B. C.The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa—Under Augustus Cæsar, EmperorRoman EmpireParthiaChina, Japan, IndiaB. C.31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illustrious, the Sublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in 27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the Roman world.Palestine30. Augustus bestows increase of territory on Herod.30. Japan: Suinin, a great civilizer.29. Herod kills his wife, Mariamne.Countries Subject to Roman DominionAge of AugustusIn Europe:—Spain,Gaul,Britain,Italy,Rhætia,Vindelicia,Noricum,Pannonia,Illyria,Greece,Macedonia,Thrace,Mœsia,Dacia.27-25. Expedition of Augustus against the Cantabri and Astures.27. India: Andhra kingdom very powerful.25In Asia:—Asia Minor,Syria,Phœnicia,Palestine,the northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea,Armenia,Mesopotamia,Assyria.25. Expedition to Arabia, without results, conducted by C. Ælius Gallus, prefect of Egypt.25. Herod begins extensive building operations in Judea: rebuilds Samaria, reconstructs temple at Jerusalem, 20-19.25. Tiridates aspires to the sovereignty but is defeated and takes refuge at the court of Augustus.2522-21. Successful war against the Ethiopians, by Petronius, the successor of Gallus in Egypt.In Africa:—Egypt,and the whole of the northern coast.20. Campaign of Augustus against the Parthians. Tigranes was reinstated in the kingdom of Armenia.20. Phraates restores the standards taken from Crassus.19. Subjugation of Spain completed.18.Sends his sons as hostages to Rome.Its distant territories wereScandia,Sarmatia,India,Æthiopia, andGalatia; Rome itself being the common center of the whole.15. Rhætia made a Roman province, along with Vindelicia (now Augsburg) and Noricum.12-9. Drusus undertook four campaigns in Germany proper.4.Birth ofJesus Christ. Date now generally accepted though not actually certain.Gradual decline of the Parthian Kingdom.1 A. D.German NationsThe Christian ChurchSeries of struggles for succession to the throne for over one hundred years.1 A. D.6-9.Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs Lower Germany as a Roman province.4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany.6.Judea made a Roman province under a procurator.9.Hermann, or Arminius defeats Varus atWinfield-Lippe. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions. The line drawn between the Germanic and Latin races.7. Germanicus is sent into Germany.14-17. Expedition of Germanicus.14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), step-son of Augustus.21.India: Gondophares, King of Kabul and Punjab.25The Romans from this time maintain military power on the right bank of the Rhine and from the Maine to the Danube.26.Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea.2528-29. Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work.30. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.37-41.Caligula (properly, Gaius Cæsar Germanicus), youngest son of Germanicus.35-36. ST. PAUL converted to Christianity.41-54. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, influenced largely by 1, the shameless Messalina; 2, the ambitious Agrippina.42.St. Peter, the Apostle, after filling the see of Antioch seven years, goes to Rome.43. Commencement of the conquest of Britain.49.Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.5050. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa (Cologne) founded.50. Vologeses I.5054-68.Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus). Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family.56.Paul arrested in Jerusalem.52. War against Rome for the possession of Armenia Minor.59-62.Murders his wife and mother.59.Paul arrives in Rome.58. China: Ming-Ti introduces Buddhism.64. Fire at Rome, followed,64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero.65. by the persecution of the Christians.66.Outbreak of Jewish war.65. Terminated at the death of Tigranes, when Tiridates accepts the crown of Armenia from Nero.68.Death of Nero, and extinction of the house of Cæsar.67. Pope Linus. Vespasian despatched against the Jews.69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul.69-79.Vespasianus, (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), one best of Roman princes. Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ.70.The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.72.Conquest of Judea completed.71-130. Japan: Keiko and Yamato-Dake make large conquests.7586-107.DACIAN WARS.95.Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian.90.Death of Vologeses. Arsaces XXIV. in alliance with the Romans, embellishes Ctesiphon.75PLUTARCH(50?-120?)98-117.TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius Traianus). Excellent ruler and general. Magnificent buildings in Rome (Forum Traianum) and throughout the empire.100101-103.Victorious over the Dacians.100106. Dacia a Roman province. The country is filled with Roman colonists. Origin of the Latin language in Hungary.107.Reduction of part of Arabia.107.Chosroes (Arsaces XXV.), implicated in a war with Trajan on account of Armenia.109.China: Conquest of Korea.114-116.War with the Parthians, in which Rome is victorious. Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman provinces.112-113.Third traditional persecution, by Trajan.PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an excellent administrator, learned and vain.117. Chosroes restored.117. Gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.121. Roman wall from the Rhine to the Danube by Hadrian.121. Builds a wall across the north of England.121. Vologeses II., (Arsaces XXVI.)125125. India: Nagar-Juna, great apostle of Buddhism.125German NationsThe Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and AfricaThe Christian ChurchParthiaChina, Japan, India131. Improves Roman jurisprudence.140.The Goths migrate southwards.138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose reign was the happiest period of the Roman empire.145.Rise of the Marcionites.149.Vologeses III., (Arsaces XXVII). Renewal of the war with Rome.150154.Canon of Scripture fixed about this time.Justin Martyrpublishes his apology for the Christians.150155. Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus.161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and active sovereign, highly educated, a stoic philosopher.162-165. Verus successful against the Parthians.165. Death of Justin Martyr.165. Casius destroys Seleucia.167-180.War of the league against Rome.166. The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia.170. Invasion of Illyria as far as Aquileia.175178.The Marcomanni and their allies renew the war with Rome, and before the close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium.177.Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius—Irenæus becomes bishop of Lyons.175180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian.FranksGoths193-284.CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.191. Vologeses IV., (Arsaces XXVIII.)Period of Military Despotism193-211. Septimius Severus. Improvements in the administration of justice through the jurist Papinianus.200The name of Franks, (or free men), was given to a military confederacy of the lower Rhine and the Weser.200. The Goths enter Dacia, and after crossing the Danube attack the Roman provinces.201-269.Japan:Jingu-Kogo, most famous of Japanese female sovereigns.200208.Expedition to Britain against the Scots.207. Defeated by Septimius Severus, who sacks the chief towns of Parthia.211-217.Caracalla, (Antoninus Bassianus). By the Constitutio Antoniana Roman citizenship was conferred upon all the inhabitants of the provinces. Systematic plundering of the provinces, unsuccessful wars against the Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Alexandria. Plundering expedition against the Parthians.216.Artabanus IV., (Arsaces XXX), the last of the Arsacidæ.222-235.Severus Alexander.Excellent ruler, advised by the jurists Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus.221-265. China: Epoch of the “Three Kingdoms.”225Persia225226-651. Dynasty of the Sassanides.238.They invade Gaul.236-237.They invade lower Mœsia, and exact tribute of the Romans.235.Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus.226-240. Artaxerxes becomes the founder of the new Persian monarchy.248.Celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome.248.Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism.250250. The Goths, under their king, Ostrogotha, for the first time force their way into the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube.251.Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius.250258-69.Four great expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece.257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian.257. War against the Romans: Sapor advances as far as Cappadocia. The Emperor Valerian taken prisoner.268-270.Claudius II. raised to the throne by the soldiers.260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ.272.They are driven from Illyricum and Thrace, and defeated also on the Danube.270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded peace with the Goths by the sacrifice of the province of Dacia. He defeated Zenobia in two battles, at Antiochia and at Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged and destroyed Palmyra, captured Zenobia, and reconquered Egypt, 273. Aurelian called “Restorer of the universal Empire.”270.Manesadvocates his doctrines in Persia.The Sassanidæ, claiming to be descendants of the ancient kings of Persia, form pretensions to all the Asiatic provinces of the Roman Empire.270-310. Japan:Ojin, a great warrior.274. They obtain Dacia from the Romans.274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian.275275. Tacitus, Imperator. He defeated the Alani, who had invaded Asia Minor.275277.Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks, in the Mediterranean and northern seas.The Goths, in their progress southward, are joined by countless swarms of barbarians and thus overwhelm the countries they invade.276-282. Probus. Drove back the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and Vandals, entered Germany, and strengthened the wall between the Rhine and Danube.282-283. Carus succeeded. Conquered the Sarmatians.284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed imperator by the soldiers.288. Maximian transplants a part of them into Gaul.Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Danube and the northern coast of the Black Sea.Period of Absolute Imperialism.294.Repeated migrations.290. They conquer the Burgundiones.292-301.Narses.300303.Tenth persecution of the Christians, by Diocletian.301-309.Hormisdas II., builds Ormus.300306.Constantine defeats the Franks, who had invaded Gaul.308.Rebellion in Rome. Six emperors.305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus.310-323.WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.311.Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict of Toleration.309-380. Sapor II carries on a series of wars with Rome.313.Japan: Nintoku, the Sage Emperor.323-337.CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, sole ruler. Christianity recognized by the State and favored at the expense of paganism.320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa.320. India:Chandragupta, first supreme emperor of India.BrilliantGupta Period from 320 to 480.325330.Seat of empire moved to Constantinople.325. The Council of Nice, consisting of three hundred and eighteen bishops, who condemn Arianism.Athanasius,Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine.326.Persecution of the Christians.325337. On the death of Constantine the Great, the empire was divided between his three sons: Constantine, Constans and Constantius.337. Pope Julius I.337-363. War with Rome. Sapor demands the restitution of all the provinces Persia had formerly possessed in Asia Minor.340. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius.—Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas).350356-7.Franks and Alemanni pour into Gaul.350. Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire.352.Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers.—Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem.350361.Julian, called the Apostate. Disliked Christianity, and tried to restore paganism.363.Jovian. Restored Christianity.362-3.War with Julian, who is slain in repulsing the Persians, on the Tigris.365-371.Valentinian drives the Alemanni out of Gaul.366.The Goths invade Thrace, but are defeated by the generals of Valens. Upon the invasion of the Huns, the Ostrogoths separate from the Visigoths.364.Empire divided into East and West with an emperor ruling in each.WestEast364. Valentinian I.364. Valens, killed by Goths.372-420.Peace with Rome.375375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS.375375. Death of Hermanric and fall of his empire.375. Gratian and Valentinian II.375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of Tours.375. India: Chandragupta II. extended the empire.376. The Visigoths pressed by the Huns, implore the protection of Valens, and cross the Danube into Mœsia, which he cedes to them.383.Valentinian II.379.Theodosius I. Became a Christian; kept back the Goths; divided Armenia between Rome and Persia.381.The second general council of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus made patriarch of Constantinople.380-383.Artaxerxes II.394.The whole empire was, for the last time, reunited under383-388. Sapor III. Division of Armenia between Persia and Rome.394-395.Theodosius. After his death the division of administration into an eastern and western section, which had existed for a hundred years, became a permanent division of the empire.395.DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.
B. C.The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa—Under Augustus Cæsar, Emperor31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illustrious, the Sublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in 27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the Roman world.Countries Subject to Roman DominionAge of AugustusIn Europe:—Spain,Gaul,Britain,Italy,Rhætia,Vindelicia,Noricum,Pannonia,Illyria,Greece,Macedonia,Thrace,Mœsia,Dacia.27-25. Expedition of Augustus against the Cantabri and Astures.25In Asia:—Asia Minor,Syria,Phœnicia,Palestine,the northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea,Armenia,Mesopotamia,Assyria.25. Expedition to Arabia, without results, conducted by C. Ælius Gallus, prefect of Egypt.22-21. Successful war against the Ethiopians, by Petronius, the successor of Gallus in Egypt.In Africa:—Egypt,and the whole of the northern coast.20. Campaign of Augustus against the Parthians. Tigranes was reinstated in the kingdom of Armenia.19. Subjugation of Spain completed.Its distant territories wereScandia,Sarmatia,India,Æthiopia, andGalatia; Rome itself being the common center of the whole.15. Rhætia made a Roman province, along with Vindelicia (now Augsburg) and Noricum.12-9. Drusus undertook four campaigns in Germany proper.1 A. D.German Nations6-9.Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs Lower Germany as a Roman province.4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany.9.Hermann, or Arminius defeats Varus atWinfield-Lippe. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions. The line drawn between the Germanic and Latin races.7. Germanicus is sent into Germany.14-17. Expedition of Germanicus.14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), step-son of Augustus.25The Romans from this time maintain military power on the right bank of the Rhine and from the Maine to the Danube.37-41. Caligula (properly, Gaius Cæsar Germanicus), youngest son of Germanicus.41-54. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, influenced largely by 1, the shameless Messalina; 2, the ambitious Agrippina.43. Commencement of the conquest of Britain.5050. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa (Cologne) founded.54-68. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus). Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family.59-62. Murders his wife and mother.64. Fire at Rome, followed,65. by the persecution of the Christians.68. Death of Nero, and extinction of the house of Cæsar.69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul.69-79.Vespasianus, (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), one best of Roman princes. Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ.7586-107.DACIAN WARS.PLUTARCH(50?-120?)98-117. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius Traianus). Excellent ruler and general. Magnificent buildings in Rome (Forum Traianum) and throughout the empire.100101-103.Victorious over the Dacians.106. Dacia a Roman province. The country is filled with Roman colonists. Origin of the Latin language in Hungary.107.Reduction of part of Arabia.114-116. War with the Parthians, in which Rome is victorious. Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman provinces.PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an excellent administrator, learned and vain.117. Gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.121. Roman wall from the Rhine to the Danube by Hadrian.121. Builds a wall across the north of England.125German NationsThe Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa131. Improves Roman jurisprudence.140.The Goths migrate southwards.138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose reign was the happiest period of the Roman empire.150161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and active sovereign, highly educated, a stoic philosopher.162-165. Verus successful against the Parthians.167-180.War of the league against Rome.166. The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia.170. Invasion of Illyria as far as Aquileia.175178.The Marcomanni and their allies renew the war with Rome, and before the close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium.FranksGoths193-284.CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.Period of Military Despotism193-211. Septimius Severus. Improvements in the administration of justice through the jurist Papinianus.200The name of Franks, (or free men), was given to a military confederacy of the lower Rhine and the Weser.200. The Goths enter Dacia, and after crossing the Danube attack the Roman provinces.208. Expedition to Britain against the Scots.211-217.Caracalla, (Antoninus Bassianus). By the Constitutio Antoniana Roman citizenship was conferred upon all the inhabitants of the provinces. Systematic plundering of the provinces, unsuccessful wars against the Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Alexandria. Plundering expedition against the Parthians.222-235.Severus Alexander.Excellent ruler, advised by the jurists Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus.225238.They invade Gaul.236-237. They invade lower Mœsia, and exact tribute of the Romans.248. Celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome.250250. The Goths, under their king, Ostrogotha, for the first time force their way into the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube.258-69. Four great expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece.268-270. Claudius II. raised to the throne by the soldiers.272.They are driven from Illyricum and Thrace, and defeated also on the Danube.270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded peace with the Goths by the sacrifice of the province of Dacia. He defeated Zenobia in two battles, at Antiochia and at Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged and destroyed Palmyra, captured Zenobia, and reconquered Egypt, 273. Aurelian called “Restorer of the universal Empire.”274. They obtain Dacia from the Romans.275275. Tacitus, Imperator. He defeated the Alani, who had invaded Asia Minor.277.Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks, in the Mediterranean and northern seas.The Goths, in their progress southward, are joined by countless swarms of barbarians and thus overwhelm the countries they invade.276-282. Probus. Drove back the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and Vandals, entered Germany, and strengthened the wall between the Rhine and Danube.282-283. Carus succeeded. Conquered the Sarmatians.284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed imperator by the soldiers.288. Maximian transplants a part of them into Gaul.Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Danube and the northern coast of the Black Sea.Period of Absolute Imperialism.294.Repeated migrations.290. They conquer the Burgundiones.300306. Constantine defeats the Franks, who had invaded Gaul.308.Rebellion in Rome. Six emperors.310-323. WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.323-337. CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, sole ruler. Christianity recognized by the State and favored at the expense of paganism.325330.Seat of empire moved to Constantinople.337. On the death of Constantine the Great, the empire was divided between his three sons: Constantine, Constans and Constantius.350356-7.Franks and Alemanni pour into Gaul.350. Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire.361.Julian, called the Apostate. Disliked Christianity, and tried to restore paganism.365-371.Valentinian drives the Alemanni out of Gaul.366.The Goths invade Thrace, but are defeated by the generals of Valens. Upon the invasion of the Huns, the Ostrogoths separate from the Visigoths.364. Empire divided into East and West with an emperor ruling in each.WestEast364. Valentinian I.364. Valens, killed by Goths.375375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS.375. Death of Hermanric and fall of his empire.375. Gratian and Valentinian II.376. The Visigoths pressed by the Huns, implore the protection of Valens, and cross the Danube into Mœsia, which he cedes to them.383.Valentinian II.379.Theodosius I. Became a Christian; kept back the Goths; divided Armenia between Rome and Persia.394.The whole empire was, for the last time, reunited under394-395.Theodosius. After his death the division of administration into an eastern and western section, which had existed for a hundred years, became a permanent division of the empire.395.DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.B. C.Roman EmpireParthiaChina, Japan, IndiaPalestine30. Augustus bestows increase of territory on Herod.30. Japan: Suinin, a great civilizer.29. Herod kills his wife, Mariamne.27. India: Andhra kingdom very powerful.2525. Herod begins extensive building operations in Judea: rebuilds Samaria, reconstructs temple at Jerusalem, 20-19.25. Tiridates aspires to the sovereignty but is defeated and takes refuge at the court of Augustus.20. Phraates restores the standards taken from Crassus.18. Sends his sons as hostages to Rome.4. Birth ofJesus Christ. Date now generally accepted though not actually certain.Gradual decline of the Parthian Kingdom.1 A. D.The Christian ChurchSeries of struggles for succession to the throne for over one hundred years.6. Judea made a Roman province under a procurator.21. India: Gondophares, King of Kabul and Punjab.2526.Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea.28-29. Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work.30. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.35-36. ST. PAUL converted to Christianity.42.St. Peter, the Apostle, after filling the see of Antioch seven years, goes to Rome.49. Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.5050. Vologeses I.56.Paul arrested in Jerusalem.52. War against Rome for the possession of Armenia Minor.59.Paul arrives in Rome.58. China: Ming-Ti introduces Buddhism.64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero.66.Outbreak of Jewish war.65. Terminated at the death of Tigranes, when Tiridates accepts the crown of Armenia from Nero.67. Pope Linus. Vespasian despatched against the Jews.70. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.72.Conquest of Judea completed.71-130. Japan: Keiko and Yamato-Dake make large conquests.7595.Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian.90.Death of Vologeses. Arsaces XXIV in alliance with the Romans, embellishes Ctesiphon.100107. Chosroes (Arsaces XXV.), implicated in a war with Trajan on account of Armenia.109.China: Conquest of Korea.112-113. Third traditional persecution, by Trajan.PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.117. Chosroes restored.121. Vologeses II., (Arsaces XXVI.)125125. India: Nagar-Juna, great apostle of Buddhism.The Christian ChurchParthiaChina, Japan, India145. Rise of the Marcionites.149.Vologeses III., (Arsaces XXVII). Renewal of the war with Rome.150154.Canon of Scripture fixed about this time.Justin Martyrpublishes his apology for the Christians.155. Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus.165. Death of Justin Martyr.165. Casius destroys Seleucia.175177.Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius—Irenæus becomes bishop of Lyons.180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian.191. Vologeses IV., (Arsaces XXVIII.)200201-269.Japan:Jingu-Kogo, most famous of Japanese female sovereigns.207. Defeated by Septimius Severus, who sacks the chief towns of Parthia.216. Artabanus IV., (Arsaces XXX), the last of the Arsacidæ.221-265. China: Epoch of the “Three Kingdoms.”225Persia226-651. Dynasty of the Sassanides.235.Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus.226-240. Artaxerxes becomes the founder of the new Persian monarchy.248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism.250251.Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius.257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian.257. War against the Romans: Sapor advances as far as Cappadocia. The Emperor Valerian taken prisoner.260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ.270.Manesadvocates his doctrines in Persia.The Sassanidæ, claiming to be descendants of the ancient kings of Persia, form pretensions to all the Asiatic provinces of the Roman Empire.270-310. Japan:Ojin, a great warrior.274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian.275292-301. Narses.300303.Tenth persecution of the Christians, by Diocletian.301-309.Hormisdas II., builds Ormus.305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus.311.Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict of Toleration.309-380. Sapor II carries on a series of wars with Rome.313.Japan: Nintoku, the Sage Emperor.320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa.320. India:Chandragupta, first supreme emperor of India.BrilliantGupta Period from 320 to 480.325325. The Council of Nice, consisting of three hundred and eighteen bishops, who condemn Arianism.Athanasius,Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine.326.Persecution of the Christians.337. Pope Julius I.337-363. War with Rome. Sapor demands the restitution of all the provinces Persia had formerly possessed in Asia Minor.340. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius.—Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas).350352.Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers.—Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem.363.Jovian. Restored Christianity.362-3. War with Julian, who is slain in repulsing the Persians, on the Tigris.372-420. Peace with Rome.375375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of Tours.375. India: Chandragupta II. extended the empire.381.The second general council of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus made patriarch of Constantinople.380-383.Artaxerxes II.383-388. Sapor III. Division of Armenia between Persia and Rome.395.DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS AND ARCADIUS.
Great Events of Period.Invasion of the Germanic Tribes. Middle Ages begin. Anglo-Invasion of Britain. 400-500: Fall of the Roman Empire. Beginning of new states. 500-600: Great disorders in the West. Beginnings of Feudalism; power of the clergy increases. In the East the great reign of Justinian. 600-700: Rise and wonderful spread of Mohammedanism from Arabia to Siude on the east, and Carthage on the west. Christianizing of Germany.