A. D.SpainBritainFranceGermanyItaly850855. Kingdom divided. Louis II., Emperor, obtains Italy and Rhætia till 875. Charles, Provence, till 863.864-1131. Kingdom of Barcelona.866.Invasion of the Danes.871-900. ALFRED THE GREAT.875876.Kingdom divided: Charles the Fat obtains Suabia and Alsace till 887.Louisthe Younger, Saxony and Thuringia till 882.Carloman,Bavaria, etc. till 879; becomes King of Italy, 877.885-1512.Kingdom of Navarre.884. Charles the Fat reunites the monarchy of the Franks.900901-924.Edward the Elder, the first prince who takes the title of King of England.Rollo, the Dane, forces Charles to confer on him the province of Normandy and becomes:912-961. Abderrahman III.The greatest Arab prince of Spain; splendid edifices built; learning encouraged; commerce flourishes.912. Robert, Duke of Normandy; capital Rouen.919-1024.Kings and Emperors of the Saxon house.919-936. Henry I., the Fowler, a great prince, consolidates the empire.925France is now divided among the powerful barons, who exercise sovereign power in their respective domains.936-973.OTHO the GREAT.950955.Decisive victory over the Huns, which leads to the consolidation of the margravate of Austria.950-961. Berenger II., submitted to Otto as his suzerain.961-965. Otho’s second expedition into Italy; he dethrones Berenger; is crowned king, and emperor.962. Makes Rome his capital.967. Otho II. crowned emperor.975978-1016.Ethelred the Unready.Newinvasion of the Danes.House of Capet987-996.Hugh Capet.France,for a long period before and after the accession of the Capets, has no national history; the royal authority is now restricted to the city in which the court resides.10001000-1035. Sancho III., the Great, King of Navarre and Castile. There existed henceforward three Christian kingdoms in Spain: 1, Castile-Leon; 2, Navarre; 3, Aragon.Golden age of Arabian literature in Spain.1016-1035.Canute the Great, King of Denmark.1002-1024.Henry, Duke of Bavaria, a just and pious king.Continualwars with the Poles and Italy.Venice, Genoa, and Pisa rise in power, opulence and civilization.1017-1041. Danish kings.House of Franconia1024-1039. Conrad II., the Salic.10251026.Hixem III.1029.Settlement of the Normans in South Italy.1030. With him ends the Califate of the West.1039-1056.HENRY III. He defeats the Bohemians and Hungarians and makes both tributary.The imperial power at its highest point.1042.The Saxon line restored.1042-1066.Edward the Confessor. French Normans become a new source of trouble.1041. They conquer Apulia from the Greeks; 1060, Calabria; 1060-1090, Sicily.10501056-1106.Henry IV.1059.Quarrels between the Popes and German Emperors respecting investitures and nomination to the Holy See.1060-1108. Philip I.1060. Robert Guiscard, first duke.1060-1090.Sicily conquered by Count Roger, brother of Robert.Robertinvades the Greek Empire and gains the battle of Durazzo.1072.Alfonso VI. of Castile, enlarges his dominions by conquests from the Mohammedans.1066. Harold elected king, but is defeated and slain in the battle ofHastings, which gives England to William.1066-1154.Norman Kings.1066-1087.WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.1066. William, Duke of Normandy, invades England.10751085. The Cid. Toledo is taken by Alfonso VI. after a three years’ siege.1086. The battle of Zalaca.1087-1100.William II., Rufus.Revolt of the Norman nobles. The feudal system established in England.1096.The First Crusade.Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless.11001100-1135.Henry I., Beauclerc.1101. Robert, Duke of Normandy, invades England.1103-1106. Henry invades and conquers Normandy.1106-1125.Henry V., Emperor of Germany and King of Italy.11251139.Kingdom of Portugal.Wars between the French and English, and rise of rivalry between these two nations, which lasts for three centuries and a half.House of Hohenstaufen1138-1152.Conrad I., elected emperor.1139.The two Sicilies erected into a kingdom under Roger.1147.The Second Crusadepreached by St. Bernard and joined by the Emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of France.Rise of the factions of Guelfs and Ghibelines.11501154-1399.Plantagenets.1154-1189.Henry II., Plantagenet.1152-1190.Frederic I., Barbarossa, Emperor and King, one of the most heroic figures of the Middle Age.1159.War between France and England.1158. Venice a great maritime power.1171-1172.Conquest of Ireland.The French language cultivated.1166. Frederic in Italy. League of the Italian cities, 1167, to preserve their liberties.11751189-1199.Richard I., the Lion-hearted. Dreadful massacre of the Jews at his coronation.1180-1223.Philip II., the greatest prince since Charlemagne.1183.Peace of Constance re-establishes the independence of the Italian Republics.1189.Third Crusadeled by Philip Augustus, of France; Richard, of England; and Frederic Barbarossa.1190-1198. Henry VI., Emperor and King of Italy and the Sicilies.1195. Battle of Alarcon in which the Christians are defeated.1199-1216.John usurps over Arthur, the son of his elder brother, Geoffrey.1198.Philip of Suabia and Otho of Saxony, dispute the crown; the former supported by the Ghibelines, the latter by the Guelfs.12001201-1206.War with France; Philip espouses the cause of Prince Arthur.1204.Venice aggrandized by the conquest of Constantinople.1212.Battle of Navas de Tolosa; a victory for the Christians.1202. TheFourth Crusadeunder Boniface of Montferrat.1212-1250.Frederic II. becomes emperor and king of the two Sicilies.1210-1212.First war of Venice and Genoa.1213-1276. James I., the Conqueror in Aragon.1213-1215. War with France; the English lose Vermandois and Valois.1214-1217. Henry I., King in Castile.1215.Insurrection of the barons.MagnaChartasigned at Runnymede.A. D.ChurchScandinavia and SlavsEastern EmpireSaracensChina, Japan, India850860.Separation of the Greek and Latin Churches.862.Russia: Rurik, first grand prince.859. Japan: Powerful Seiwa family arises.867.Pope Hadrian II., Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, deposed.863-1030. Norway: Harold Harfargar to St. Olaf.867-1057.Eastern emperors of the Macedonian line.870-892.Muattemed re-establishes the capital at Bagdad.872. Pope John VIII.875895.Hungary: Magyars under Arpad enter the Kingdom.886-911. Leo VI., the Philosopher.900907-960.China: Period of five dynasties.911. The Northmen in France embrace Christianity.917.The Bulgarians besiege Constantinople.925927.Odo, abbot of Cluny, establishes celebrated code of discipline.941.Russian expedition against Constantinople, under Igor.950956.Armenia and the provinces between the Black and the Caspian Sea, recovered from the Saracens.959. St. Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and attempts to reform the church; enforcing clerical celibacy.959-963. Romanus II.960.China: Tai Tsoo founder of later Sung dynasty.966.Poland receives Christianity under Miecislas.964-975. Cyprus, Cilicia and Antioch are captured by Nicephorus; Syria is overrun, and, under Zimisces, the Greeks penetrate to the Tigris.969. TheFatimitesbecome masters of Egypt, with Cairo as the capital.975976-1025.Basil II.980.Seljuk, a Turk officer of the khan of Tartary, becomes a Mohammedan, and settles in Samarcand.989. Byzantine Christianity propagated in Russia by Vladimir the Great.999.Pope Sylvester II.10001000-1186. India: Supremacy of Ghazni.1019.Russia: Yaroslaff the Great.1018. Bulgaria again reduced to a Grecian province.10251025-1028. Constantine IX.Culminationpoint of Byzantine greatness. Greeks greatest merchants and capitalists of the world during this century.Golden Age of Rajput civilization in India.1042. Turks invade and conquer