphia.216. Romans at Cannæ totally defeated by Hannibal. Fabius Maximus, Dictator.215. Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V. of Macedonia.214-205. FIRST WAR WITH MACEDONIA.212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed.212-206. Campaigns in Upper Asia against the Parthians and Bactrians.211. Capua taken by the Romans.211. Alliance of Rome, the Ætolians, Spartans, Eleans and Illyria.211. The Ætolians secure the alliance of Rome against the Achæans and the Macedonians.209. Publius Scipio takes New Carthage.207. Nero and Livy defeat Hasdrubal at theMetaurus—Hasdrubal killed. Here it was decided that the civilization of the world was to be Roman rather than Carthaginian.207. Battle of Mantinea: Philopœmen, the general of the Achæan League, defeats the Spartans.206. The Carthaginians defeated in the battle of Ilipa and driven out of Spain.204.Scipio carries the war into Africa.204.General peace.202.Flight of Hannibal. Carthage conquered. Battle of Zama. End of Punic War.203. Philip wages war against Attalus and the Rhodians.200200-197. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR.198.The Achæans and Spartans join the Romans against Macedonia.198.Antiochus defeats the Egyptians under Scopas in a great battle in Palestine.197. Philip V. defeated at Cynoscephalæ by the Romans under Flamininus.196. Hannibal joins Antiochus, whom he urges to carry on war against the Romans.195.Cato in Spain.196. Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans.195.Hannibal flees to Antiochus III.193. Masinissa, King of Numidia, harasses the Carthaginians, and injures their commerce.192-190.War with Antiochus of Syria, who is totally defeated at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus.192.Syria at war with Rome.190.Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus III. at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia.Rome the Arbitress of Nations, from the Atlantic to the Euphrates.189. The Ætolian League crushed by the Romans.189.Armeniarevolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its independence.The dangers which threaten Carthage are much increased by the rising jealousy of Rome, the daring hostilities of Masinissa, and the factious spirit of her own citizens.188. Philopœmen abrogates the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta.187.Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator.181.Demetrius is put to death by his father.183. Philopœmen is taken prisoner and put to death by the Messenians.Decline of the Achæan League.177.Istria subdued.179. Death of Philip.175172.The Romans effect the dissolution of the Bœotian confederacy.175-164. Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. Universally hated and despised.171-168. THIRD MACEDONIAN WAR.171. Invades Egypt, and gains a victory at Pelusium.168.Decisive battle ofPydna, and overthrow of the kingdom of Macedon.170. Another victory. Subjugation of Egypt as far as Alexandria.The Romans aspire to universal empire. Increased patronage of literature and the arts. Grecian system of education adopted at Rome.164.Dies on his way to Babylon. Loss of Babylonia, Persia, and all the countries between the Euphrates and Indus.161-150. Demetrius I. Soter.152.Masinissa’s party expelled from Carthage, which leads to a war. Masinissa defeats the Carthaginians.Carthageat this time contained 700,000 inhabitants.155-150.Spanish War.The Roman arms unsuccessful in Spain.155. Embassy of Diogenes, Carniades, and Critolaus to Rome.153-152.Alexander Bala. Occupies Ptolemais.150149-146.THIRD PUNIC WAR.148.Macedon reduced to aRoman province.150. Dissensions between the Spartans and Achæans.150. Demetrius killed in battle.150-125.Demetrius II. Nicator. regains his father’s kingdom by the aid of Ptolemy Philometor.146.P. Scipio Æmilianus takes and destroys Carthage.A Roman province.149-8. FOURTH MACEDONIAN WAR.Cato’scontinual harangue “Delenda est Carthage.”146.Fall of Corinth.Roman province of Achæa.IV. Epoch of the Civil WarsDownto the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the Battle of Actium.Affairs in the WestAffairs and Civil Wars in RomeAffairs in the East146-140. War with Viriathus, the gallant leader of the Lusitani, who maintains a six years’ war with Rome.A struggle arises between the aristocracy (the nobiles and optimates, or rich families of senators and magistrates) and the plebs, or common people.145. Æmilianus is sent against Viriathus.143-133.Numantine Warof ten years.140. Viriathus is treacherously murdered, and Lusitania becomes a Roman province.133-121.Civil Troubles under the Gracchi.133.Pergamus bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III.137-128. Antiochus VI. Sidetes, marries Cleopatra.128.Flaccus reduces the Transalpine Ligurians.Increaseof Roman power in Transalpine Gaul.130. The Tribunes obtain a seat and the right of voting in the senate.129.War with Parthia, in which Antiochus is slain, 126.Thesucceeding history of the Seleucidæ is a horrid picture of civil wars, family feuds, and deeds of violence.125122.Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul.Gaula Roman province.123.Tribunate ofCaius Gracchus. Renewal of the Agrarian Law.121. General struggle in the city. C. Gracchus and 3000 citizens killed.Triumph of the aristocracy.118.Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia, and assassination of Hiempsal by Jugurtha.111.Conclusion of war by a partition of territory. Syria and Phœnicia are the only provinces that acknowledge the sway of the king of Syria.RomeAffairs in the WestAffairs and Civil Wars in RomeRomeAffairs in the EastSeleucid Empire113-101.Cimbrian War.The Cimbrians and Teutones migrate along the Danube to the boundaries of Illyria.111-106.JUGURTHINE WAR. Mummius and Metellus take part in it; and Marius ends it by the capture of Jugurtha, 106.Syria10096.Cyrene bequeathed to the Romans by Apion.91-88.Marsian or Social Warwhich costs the lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the concession of the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship to the Italian states.92. Sulla settles the affairs of Asia Minor.83-72.Sertorius, the opponent of Sulla, goes into Spain, becomes general of the Lusitani.88-82. FIRST ROMAN CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS AND SULLA. Sulla obtains the command against Mithridates. Marius by an alliance with Sulpicius and the people. Sulla is created perpetual dictator.88-63.Wars with Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus.83.Tigranes, King of Armenia, is invited by the Syrians to assume the crown.CICERO(106-43).78.War with Rome.79-78. Abdication and death of Sulla.Risingsplendor of Rome. Marble theater of Saurus for 80,000 spectators. Magnificent houses of the Roman nobles. Library of Lucullus.72.The Helvetii and other tribes, under Ariovistus, advance into Gaul, but are defeated by JULIUS CÆSAR, 58.73-71.WAR WITH SPARTACUS the gladiator, at the head of 70,000 slaves in Italy. Concluded by Crassus and Pompey.74. Bithynia bequeathed to Rome by King Nicomedes III.69.He is expelled by Lucullus.65-62.Catiline’s conspiracy suppressed by the vigilance of Cicero.66. Pompey in Asia, about the Caucasus, 65, in Syria, 64. Settles the affairs of Asia, 63.65-62.Antiochus Asiaticus is expelled by Pompey, who reduces Syria to a Roman province.60.First Triumvirate: Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus.58-51. GALLIC WAR. Cæsar’s eight campaigns in Gaul—he arrests the invasion of the Helvetii and expels the Germans.By the absorption of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power.55. First invasion of Britain, and expedition into Germany.54. Second invasion of Britain.54-53.Cæsar crosses the Rhine, but is unsuccessful in his attack upon the Germans.54-53. Parthian War, in which Crassus is slain.52. Parthians overrun Syria and threaten Antioch.5049-31.SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with 6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender.48. Cæsar gains the decisive victory ofPharsallaover Pompey, who flees into Egypt and is there slain.VIRGIL(70-19).47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”)46.African War: defeat of Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten years.45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons at Munda—Cæsar returns to Rome—Perpetual dictator, and Consul for ten years.44. Plans an expedition against the Parthians, but is assassinated in the senate house by Brutus, Cassius, and other conspirators, on the ides of March. Antony and Octavianus (Cæsar’s heir) obtain the upper hand in Rome.SecondTriumvirate: Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus.42. Civil war of the triumvirate against the republicans—Philippi—death of Brutus and Cassius.41-30. Quarrels of the Oligarchy.40. Parthians invade Syria, take Antioch and Sidon, plunder Jerusalem and advance as far as the Mediterranean.36. Defeat and death of Pompey.36. Marcus Antonius invades Parthia but is compelled to retreat with loss.33-30.Civil war between Octavianus and Antony.34. Antony subdues Armenia.31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains his fleet and army—death of Antony.OctavianusCæsarsole master of the republic.30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.B. C.PalestineEgyptParthiaChina, India, JapanThe Jews remained subject to Egypt down to B. C. 203, in comparative peace.250250-248. Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of Parthia, having killed Agathocles, and expelled the Macedonians.247-30. Ptolemy III., Euergetes. Extended his empire by conquests in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia, Susiana, and Media, and extends his influence as far as Thrace and Macedonia.225221-210. China: Chi-Huang-Ti, first universal emperor.Great wall built.216. Arsaces III., King of Persia.206. China: The dynasty of Han founded; it lasts until 221 A. D.One of the most brilliant periods in the history of China.205. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes. Lost most of the cities of Palestine and Phœnicia to Antiochus and the cities of the Hellespont to Philip V. of Macedon. Egypt assisted by Rome.203. Judæa submits to Antiochus the Great.Romaninfluence prevails from this time200198.The Jews assist Antiochus in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem; final establishment of the Syrian power in Palestine.199-138.India: So-called “Greek Kings.”196. Arsaces IV., King of Parthia.193. Ptolemy marries the daughter of Antiochus the Great.187. Ptolemy renews his alliance with the Achæans.181-146. Ptolemy VI. (Philometor).181-174. Arsaces V., conquers the Mardians on the Caspian.175175. Deposition of the high priest Onias.174-136.Mithridates I., raises Parthia to an exalted rank.171-168. War with Antiochus Epiphanes.170. Tyranny of Antiochus.167. Revolt of Mattathias, which proves remarkably successful.166-161. Judas Maccabæus.164.Partition of the kingdom. Physcon receives Cyrene and Libya.166. China: Tartar invasion.161-142. Jonathan joins the party of Alexander Bala, and becomes the leading man in Judæa.Continuedstruggle of the Jews, in defence of their civil and religious rights to 130.150146-117. Ptolemy VII. (Euergetes II.), a cruel and odious tyrant.143. Embassy of Scipio Africanus to Alexandria.140. China:Vouti, Emperor, Great Ruler. Invasion of Huns.138. The invasion of Demetrius II. of Syria.130. John Hyrcanus, aided by the Parthians, asserts his entire independence.130. The Alexandrines rebel. The king flees to Cyprus.128.Invasion of Antiochus. Parthian empire is henceforward freed from the attacks of the Syrian kings.125124-87.Mithridates II., restores tranquillity to the East after a long succession of bloody wars.Hemeets with a powerful rival in Tigranes I., King of Armenia.110.Hyrcanus joins the Sadducees.117-81. Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.)106.Alexander Jannæus.Cleopatra and her younger son, Alexander, jointly reign in Egypt.10098-97.Jannæus besieges and takes Gaza.97-30.Japan: Sujin, Mikado. Important reforms.92. First public transaction betweenRome and Parthia.82. Revolt and three years’ siege of Thebes, which is captured and destroyed.68-60. Arsaces XII. contemporary with the third Mithridatic War.63. Judæa dependent upon Romans.This period of Egyptian history is very obscure.54. Crassus pillages the Temple.54. First war with Rome caused by the invasion of Crassus.52-51. The Parthians invade Syria.48. Antipater, by the influence of Julius Cæsar, he is appointed procurator of Judæa.48.Alexandrine War. Ptolemy perishes in the contest, and the crown falls to CLEOPATRA, who reigns jointly with Ptolemy II.44. Cleopatra removes her brother by poison.38.Herod, his second son, rises to power by the friendship of Antony and is appointed king.38.Arsaces XV.40. India: Trade with Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and the East. Period of Hindu power.37. He takes possession of Jerusalem and Judæa.36. Cleopatra obtains from Antony grant of Phœnicia, Cyrene and Cyprus.36. Defeats Antony.30. Dies by her own hand.ARoman province.30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES.
Great Events of the Period: Rome mistress of the world. The Augustan Age. Golden Age of Roman literature. 1-100, A. D.: Christianity founded amid persecutions. Parthia a powerful state but unequal rival of Rome. 100-200: Zenith of Roman Empire. The good emperors. Persecutions of the Christians continue. 200-300: Emperors chosen by the army. Germanic tribes on Roman borders. Persecutions continue. 300-400: Constantine moves the capital of the empire to Constantinople, and professes Christianity. Rise of Christian Monasticism. Great church disputes. Germanic incursions and settlements. The Roman Empire reaches its greatest territorial extent.