A. D.BritainPoland, Prussia, Hungary, BohemiaScandinavia and RussiaOttoman Empire and PersiaChina, Japan, India15001502.Marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter, Margaret, with James IV., King of Scotland.1502.Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia.1502.Persia: Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia.1509.Henry VIII., King.1506.Poland: Sigismund I., the Great.1505. War with Persia.1506.China: Portuguese, first Europeans in China.1512. War with France. Alliance with Spain and the Pope against France.1512. Selim I. dethrones and puts to death his father.1513. Battle of Flodden; James IV. killed.1514.Persians defeated; Kurdistan added to the empire.1515.Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal.1516. Cairo taken.1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Sweden and overthrows Sten Sture.1520. Soliman the Magnificent, Sultan.1523.Sweden: Revolt underGustavus Vasa. The Danes expelled. Union of Calmar dissolved. Denmark and Norway: Frederick I.1521. Belgrade taken.15251525. Albert, Grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession.1526.Invasion of Hungary.1526.India: Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi.1529.Reformation begins in England.1530.Russia:Ivan IV., the Terrible.1529. Invasion of Austria. Siege of Vienna.1532. The king marries Anne Boleyn.1533.Norway and Denmark: Christian III.1535. Henry excommunicated by the Pope.1535. Barbarossa seizes Tunis.1543. Invasion of France.1547. Edward VI., King. Formal establishment of Protestantism.1547. Turks invade Persia.15501551. Tripoli taken.1553.Mary Tudor, Queen of England.1552. Invasion of Hungary.1554. Lady Jane Grey executed.1555. Persecution of the Protestants.1556.India: AKBAR becomes Mogul emperor, a patron of science and literature.Mogul Empire at its greatest splendor.1558. ELIZABETH, Queen. Rise of the Puritans.1559.Denmark and Norway: Frederick II.1559.Military power of the Turks at its greatest height under Soliman.Tycho Brahe(1546-1601).1568.Mary, Queen of Scots, takes refuge in England.1569.Poland and Lithuania united by the Diet of Lublin.1570.War with Venice.SPENSER(1553-1599).SIRWALTER RALEIGH(1552-1618).1571. Russia devastated by the Tartars, and Moscow burned.1571. Battle of Lepanto.1573.Japan: Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; Nobunaga supreme.15751575. Poland: Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits.1578. Alliance of Sweden and Poland against Russia.1584. Raleigh’s colony in Virginia.1585. War with Spain.1588.Spanish Armada destroyed.1587. Poland: Sigismund III., King.1588.Denmark: Christian IV.Maritime supremacy of England begins.1589. Revolt of the Janisaries.1592. Sweden: Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown.1596-1597.Naval expeditions of Drake and Raleigh in South America. Cadiz taken, and the Spanish fleet burned.RUBENS(1577-1640).1595. Power in Hungary declines; revolt of Wallachia.SHAKESPEARE(1564-1616).16001603.Union of England and Scotland.1603.Japan: Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun: his descendants retain power till 1868.BACON(1561-1626).1607.English settlement atJamestown.1611.Sweden: GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King. War with Denmark.Oxenstiern, Minister.1605. India: Jehangir, Mogul, Emperor.1613. Russia:Michael Romanoff, Czar, founder of the present ruling line.1616.Sweden dominates the North.1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR. 1618-1648.1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding ofPlymouth.HARVEY(1578-1657).16251625. Charles I., King.War with Austria1682-1699.1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Baltimore.1632. War with Russia. Poles advance to Moscow.1632. Sweden:Christina, Queen;Oxenstiern, Regent.1634.Murad invades Persia.1637. Troubles on the Tartar frontier. Bagdad taken by the Turks.1642-1649.CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION.1640.Frederick Williamof Prussia.1645.War with Venice.1644.China: Establishment of the Manchu dynasty.1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. The presbyterians expelled from parliament, which receives the name of “the Rump.”1648.Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster.Atthis time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe.A. D.Spain and PortugalHollandFranceHoly Roman EmpireItaly and ChurchGermany and AustriaThe power of Spain grew rapidly. Greatest power in Europe during most of Sixteenth Century.1491.Bretagne united to the crown.1492. America discovered by COLUMBUS.1493-1519.Maximilian I.1494-1529. WARS WITH FRENCH for control of Italy.1494-1529. WARS FOR THE CONTROL OF ITALY between the French and Spanish.1494. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy.1494-1559.Sixty-five years of Italian Wars.1495.Diet at Worms.1497-1503. Voyages ofAmerigo Vespucius. South American coast explored.COPERNICUS(1473-1543).1498. Vasco de Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope.15001500. Partition of Naples between France and Spain.1503. Naples annexed to the Spanish crown.JULIUS II., pope.1506. Columbus dies at Valladolid.1506-1530.Margaret of Austria regent for her nephew Charles.1510. Council of Tours.1512.Maximilian divides the empire into ten circles.1513. Pope LEO X. patron of literature and the arts.LUTHER(1483-1546).1515.Francis I.invades Italy.1516-1556. CHARLES I. of Spain and V. of Germany.ARIOSTO(1474-1533).1517.Beginning of the Reformation.1519. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez.RAPHAEL(1483-1520).1519-1556. CHARLES V., King of Spain, Emperor.1521. First war with Charles V.1521. Accession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg.15251525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia.1525. Spanish ascendency by the victory of Pavia.MICHAELANGELO(1475-1564).TITIAN(1477-1576).HOLBEIN(1498-1559).1527. Second war with Charles V.Rivalry of Spain and France begins.CALVIN(1509-1564).1531-1532. Conquest of Peru byPizarro.1532-1544.Struggle for possession of Italy.IGNATIUS LOYOLA(1491-1556).1540. Lisbon the market of the world.1540. Order of Jesuits founded by LOYOLA.1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River.1543.Alliance with England against France.1547.Henry II., King;Catherine de’ Medici, Queen.1545. Council of Trent.1546-1547.Schmalkaldic War.15501552.Fifth war with Charles V.1550. Julius III., Pope.1551.Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants.PALISSY(1510-1589).1556.Philip II., King.1556.Charles V. abdicates.CAMOENS(1525-1579).RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 1562-1598.1559. Termination of French wars in Italy.1564.Acquisition of the Philippines.1562. Religious liberty granted to the Huguenots.Tintoretto(1512-1594).1564.Maximilian II., Emperor.1567.Duke of Alva, Governor of the Netherlands.WAR OF LIBERATION. 1568-1648. Sanguinary tribunals. Egmont and Horn beheaded, 1568.MONTAIGNE(1533-1592).1569.Florence a grand duchy.1571. Battle of Lepanto.Reign of Terror under Alva.1572.Massacre of St. Bartholomew.Torquato Tasso(1544-1595).15751576.The Catholic league.1576.Rudolph II., (King of Bohemia and Hungary), Emperor.1577. Sixth religious war.1580.Portugal passes under Spanish dominion.1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht;William, Prince of Orange, stadholder.1584. William of Orange assassinated.1585. PopeSixtusV. restores the Vatican library.1588. Defeat of theSpanish Armada. England saved from Spanish invasion.1588. Revolt of Paris.1589-1792.House of Bourbon.1589-1610.HENRY IV.CERVANTES(1547-1616).1590. Siege of Paris raised by the Spaniards.1592.The Rialto and Piazza di San Marco built at Venice.1598-1621.Philip III.1598.Edict of Nantestoleration granted to the Protestants.GALILEO(1564-1642).1594. Union of Protestants at Heilbronn.KEPLER(1571-1630).16001583-1645.GROTIUS.1609.Expulsion of the Moors.1610.Assassination of Henry IV.1609.Leghorn becomes the emporium of the Levant trade.1608. Protestant union under Frederick the Elector.1614. Last assembly of the states-general.1618-1648.THIRTY YEARS WAR—THIRTY YEARS WAR.1618-1648.1621.Dutch War.1621.Dutch West India Company incorporated.1620. Massacre of Prague.1624. Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu.16251625. Naval war with England.1625. Breda taken by Spinola.DESCARTES(1596-1650).1626.St. Peter’sdedicated.1628.Victories of Wallenstein.1629. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany.1631. Influence of France increases.1632.Battle of Lutzen.1639.Great naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs.Vandyck(1599-1641).1638.Invasion of Spain.1640. Portugal regains independence.VELASQUEZ(1599-1660).1640. Turin taken by the French.1643.LOUIS XIV., King.1646.Revolt of Naples under Masaniello.1648.Wars of the Fronde.1648.Peace of Westphalia, the Basis of all Subsequent Treaties; Signed at Munster.Atthis time begins the policy of the “Balance of Power” in Europe.
Great Events of Period.1600-1700: Civil and religious liberty fought out in England under the Stuarts. Rise of modern science and philosophy. 1700-1800: Astounding growth of the British Empire. Government in England now and henceforth carried on by a Cabinet Ministry. Development of manufactures in England. Inventions and discoveries. Immense advance in arts and sciences. INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION which powerfully influences social, political and intellectual progress for the next hundred years.
A. D.United StatesBritainSpain and PortugalFranceItaly and ChurchHollandScandinaviaGermanyPrussia and PolandRussiaOttomans, India, Japan, ChinaA. D.1649.Trial and execution of Charles I.The Commonwealth.1649.Siege of Paris.1648. Poland: The Cossacks revolt and defeat the Poles. John Casimir, King.16501652.War with Holland.16501653. CROMWELL, Lord Protector.1654.Brazil recovered from the Dutch.1653. Mazarin enters Paris in triumph.1653.John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland.1653. Sweden: Christina resigns. Charles X. first of the House of Zweibrucken.1653. Poland: War with Russia.1654.Russian victories in Poland.MILTON(1608-1674).1655. War with England.MOLIERE(1622-1673).REMBRANDT(1607-1669).1655. Charles X. of Sweden invades Poland.1656.The Elector of Brandenburg allies himself with Sweden against Poland.Stuarts restored.1659.Peace of the Pyrenees.1658.Denmark: War against the Swedes, who overrun Denmark, and menace Copenhagen.1657. Leopold I., Emperor.1657. Poland cedes Prussia to the Elector.1657. Alliance with Sweden against Poland.1660. Charles II., King.1661.Invasion of Portugal.1660. Denmark: Peace of Copenhagen. Revolution in Denmark; absolute monarchy established. Prussia acknowledged independent.1661.War with Austria.1663.Settlement of North Carolina under royal patent.1662. Invasion of Hungary.1664. New Amsterdam occupied by the English.1665-1700.Charles II.1665.Tyrol united to Austria.1664. India: Rise of the Mahratta power. Sivaji takes and sacks Surat.1668.Triple alliance of England, Sweden and Holland against France.MURILLO(1618-1682).1667-1697. First three wars of Louis XIV.1667.War with Spain.1669.Candia taken from Venice.1667. Holland: Peace of Breda; loss of New Netherlands.1670. War between Genoa and Savoy.SPINOZA(1632-1677).1671.The Cossacks subjugated.1672. War with Holland.1672. Sea fight between the Dutch fleet, under De Witt and De Ruyter, and the English and French fleets; Dutch defeated.Holland:William III., Stadtholder.1672. The Emperor and Elector of Brandenburg ally themselves with Holland against France.1672. Invasion of Poland.1673. War with France to protect Holland.1673. War of Austria and France.1674.Sobieski, King of Poland.16751675-1676. King Philip’s War in New England. Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia.1676.Messina blockaded by the Dutch and Spanish fleets.1675. The Swedes invade Brandenburg and are defeated at Fehrbellin.1676.General revolt of the Hungarians.16751679.Habeas Corpus Actpassed.1678.Peace with Holland and Spain restores tranquility to Europe.1677. Battle of the Lund, between the Swedes and Danes; the latter defeated.LEIBNITZ(1646-1716).1678.First war with Russia.NEWTON(1642-1727).1680.France the most formidable power in Europe.1680. Greater part of Alsace seized by France.1682.Ivan and Peter, Czars.1682.War with Austria.1685.James II., King. Rise of the Whigs and Tories.1685.Revocation of the edict of Nantes.1683. Siege of Vienna by the Turks.JOHN LOCKE(1632-1704).1686. Buda taken after being held by the Turks one hundred and forty-five years.1686. Russia declares war.1686.India: The Dekkan conquered by Aurungzeb.1688.Revolution.1688.War of the allies against France.1687. Joseph I., King of Hungary.1688.Prussia: Frederick III.1687. Revolution in Constantinople. Solyman II., Sultan.1689-1697.War of William and Mary with the French.1689. Revolt in Catalonia in favor of France.1689. Alexander VIII., Pope.1689. Russia: PETER THE GREAT begins personal rule after overthrowing his sister Sophia and repressing the Streltsi.1689. First trade with China.India:Height of the Mogul power under Aurungzeb.China:Great influence of Jesuits.1689.William III., King, andMary II., Queen. War with France.1690. Battle of the Boyne. James defeated, returns to France.1691.Incursion of the French into Aragon.1693.Battle of Marsaglia.1693.The King of Sweden declared absolute.1690. Joseph I. elected King of the Romans.1692.First trade with China.1695. Brussels bombarded by the French.1696.Poland: Death of Sobieski; succeeded by:1697. General peace.1697. General peace of Ryswick between France and the allies.1699.CHARLES XII. begins to reign. Denmark, Poland and Russia form an alliance against Sweden.1697. Victories ofPrince Eugeneover the Sultan Mustapha at Zenta.1697. Frederick Augustus I.1699.Peace of Carlowitz. The Ottoman power broken.17001701-1714.WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION1701-1714.1700-1721. GREAT NORTHERN WARS.17001702-1713.Queen Anne’s War with the French.1701.Philip V., King.1702.Invasion of Holland. Revolt of the Huguenots.1702.French victory at Luzzara over the Imperialists.1702-1706.Charles XII. sweeps Poland and Russia.1701.Hague alliance.1701.Prussia is erected into a kingdom under Frederick I.1700. Peter the Great wars with the Northern Powers.1702.Queen Anne. War against France and Spain.1704.Gibraltar taken by English.1705.Barcelona taken by the Allies.1704.Defeat at Blenheim.1706.French driven from Italy by Prince Eugene.1704.Battle ofBlenheim. Bavarians and French defeated by English and Allies. Germany delivered from Louis XIV.1704.Stanislaus I., King of Poland.1703. St. Petersburg founded.1703. Mustapha II. deposed by the Janizaries.1707. Unsuccessful expedition against Port Royal.1707. Act of union of England and Scotland. First united parliament of Great Britain meets.1707. All Spanish possessions in Italy abandoned.1707. Revolt of the Cossack Mazeppa.1708.Charles XII. of Sweden invades Russia.1711.Charles VI., Emperor.1712-1786.Frederick II.1709. Is defeated atPultowaby Peter the Great. Russia becomes a great power.1713. Treaty of Utrecht which gives Arcadia to the English.1713.Peace of Utrecht.England acquires large American possessions.1713. Peace of Utrecht; perpetual separation of the crown of France and Spain.1714.Finland conquered.1715. Death of Louis XIV.;Louis XV., King.1715. Siege of Corfu raised.1715. Treaty of Antwerp with Austria.1715. Charles returns to Sweden. Prussia and England join the alliance against him.MONTESQUIEU(1689-1755).1717. Turks lose Belgrade.1718. New Orleans settled by the French.1718.War with Spain. Quadruple Alliance of the Emperor, France, England and Holland, Against the designs of Spain.VOLTAIRE(1694-1778).1719.Sicily invaded by the Spanish.1718. Charles XII. invades Norway and is killed at the siege of Frederickshall.BACH(1685-1754).1724.Spain: Philip V. abdicates but resumes power after some months.1724-1725.Congress of Cambray to consider claims of Spain and Austria.1720. Sweden: The queen abdicates in favor of her husband, Frederick I.HANDEL(1685-1759).1721.Peter assumes the title “Emperor of all the Russias.”1723.Turks and Russians attempt to dismember Persia.17251727.George II., King of England.LINNAEUS(1707-1778).1725. Treaty of Vienna, alliance between Spain and Austria.1727.Treaty with China.17251729. The Carolinas separated.1733.The Polish succession involves France in war.1730.Clement XII., Pope.1730.Denmark: Christian VI.1733.War of the Polish succession.1733.Poland: Frederick Augustus II. The diet elects Stanislaus, but is compelled by the Russian army to elect Frederick.1730.Peter II., last of the Romanoffs.1734. Beginning of the Great Awakening in New England.1734. Conquest of Sicily and Naples by Don Carlos.1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantzic, escapes to Konigsberg.1734. Turks driven from Persia by Nâdir Shah.1739. War with Spain.1739. India: Invaded by Nâdir Shah who takes and plunders Delhi.1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION—WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1748.1740-1786. FREDERICK THE GREAT of Prussia.1740. Renewed invasion of Turkey.1741. Sweden: War with Russia. Swedes driven out of Finland.1741. MARIA THERESA succeeds to the hereditary states.1745.Troubles in Scotland.1744.War with England and Austria.D’Alembert(1717-1783).1744.Italy invaded by the French and Spaniards.1743. Peace of Abo with Sweden gives to Russia southern Finland.1745.Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa, Emperor.HUME(1711-1776).1746. Ferdinand VI., King.1747.War with Holland.1746. French and Spaniards driven from Lombardy.1747.Netherlands: William IV., Stadtholder.17501751.Netherlands: William V., Stadtholder.17501754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. 1754-1763.1756. Alliance with Prussia.1756. India: Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowlah of Bengal; the Black Hole.1759. Invasion of Canada; death of Wolfe. Quebec taken.1760-1820.GeorgeIII.1760.Loss of all Canada.1762. War with Spain.1762. CATHERINE II. reigns.FRANKLIN(1706-1790).1763. Peace of Paris.1763. Peace of Paris.1763. Prussia and Austria hold the balance of power on the Continent.1765.Stamp Act resisted in Massachusetts and Virginia.GIBBON(1737-1794).1765.Establishment of a British Empire in India.1767.Jesuits expelled from Spain.1766.Denmark: Christian VII.LESSING(1729-1781).1764. Poland: Stanislaus Poniatowski elected king.1768.War with the Ottoman Empire.1768.War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.JAMES WATT(1736-1819).1770. Marriage of the dauphin to Marie Antoinette.1773.Jesuits expelled from Rome.1772.Despotism re-established in Sweden by Gustavus III.1772.Joseph II.takes part in the first partition of Poland, the territory acquired being made into the Kingdom of Galicia.1772.First partition of Poland, among Russia, Prussia and Austria.1773.Ottoman Empire: The Russians are repulsed at Varna and Silistria.Abdul Hamidsucceeds.1774. LOUIS XVI., King.IMMANUEL KANT(1724-1804).1774. Revolt of the Cossacks. Peace of Kutchuk-Kainarji between Russia and Turkey.1774. India: Warren Hastings, first British governor-general.17751775-1783. AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR.17751775. April 19, skirmish at Lexington.June 17, battle of Bunker Hill.1775. Lord North’s “conciliatory measures” rejected by the colonies.1776.Declaration of Independence, July 4.British army takes possession of New York. Hessians hired for service in America.ARKWRIGHT(1732-1792).1776. Franklin in Paris.1777. Battle ofSaratogaand critical battle of the Revolution.1778.Siege and capture of Pondicherry, by the English.1777. Portugal: Maria, Queen.1778.Alliance with America.1778.War of the Bavarian succession. Bavaria seized by Germany.1778.India: War between the English and the Mahrattas.1779. Spain: Alliance with the American colonists.MOZART(1756-1791).1781.Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.1783.Treaty of Versailles. Independence of the United States acknowledged.1780. Rochambeau sent to aid the Americans.1780.Declaration of the Armed Neutrality for the protection of neutral flagsagainst the right of maritime search claimed by England—joined by Denmark and Sweden. Prussia and Austria, 1781. Portugal, 1782.LAVOISIER(1743-1794).1783. Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, England and America.