Persia.Thekingdom of Ghizni declines after 1032, and is confined to India; falls 1183.10501057-1185.Eastern emperors of the houses of the Ducas and the Comnenes. Southern Italy lost to the Normans.1059.Quarrels between the Popes and German Emperors respecting investitures and nomination to the Holy See.1073.POPE GREGORY VII.Papacyattains great power.10751077.Hungary: Ladislas I., the Saint.1076.Jerusalem captured by Turks.1084. Bohemia erected into a kingdom by the Emperor Henry IV.1084. Seljuks in Asia Minor.1088. Pope Urban II.1092.The Seljuk Empire falls apart into a number of smaller states. Iconium or Roum, Damascus, Aleppo, Kerman and Iran.1095-1270.The First Crusade.1099. Pope Pascal II.1099. Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon, elected king by the army.11001100-1523. Denmark: Introduction of Feudal system to Independence of Sweden.1100-1468.Norway.1100-1448.Sweden.1119.Pope Calixtus II.11251127.China: Kaou Tsung, Emperor.1146.The Second Crusade.Thepower of the crusaders declines.11501154.Pope Hadrian IV.1159.Pope Alexander III.1157.Denmark: Waldemar I., the Great.1156. Japan: War between the families ofGenandHei.1170. The Waldenses.1171-1193.Saladin becomes Sultan of Egypt. Extends his dominions in Egypt, conquers Syria, Assyria, Mesopotamia and Arabia.11751177.Poland: Casimir the Just.1185-1204.Dynasty of Angelus.1186-1206.India: The Afghans of Ghor rule.1189.The Third Crusade.1191. Pope Celestine III.1193.Saladin dies; his dominions divided.1198.Pope Innocent III.1200Papal power attains its climax. It is supreme over secular power.1202-1241.Denmark: Waldemar II., the Conqueror.1204.New revolution. The Crusaders return, again take Constantinople.1204-1261.Latin Empire.1202.The Fourth Crusade.1206.Genghis Khanbecomes emperor of the Mongols.ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI(1182-1226)1215. Fourth Lateran, and twelfth general council against the Albigenses and all heretics. The doctrines of transubstantiation and auricular confession established.1217-1262.Norway: Haco IV.
Great Events of Period.1200-1300: Hanse League established. Great conquests Tartars in Asia; they overrun Russia and establish a dynasty at Moscow. 1300-1400: Growth of cities and trade—especially in Italy, where also literature and art, inspired by Dante and Giotto, make progress. Popes at Avignon. Era of Wyclif: his teaching spreads in Bohemia. Invention of gunpowder. Mariner’s compass comes into use in the West. 1400-1500: Turks take Constantinople. Revival of learning and advance of art in the West—especially in Italy. Consolidation of France and Spain. End of Tartar rule in Russia. Invention of printing. Formation of modern “middle classes.” Maritime discoveries: The cape route to India; the “New World.” End of the Middle Ages.
A. D.Spain, PortugalBritainFranceHoly Roman EmpireSwitzerland, Poland, Hungary, BohemiaScandinavia and RussiaEastern EmpireSaracensChina, Japan, IndiaA. D.Italy and ChurchGermany1214-1292.ROGER BACON.Struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. The power of the Roman pontiffs is carried to the highest pitch during this century.1217.Ferdinand, King of Castile.1216-1272. Henry III.1219.Japan: The shogunate seized by the Fujiwara.1224-1240.Mongolian invasion of Russia.1221. Robert Guiscard, Emperor.1221. The Khorasmian Empire overthrown by Genghis Khan.12251230.Castile and Leon united by Ferdinand III., who takes large territory from the Moors.1228.The Fifth Crusade.Many English and French nobles join.1226-1270.LOUIS IX., Saint. Blanche of Castile, his mother, regent.1227-1274.THOMAS AQUINAS.12251248.The king sets out onThe Sixth Crusade.1243.Struggle of Pope Innocent IV. with the Emperor Frederick.1243.The Hanseatic League.1242. Alexander Nevski, Prince of Novgorod.1244.The Khorasmians take Jerusalem.12501253.The