A. D.Spain, PortugalBritainFranceHoly Roman EmpireItaly and ChurchGermany1214-1292.ROGER BACON.Struggle of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. The power of the Roman pontiffs is carried to the highest pitch during this century.1217.Ferdinand, King of Castile.1216-1272. Henry III.12251230.Castile and Leon united by Ferdinand III., who takes large territory from the Moors.1228.The Fifth Crusade.Many English and French nobles join.1226-1270.LOUIS IX., Saint. Blanche of Castile, his mother, regent.1227-1274.THOMAS AQUINAS.1248.The king sets out onThe Sixth Crusade.1243. Struggle of Pope Innocent IV. with the Emperor Frederick.1243.The Hanseatic League.12501253.The Alhambra founded.1250. Conrad IV., Emperor.1263-1265. CIVIL WAR.1265. Parliament of Simon of Montfort. Beginning of the House of Commons. Defeat and death of Simon of Montfort at Evesham.1270.The Seventh and Last Crusade.House of Hapsburg1274.Crown of Navarre passes to France.1272-1307.Edward I., Longshanks.1274.Fourteenth General Council at Lyons.1273.Rudolf, Emperor, founds House of Hapsburg.12751283.England and Wales united. Robert Bruce and John Balliol contend for the crown of Scotland.1276.France at war with Castile.1284. Annexation of Wales to England.1291. James II., King of Aragon.1297.War between England and Scotland.1297.Invasion of Flanders.1293.Naval war between Genoa and Venice.1298.Adolphus, Emperor, deposed and Albert I. enthroned.13001302.First convocation of the states-general in France.1303.Papal power declines.1304. War with Flanders.1304. Rise of the Swiss towns.1306.Robert Bruceproclaimed king of Scotland.1306. Rudolf of Austria, Emperor.1309.Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon.1308. Henry of Luxemburg, Emperor. General insurrection in Switzerland.1312.Alphonso XI., King of Castile and Leon.1311. General Council at Vienna.1314.Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria contend for the crown.1265-1321.DANTE.1322. Frederick of Austria defeated.13251327. Arrival of 200,000 Moors to assist Granada.1327-1377.Edward III.1328-1400.CHAUCER.1328-1498.The House of Valois.1328-1350.Philip VI.1265-1337.GIOTTO.1340.Moors defeated at Tarifa.1337. Edward lays claim to France which gives rise to:1337-1453.HUNDRED YEARS WAR.1339.Struggle in Rome between the Colonna and the Ursini.House of Luxemburg1347.Democracy in Rome under Rienzi, last of the Tribunes.1346-1378. Charles IV., King of Bohemia.1350Heroic Age of Portugal.1354.Rienzi killed; papal dominion restored.1355-1356.Promulgation of the golden bull; it fixes the prerogatives of the electoral college. Fundamental law of the empire.1364-1380. Charles V. the Wise.13751378.Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, Emperor.1394-1460.Henry the Navigator, King of Portugal.1399-1461.House of Lancaster.1399.Henry IV., King of England.14001400. Robert, Count of Palatine, Emperor.1407.John II., King of Castile.1406. James I., King of Scotland.1410.Civil war between Orleans and Burgundy.1411.Sigismund, King of Hungary, Emperor.1416.Alphonso V., King of Aragon and Sicily.1414. Henry V. claims the French crown.1414. Council of Constance.1422.Henry VI. proclaimed at Paris, King of France. War with France.1420. Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia.14251430.War between Castile and Granada.1427-1429.Siege of Orleans.The English defeated by the French under Joan of Arc. France saved from the fate of Ireland. Charles VII. crowned at Rheims.1429-1463.Cosmo de’ Medici in Florence, great patron of the arts and sciences.1431. Joan of Arc burned.1438.House of Austria.Albert II. (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor.1444. Truce with France. Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou.1446.War with Hungary.14501450-1560.Period of great maritime power of the Portuguese.1450. Richard, Duke of York, claims the throne.1450-1466. House of Sforza in Milan.1452. Civil war in Navarre, in which Castile and Aragon join.1453.End of the French and English wars, without any formal peace.1453.Austria made an hereditary duchy by Emperor Frederick III.1454. Henry IV. of Castile, King of Spain.1455-1485.WARS OF THE ROSES.1454. Struggle between Cosmo de’ Medici and the aristocracy.1461-1485.House of York.1461.Edward IV., King. House of York.1461. Louis XI., King.1462.The emperor besieged in court at Vienna.1469. Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabella of Castile.1470.Henry VI. restored by Warwick.1469.Lorenzo de’ Mediciat Florence.1469-1480. Invasion of the Turks.1471. Return of Edward IV. Deaths of Warwick and Henry VI.1471. Increase of the power of the Medici. Rise of learning. Sixtus IV., Pope.14751475. Edward IV. invades France.1477.Artois and Burgundy united to France.1477.Marriage of Maximilian and Maria of Burgundy.1479.Union of Castile and Aragon.1480.War between England and Scotland.House of Tudor1483-1498. Charles VIII.1485-1509. Henry VII.1492. Conquest of Granada and union of the kingdom with Castile.1492.America discovered by Columbus.A. D.Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, BohemiaScandinavia and RussiaEastern EmpireSaracensChina, Japan, India1219. Japan: The shogunate seized by the Fujiwara.1224-1240.Mongolian invasion of Russia.1221. Robert Guiscard, Emperor.1221. The Khorasmian Empire overthrown by Genghis Khan.12251242. Alexander Nevski, Prince of Novgorod.1244.The Khorasmians take Jerusalem.12501250. Egypt: The Mamelukes rule; take Damascus and Aleppo.1262.Norway: Iceland subjected. Greenland tributary to Norway.1261.Michael Palæologus recovers Constantinople and overthrows the Latin Empire.1258. Hulaku Khan enters Persia, takes Bagdad, and an end to the caliphate.1259-1294.China: Kublai Khan, Emperor of all China, founder of the Mongol dynasty.1264. China: Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital.12751279.Russia: Hanseatic settlement at Novgorod.1281.Japan: Invasion of Mongol Tatars.1295.Poland: Vladislav the Dwarf, founder of Polish greatness.1291.Capture of Acre by the Mamelukes; end of the European states in Asia Minor.1288. Othman begins to lay the foundations of the Turkish power in Asia Minor.13001315-1388. AUSTRO-SWISS WAR.13251326.Death of Othman; Orkhan, son of Othman, makes Prusa his capital.1327. Nicomedia taken by Orkhan.1328. Moscow under the Grand-duke Ivan Kalita becomes paramount in Russia.1329.Andronicus III. defeated by the Turks in the battle of Pelekanon.1330.Nicæa taken.1333. Poland: Casimir the Great becomes King.1333. China: Shun-te last of the Mongol Emperors succeeds.Japan:Fall of the Hojo family.1342.Hungary: Louis the Great.1340.Denmark: Waldemar III.1341.John V. (Paleologus), Emperor.1336-1392. Japan: Feudalism reached its height.13501354.Turks seize Gallipoli in Europe.1359. Murad I., conquered Adrianople.1365.Adrianople residence of sovereigns.1363. Timur, or Tamerlane, begins his career of conquest.1368-1398. China: Hung Woo establishes the native Ming dynasty.1370.Poland: Extinction of the royal race of Piasts with Casimir III.1369. Timur becomes king of Transoxiana and makes Samarcand the capital of his new empire.13751382.Russia: The Tartars sack Moscow.1381.The empire pays tribute to the Turks.1387. Denmark and Norway: Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, becomes queen.1392.Timur subjugates Persia.1397.Union of Calmar, forming Denmark, Sweden and Norway into a single monarchy.1398.Invasion of India by Timur; he takes Delhi.14001402.Bajazet defeated and made prisoner by Timur at the battle of Angora.1400-1573. Japan: The Shoguns dominate for almost two centuries.1403. Empire of the Turks divided after death of Bajazet, among Solyman I., Musa and Mohammed I.1419.Bohemia: HUSSITE WAR.1413. Mohammed I. sole ruler of the Turks.1420. Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia.1424. Bohemia: Death of John Ziska, the Hussite leader.14251429-1463.Cosmo de’ Medici in Florence, great patron of the arts and sciences.1438-1439. The emperor visits Italy to obtain help against the Turks.1448. Denmark: Christian I., of Oldenburg, King. Sweden: Charles VIII.1448. Constantine XII., last of the Greek emperors.14501451.Mohammed II., sultan of the Turks.1453. Siege and capture of Constantinople by the Turks, ending the Eastern Empire.Ottoman Empire1458. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus makes his country formidable to her neighbors.1458. Greece subjected to the Turks.1464. War with Hungary.1468. Uzun Hasan, master of all Persia.1470.Forms an alliance with the Venetians and the Duke of Burgundy against the Turks; conquers Bagdad.1469. India: The Sikhs become powerful.1472. Russia: Ivan III. marries Sophia, niece of the Greek Emperor.14751477.Hungary: War with Frederick III.1480. Otranto taken.1481.Bajazet II., Sultan.1483-1498. Charles VIII.1485. Hungary: Matthias Corvinus takes Vienna.
Great Events of Period.1500-1600: The Reformation: Immense development of new life in Europe. Age of Charles V. Power of Spain, and her conquests in America. The monarchy strong in England. 1600-1700: The Thirty Years’ War, at first a life struggle of Roman Catholics and Protestants, results in downfall of Spain, and the ascendency of France, which reached its zenith under Louis XIV.