Alhambra founded.1250. Conrad IV., Emperor.1250. Egypt: The Mamelukes rule; take Damascus and Aleppo.12501263-1265.CIVIL WAR.1262.Norway: Iceland subjected. Greenland tributary to Norway.1261.Michael Palæologus recovers Constantinople and overthrows the Latin Empire.1258. Hulaku Khan enters Persia, takes Bagdad, and an end to the caliphate.1259-1294.China: Kublai Khan, Emperor of all China, founder of the Mongol dynasty.1265.Parliament of Simon of Montfort. Beginning of the House of Commons. Defeat and death of Simon of Montfort at Evesham.1264. China: Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital.1270.The Seventh and Last Crusade.House of Hapsburg1274.Crown of Navarre passes to France.1272-1307.Edward I., Longshanks.1274.Fourteenth General Council at Lyons.1273.Rudolf, Emperor, founds House of Hapsburg.12751283.England and Wales united. Robert Bruce and John Balliol contend for the crown of Scotland.1276.France at war with Castile.1279.Russia: Hanseatic settlement at Novgorod.1281.Japan: Invasion of Mongol Tatars.12751284. Annexation of Wales to England.1291.James II., King of Aragon.1297.War between England and Scotland.1297.Invasion of Flanders.1293.Naval war between Genoa and Venice.1298.Adolphus, Emperor, deposed and Albert I. enthroned.1295.Poland: Vladislav the Dwarf, founder of Polish greatness.1291.Capture of Acre by the Mamelukes; end of the European states in Asia Minor.1288. Othman begins to lay the foundations of the Turkish power in Asia Minor.13001302.First convocation of the states-general in France.1303.Papal power declines.13001304. War with Flanders.1304. Rise of the Swiss towns.1306.Robert Bruceproclaimed king of Scotland.1306. Rudolf of Austria, Emperor.1309.Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon.1308. Henry of Luxemburg, Emperor. General insurrection in Switzerland.1312.Alphonso XI., King of Castile and Leon.1311. General Council at Vienna.1314.Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria contend for the crown.1315-1388.AUSTRO-SWISS WAR.1265-1321.DANTE.1322. Frederick of Austria defeated.13251326.Death of Othman; Orkhan, son of Othman, makes Prusa his capital.13251327. Arrival of 200,000 Moors to assist Granada.1327-1377.Edward III.1327. Nicomedia taken by Orkhan.1328-1400.CHAUCER.1328-1498.The House of Valois.1328-1350.Philip VI.1328. Moscow under the Grand-duke Ivan Kalita becomes paramount in Russia.1329.Andronicus III. defeated by the Turks in the battle of Pelekanon.1330.Nicæa taken.1265-1337.GIOTTO.1333. Poland: Casimir the Great becomes King.1333. China: Shun-te last of the Mongol Emperors succeeds.Japan:Fall of the Hojo family.1340.Moors defeated at Tarifa.1337.Edward lays claim to France which gives rise to:1337-1453.HUNDRED YEARS WAR.1339.Struggle in Rome between the Colonna and the Ursini.House of Luxemburg1342.Hungary: Louis the Great.1340.Denmark: Waldemar III.1341.John V. (Paleologus), Emperor.1336-1392. Japan: Feudalism reached its height.1347.Democracy in Rome under Rienzi, last of the Tribunes.1346-1378. Charles IV., King of Bohemia.1350Heroic Age of Portugal.1354.Rienzi killed; papal dominion restored.1355-1356.Promulgation of the golden bull; it fixes the prerogatives of the electoral college. Fundamental law of the empire.1354.Turks seize Gallipoli in Europe.13501359. Murad I., conquered Adrianople.1364-1380.Charles V. the Wise.1365.Adrianople residence of sovereigns.1363. Timur, or Tamerlane, begins his career of conquest.1368-1398. China: Hung Woo establishes the native Ming dynasty.1370.Poland: Extinction of the royal race of Piasts with Casimir III.1369. Timur becomes king of Transoxiana and makes Samarcand the capital of his new empire.13751378.Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, Emperor.1382.Russia: The Tartars sack Moscow.1381.The empire pays tribute to the Turks.13751394-1460.Henry the Navigator, King of Portugal.1387. Denmark and Norway: Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, becomes queen.1392.Timur subjugates Persia.1399-1461.House of Lancaster.1399.Henry IV., King of England.1397.Union of Calmar, forming Denmark, Sweden and Norway into a single monarchy.1398.Invasion of India by Timur; he takes Delhi.14001400. Robert, Count of Palatine, Emperor.1402.Bajazet defeated and made prisoner by Timur at the battle of Angora.1400-1573. Japan: The Shoguns dominate for almost two centuries.14001403. Empire of the Turks divided after death of Bajazet, among Solyman I., Musa and Mohammed I.1407.John II., King of Castile.1406. James I., King of Scotland.1410.Civil war between Orleans and Burgundy.1411.Sigismund, King of Hungary, Emperor.1416.Alphonso V., King of Aragon and Sicily.1414.Henry V. claims the French crown.1414.Council of Constance.1419.Bohemia: HUSSITE WAR.1413. Mohammed I. sole ruler of the Turks.1422.Henry VI. proclaimed at Paris, King of France. War with France.1420. Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia.1424. Bohemia: Death of John Ziska, the Hussite leader.14251430.War between Castile and Granada.1427-1429.Siege of Orleans.The English defeated by the French under Joan of Arc. France saved from the fate of Ireland. Charles VII. crowned at Rheims.1429-1463.Cosmo de’ Medici in Florence, great patron of the arts and sciences.14251431. Joan of Arc burned.1438.House of Austria.Albert II. (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor.1438-1439. The emperor visits Italy to obtain help against the Turks.1444. Truce with France. Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou.1446.War with Hungary.1448.Denmark: Christian I., of Oldenburg, King. Sweden: Charles VIII.1448.Constantine XII., last of the Greek emperors.14501450-1560.Period of great maritime power of the Portuguese.1450. Richard, Duke of York, claims the throne.1450-1466. House of Sforza in Milan.1451.Mohammed II., sultan of the Turks.14501452. Civil war in Navarre, in which Castile and Aragon join.1453.End of the French and English wars, without any formal peace.1453.Austria made an hereditary duchy by Emperor Frederick III.1453.Siege and capture of Constantinople by the Turks, ending the Eastern Empire.1454. Henry IV. of Castile, King of Spain.1455-1485.WARS OF THE ROSES.1454. Struggle between Cosmo de’ Medici and the aristocracy.Ottoman Empire1458. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus makes his country formidable to her neighbors.1458. Greece subjected to the Turks.1461-1485.House of York.1461.Edward IV., King. House of York.1461. Louis XI., King.1462.The emperor besieged in court at Vienna.1464.War with Hungary.1468. Uzun Hasan, master of all Persia.1469. Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabella of Castile.1470.Henry VI. restored by Warwick.1469.Lorenzo de’ Mediciat Florence.1469-1480. Invasion of the Turks.1470.Forms an alliance with the Venetians and the Duke of Burgundy against the Turks; conquers Bagdad.1469. India: The Sikhs become powerful.1471. Return of Edward IV. Deaths of Warwick and Henry VI.1471. Increase of the power of the Medici. Rise of learning. Sixtus IV., Pope.1472.Russia: Ivan III. marries Sophia, niece of the Greek Emperor.14751475. Edward IV. invades France.1477.Artois and Burgundy united to France.1477.Marriage of Maximilian and Maria of Burgundy.1477.Hungary: War with Frederick III.14751479.Union of Castile and Aragon.1480.War between England and Scotland.1480.Otranto taken.1481.Bajazet II., Sultan.House of Tudor1483-1498. Charles VIII.1485-1509. Henry VII.1485. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus takes Vienna.1492. Conquest of Granada and union of the kingdom with Castile.1492.America discovered by Columbus.