A. D.BritainSpain and PortugalHollandFranceHoly Roman EmpirePoland, Prussia, Hungary, BohemiaScandinavia and RussiaOttoman Empire and PersiaChina, Japan, IndiaA. D.Italy and ChurchGermany and AustriaThe power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century.1491.Bretagne united to the crown.1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS.1493-1519.Maximilian I.1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy.1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish.1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy.1494-1559.Sixty-five years of Italian Wars.1495.Diet at Worms.1497-1503. Voyages ofAmerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored.COPERNICUS(1473-1543).1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope.15001502.Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter, Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland.1500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain.1502.Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia.1502.Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia.15001503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown.JULIUS II., pope.1509.Henry VIII., King.1506.Columbus dies at Valladolid.1506-1530.Margaret of Austria regent for her nephew Charles.1506.Poland: Sigismund I., the Great.1505. War with Persia.1506.China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China.1512.War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope against France.1510. Council of Tours.1512.Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles.1512.Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father.1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed.1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts.LUTHER(1483-1546).1514.Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to the empire.1515.Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal.1515.Francis I.invades Italy.1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany.ARIOSTO(1474-1533).1517.Beginning of the Reformation.1516. Cairo taken.1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez.RAPHAEL(1483-1520).1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor.1520.Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows Sten Sture.1520.Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan.1521. First war with Charles V.1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg.1523.Sweden: Revolt underGustavus Vasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I.1521. Belgrade taken.15251525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia.1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia.MICHAELANGELO(1475-1564).TITIAN(1477-1576).HOLBEIN(1498-1559).1525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession.1526.Invasion of Hungary.1526.India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi.15251527. Second war with Charles V.1529.Reformation begins in England.Rivalry of Spain and France begins.CALVIN(1509-1564).1530.Russia:Ivan IV., the Terrible.1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna.1532.The king marries Anne Boleyn.1531-1532. Conquest of Peru byPizarro.1532-1544.Struggle for possession of Italy.1533.Norway and Denmark: Christian III.1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope.IGNATIUS LOYOLA(1491-1556).1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis.1540. Lisbon the market of the world.1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA.1543.Invasion of France.1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River.1543.Alliance with England against France.1547.Edward VI., King. Formal establishment of Protestantism.1547.Henry II., King;Catherine de’ Medici, Queen.1545. Council of Trent.1546-1547.Schmalkaldic War.1547.Turks invade Persia.15501552.Fifth war with Charles V.1550. Julius III., Pope.1551.Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants.1551.Tripoli taken.15501553.Mary Tudor, Queen of England.1552. Invasion of Hungary.1554. Lady Jane Grey executed.PALISSY(1510-1589).1555. Persecution of the Protestants.1556.Philip II., King.1556.Charles V. abdicates.1556.India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron of science and literature.Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor.1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans.CAMOENS(1525-1579).RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598.1559.Termination of French wars in Italy.1559.Denmark and Norway: Frederick II.1559.Military power of the Turks at its greatest height under Soliman.1564.Acquisition of the Philippines.1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots.Tintoretto(1512-1594).1564.Maximilian II., Emperor.Tycho Brahe(1546-1601).1568.Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refuge in England.1567.Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands.WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568.MONTAIGNE(1533-1592).1569.Florence a grand duchy.1569.Poland and Lithuania united by the Diet of Lublin.1570.War with Venice.SPENSER(1553-1599).SIRWALTER RALEIGH(1552-1618).1571. Battle of Lepanto.Reign of Terror under Alva.1572.Massacre of St. Bartholomew.Torquato Tasso(1544-1595).1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned.1571. Battle of Lepanto.1573.Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; Nobunaga supreme.15751576.The Catholic league.1576.Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor.1575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits.15751577. Sixth religious war.1578.Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia.1580.Portugal passes under Spanish dominion.1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht;William, Prince of Orange, stadholder.1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia.1584. William of Orange assassinated.1585. War with Spain.1585. PopeSixtusV. restores the Vatican library.1588.Spanish Armada destroyed.1588.Defeat of theSpanish Armada. England saved from Spanish invasion.1588.Revolt of Paris.1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King.1588.Denmark: Christian IV.Maritime supremacy of England begins.1589-1792.House of Bourbon.1589-1610.HENRY IV.1589. Revolt of the Janisaries.CERVANTES(1547-1616).1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards.1592.The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice.1592.Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown.1596-1597.Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh in South America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned.1598-1621.Philip III.1598.Edict of Nantestoleration granted to the Protestants.GALILEO(1564-1642).1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn.RUBENS(1577-1640).1595.Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia.SHAKESPEARE(1564-1616).KEPLER(1571-1630).16001603.Union of England and Scotland.1603.Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: his descendants retain power till 1868.1600BACON(1561-1626).1583-1645.GROTIUS.1607.English settlement atJamestown.1609.Expulsion of the Moors.1610.Assassination of Henry IV.1609.Leghorn becomes the emporium of the Levant trade.1608.Protestant union under Frederick the Elector.1611.Sweden: GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark.Oxenstiern, Minister.1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor.1614.Last assembly of the states-general.1613. Russia:Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line.1616.Sweden dominates the North.1618-1648.THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR.1618-1648.1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding ofPlymouth.1621.Dutch War.1621.Dutch West India Company incorporated.1620. Massacre of Prague.HARVEY(1578-1657).1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu.16251625. Charles I., King.1625. Naval war with England.1625. Breda taken by Spinola.DESCARTES(1596-1650).1626.St. Peter’sdedicated.1628.Victories of Wallenstein.16251629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany.War with Austria1682-1699.1632.Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Baltimore.1631. Influence of France increases.1632.Battle of Lutzen.1632.War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow.1632.Sweden:Christina, Queen;Oxenstiern, Regent.1634.Murad invades Persia.1639.Great naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs.Vandyck(1599-1641).1638.Invasion of Spain.1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks.1642-1649.CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION.1640. Portugal regains independence.VELASQUEZ(1599-1660).1640. Turin taken by the French.1643.LOUIS XIV., King.1646.Revolt of Naples under Masaniello.1640.Frederick Williamof Prussia.1645.War with Venice.1644.China: Establishment of the Manchu dynasty.1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of “the Rump.”1648.Wars of the Fronde.1648.Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster.Atthis time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe.