A. D.United StatesBritainSpain and PortugalFranceItaly and Church1649. Trial and execution of Charles I.The Commonwealth.1649. Siege of Paris.16501652.War with Holland.1653. CROMWELL, Lord Protector.1654.Brazil recovered from the Dutch.1653. Mazarin enters Paris in triumph.MILTON(1608-1674).1655. War with England.MOLIERE(1622-1673).Stuarts restored.1659.Peace of the Pyrenees.1660. Charles II., King.1661.Invasion of Portugal.1663. Settlement of North Carolina under royal patent.1664. New Amsterdam occupied by the English.1665-1700.Charles II.1668.Triple alliance of England, Sweden and Holland against France.MURILLO(1618-1682).1667-1697. First three wars of Louis XIV.1667.War with Spain.1669.Candia taken from Venice.1670. War between Genoa and Savoy.1672. War with Holland.1673. War with France to protect Holland.16751675-1676. King Philip’s War in New England. Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia.1676.Messina blockaded by the Dutch and Spanish fleets.1679.Habeas Corpus Actpassed.1678. Peace with Holland and Spain restores tranquility to Europe.NEWTON(1642-1727).1680.France the most formidable power in Europe.1685. James II., King. Rise of the Whigs and Tories.1685. Revocation of the edict of Nantes.JOHN LOCKE(1632-1704).1688. Revolution.1688. War of the allies against France.1689-1697.War of William and Mary with the French.1689. Revolt in Catalonia in favor of France.1689. Alexander VIII., Pope.1689.William III., King, andMary II., Queen. War with France.1690. Battle of the Boyne. James defeated, returns to France.1691.Incursion of the French into Aragon.1693.Battle of Marsaglia.1697. General peace.1697. General peace of Ryswick between France and the allies.17001701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION 1701-1714.1702-1713.Queen Anne’s War with the French.1701. Philip V., King.1702.Invasion of Holland. Revolt of the Huguenots.1702.French victory at Luzzara over the Imperialists.1702.Queen Anne. War against France and Spain.1704. Gibraltar taken by English.1705.Barcelona taken by the Allies.1704. Defeat at Blenheim.1706.French driven from Italy by Prince Eugene.1707. Unsuccessful expedition against Port Royal.1707. Act of union of England and Scotland. First united parliament of Great Britain meets.1707. All Spanish possessions in Italy abandoned.1713. Treaty of Utrecht which gives Arcadia to the English.1713.Peace of Utrecht.England acquires large American possessions.1713. Peace of Utrecht; perpetual separation of the crown of France and Spain.1715. Death of Louis XIV.;Louis XV., King.1715. Siege of Corfu raised.MONTESQUIEU(1689-1755).1718. New Orleans settled by the French.1718.War with Spain. Quadruple Alliance of the Emperor, France, England and Holland, Against the designs of Spain.VOLTAIRE(1694-1778).1719. Sicily invaded by the Spanish.1724. Spain: Philip V. abdicates but resumes power after some months.1724-1725. Congress of Cambray to consider claims of Spain and Austria.17251727.George II., King of England.1729. The Carolinas separated.1733.The Polish succession involves France in war.1730.Clement XII., Pope.1734. Beginning of the Great Awakening in New England.1734. Conquest of Sicily and Naples by Don Carlos.1739. War with Spain.1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION—WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1748.1745.Troubles in Scotland.1744. War with England and Austria.D’Alembert(1717-1783).1744. Italy invaded by the French and Spaniards.HUME(1711-1776).1746. Ferdinand VI., King.1747.War with Holland.1746. French and Spaniards driven from Lombardy.17501754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. 1754-1763.1756. Alliance with Prussia.1759. Invasion of Canada; death of Wolfe. Quebec taken.1760-1820.GeorgeIII.1760.Loss of all Canada.1762. War with Spain.FRANKLIN(1706-1790).1763. Peace of Paris.1763. Peace of Paris.1765. Stamp Act resisted in Massachusetts and Virginia.GIBBON(1737-1794).1765.Establishment of a British Empire in India.1767.Jesuits expelled from Spain.JAMES WATT(1736-1819).1770. Marriage of the dauphin to Marie Antoinette.1773.Jesuits expelled from Rome.1774. LOUIS XVI., King.17751775-1783. AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR.1775. April 19, skirmish at Lexington.June 17, battle of Bunker Hill.1775. Lord North’s “conciliatory measures” rejected by the colonies.1776.Declaration of Independence, July 4.British army takes possession of New York. Hessians hired for service in America.ARKWRIGHT(1732-1792).1776. Franklin in Paris.1777. Battle ofSaratogaand critical battle of the Revolution.1778.Siege and capture of Pondicherry, by the English.1777. Portugal: Maria, Queen.1778.Alliance with America.1779. Spain: Alliance with the American colonists.1781.Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown.1783.Treaty of Versailles. Independence of the United States acknowledged.1780. Rochambeau sent to aid the Americans.LAVOISIER(1743-1794).1783. Peace of Versailles between France, Spain, England and America.A. D.HollandScandinaviaGermanyPrussia and PolandRussiaOttomans, India, Japan, China1648. Poland: The Cossacks revolt and defeat the Poles. John Casimir, King.16501653.John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland.1653. Sweden: Christina resigns. Charles X. first of the House of Zweibrucken.1653. Poland: War with Russia.1654.Russian victories in Poland.REMBRANDT(1607-1669).1655. Charles X. of Sweden invades Poland.1656.The Elector of Brandenburg allies himself with Sweden against Poland.1658.Denmark: War against the Swedes, who overrun Denmark, and menace Copenhagen.1657. Leopold I., Emperor.1657. Poland cedes Prussia to the Elector.1657. Alliance with Sweden against Poland.1660. Denmark: Peace of Copenhagen. Revolution in Denmark; absolute monarchy established. Prussia acknowledged independent.1661.War with Austria.1662. Invasion of Hungary.1665.Tyrol united to Austria.1664. India: Rise of the Mahratta power. Sivaji takes and sacks Surat.1667. Holland: Peace of Breda; loss of New Netherlands.SPINOZA(1632-1677).1671. The Cossacks subjugated.1672. Sea fight between the Dutch fleet, under De Witt and De Ruyter, and the English and French fleets; Dutch defeated.Holland:William III., Stadtholder.1672. The Emperor and Elector of Brandenburg ally themselves with Holland against France.1672. Invasion of Poland.1673. War of Austria and France.1674.Sobieski, King of Poland.16751675. The Swedes invade Brandenburg and are defeated at Fehrbellin.1676.General revolt of the Hungarians.1677. Battle of the Lund, between the Swedes and Danes; the latter defeated.LEIBNITZ(1646-1716).1678.First war with Russia.1680. Greater part of Alsace seized by France.1682.Ivan and Peter, Czars.1682.War with Austria.1683. Siege of Vienna by the Turks.1686. Buda taken after being held by the Turks one hundred and forty-five years.1686. Russia declares war.1686.India: The Dekkan conquered by Aurungzeb.1687. Joseph I., King of Hungary.1688.Prussia: Frederick III.1687. Revolution in Constantinople. Solyman II., Sultan.1689. Russia: PETER THE GREAT begins personal rule after overthrowing his sister Sophia and repressing the Streltsi.1689. First trade with China.India:Height of the Mogul power under Aurungzeb.China:Great influence of Jesuits.1693.The King of Sweden declared absolute.1690. Joseph I. elected King of the Romans.1692.First trade with China.1695. Brussels bombarded by the French.1696.Poland: Death of Sobieski; succeeded by:1699.CHARLES XII. begins to reign. Denmark, Poland and Russia form an alliance against Sweden.1697. Victories ofPrince Eugeneover the Sultan Mustapha at Zenta.1697. Frederick Augustus I.1699.Peace of Carlowitz. The Ottoman power broken.17001701-1714. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION 1701-1714.1700-1721. GREAT NORTHERN WARS.1702-1706.Charles XII. sweeps Poland and Russia.1701.Hague alliance.1701.Prussia is erected into a kingdom under Frederick I.1700. Peter the Great wars with the Northern Powers.1704.Battle ofBlenheim. Bavarians and French defeated by English and Allies. Germany delivered from Louis XIV.1704.Stanislaus I., King of Poland.1703. St. Petersburg founded.1703. Mustapha II. deposed by the Janizaries.1707. Revolt of the Cossack Mazeppa.1708.Charles XII. of Sweden invades Russia.1711.Charles VI., Emperor.1712-1786.Frederick II.1709. Is defeated atPultowaby Peter the Great. Russia becomes a great power.1714. Finland conquered.1715. Treaty of Antwerp with Austria.1715. Charles returns to Sweden. Prussia and England join the alliance against him.1717. Turks lose Belgrade.1718.War with Spain. Quadruple Alliance of the Emperor, France, England and Holland, Against the designs of Spain.1718. Charles XII. invades Norway and is killed at the siege of Frederickshall.BACH(1685-1754).1720. Sweden: The queen abdicates in favor of her husband, Frederick I.HANDEL(1685-1759).1721.Peter assumes the title “Emperor of all the Russias.”1723.Turks and Russians attempt to dismember Persia.1725LINNAEUS(1707-1778).1725. Treaty of Vienna, alliance between Spain and Austria.1727.Treaty with China.1730. Denmark: Christian VI.1733.War of the Polish succession.1733.Poland: Frederick Augustus II. The diet elects Stanislaus, but is compelled by the Russian army to elect Frederick.1730. Peter II., last of the Romanoffs.1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantzic, escapes to Konigsberg.1734. Turks driven from Persia by Nâdir Shah.1739. India: Invaded by Nâdir Shah who takes and plunders Delhi.1740-1748. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION—WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION 1740-1748.1740-1786. FREDERICK THE GREAT of Prussia.1740. Renewed invasion of Turkey.1741. Sweden: War with Russia. Swedes driven out of Finland.1741. MARIA THERESA succeeds to the hereditary states.1743. Peace of Abo with Sweden gives to Russia southern Finland.1745.Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa, Emperor.1747. Netherlands: William IV., Stadtholder.17501751.Netherlands: William V., Stadtholder.1754-1763. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS WAR: ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA VS. FRANCE, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, SPAIN AND SWEDEN. 1754-1763.1756. India: Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowlah of Bengal; the Black Hole.1762. CATHERINE II. reigns.1763. Prussia and Austria hold the balance of power on the Continent.1766.Denmark: Christian VII.LESSING(1729-1781).1764. Poland: Stanislaus Poniatowski elected king.1768.War with the Ottoman Empire.1768.War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.1772. Despotism re-established in Sweden by Gustavus III.1772.Joseph II.takes part in the first partition of Poland, the territory acquired being made into the Kingdom of Galicia.1772. First partition of Poland, among Russia, Prussia and Austria.1773.Ottoman Empire: The Russians are repulsed at Varna and Silistria.Abdul Hamidsucceeds.IMMANUEL KANT(1724-1804).1774. Revolt of the Cossacks. Peace of Kutchuk-Kainarji between Russia and Turkey.1774. India: Warren Hastings, first British governor-general.17751778. War of the Bavarian succession. Bavaria seized by Germany.1778. India: War between the English and the Mahrattas.MOZART(1756-1791).1780.Declaration of the Armed Neutrality for the protection of neutral flagsagainst the right of maritime search claimed by England—joined by Denmark and Sweden. Prussia and Austria, 1781. Portugal, 1782.
Great Events of Period.France chief power in Europe. Napoleon’s colossal power and downfall. Fall of despotisms and rise of Republicanism; great political advance of European people. Continued rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment.
A. D.United StatesGreat BritainSpain and PortugalFranceItaly and ChurchScandinavia, Holland, Belgium, SwitzerlandGermanyPrussia and PolandRussiaOttomans, China, India, JapanA. D.1787.Warren Hastings impeached.1788.Charles IV., King.1787.First assembly of Notables. Lafayette commander of the national guards.SCHILLER(1759-1805).1786. Prussia: Death of Frederick the Great. Frederick William II.1787.War with the Turks.1787.Disastrous war with Austria and Russia.1789. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President.1789-1799. FRENCH REVOLUTION.1792. War with Germany. France declared a republic. Battle ofValmy.1792. Sweden: Gustavus IV.1792. War with France.1793. Washington re-elected. Neutrality in regard to France.1793.First Coalition against France: Directed by England,which forms alliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark and Turkey.1793. King and Queen beheaded. Reign of Terror.1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia.HAMILTON1757-1804.GOETHE(1749-1832).1794. Polish revolt at Cracow. Revolt under Kosciuszko.1795.The Directorate.1795.NAPOLEON BONAPARTE commands the army.1795. Holland conquered and the Batavian Republic proclaimed.1795. Final partition of Poland; extinction of the kingdom.1797.John Adams, second president.1797.NELSON destroys French fleet near Alexandria.1796. Alliance with France; war against England.1796. War in Italy.1797.Napoleon in Austria.1796-1797. Napoleon’s Italian campaign.1797.Napoleon’s Austrian campaign. Peace of Campo Formio in which Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia.1796. Unsuccessful war with Persia.1798.Second Coalition against France:Alliances of England with Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral.1798. Expedition to Egypt.1798. Roman republic proclaimed by the French.1798. Swiss revolution. Helvetian Republic declared.1798. Prussia: Frederick William III.1798. War with the French in Egypt.1799. Swiss campaign.18001800. Union of England.1800. Battle of Marengo.18001801. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president.SIR WALTER SCOTT(1771-1832).Madame de Staël(1766-1817).1802-1815.NAPOLEONIC WARS.1802.Napoleon, President of the Italian Republic.1801. Danish fleet at Copenhagen defeated by Nelson.1801.Alexander I.1803. Purchase of Louisiana.1803. Successful war in India.1803. Purchases neutrality with the French by a subsidiary treaty; declares war against England, 1804.1803.End of the Holy Roman Empire.Frances II.1803. Insurrection of Mamelukes at Cairo.1803.India: Great Mahratta War.JOHN MARSHALL1755-1835.1804-1814.First French Empire.Napoleon I., Emperor of the French.BICHAT(1771-1802).1804.Code Napoleon published.1804. The Emperor of Germany assumes the title of Emperor of Austria.1804. War with Persia.Confederation of the Rhine.Prussia henceforth the center of the German federate system.HEGEL(1770-1831).1805.Third Coalition against France:formed by England; alliances with Sweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral.1805. Napoleon defeated at Trafalgar.1805.Battle of Trafalgar.1805. May 26, Bonaparte crowned King of Italy, at Milan. Naval defeat at Trafalgar. Austrian campaign; battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg.1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy.1805. Battle of Austerlitz.WORDSWORTH(1770-1850).Napoleon Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.CUVIER(1769-1832).1806.Fourth Coalition against France:England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden.1806. British Orders in Council and Napoleon’s decrees seriously impair American commerce.1807.Bill for the abolition of the slave trade, passed.1807.Invasion of Portugal.1806.Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine.Victories of Auerstädt and Jena over the Prussians. Berlin decree against British commerce.1806. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.1807.Victories of Eylau and of Friedland are followed by the peace of Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish territories.1807.Treaty of Tilsit.1807.War against Russia and England.1808. Madrid taken by the French. Joseph Bonaparte, King.1808. Rome annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy.1808. Denmark: Frederick VI.BEETHOVEN(1770-1827).1809. James Madison, fourth president.1809.Fifth Coalition against France:England, Austria, Spain and Portugal.1809. Papal states annexed to France.1809. Sweden: Charles XIII.; Bernadotte becomes prince royal.1809. Battles of Eckmühl, Aspern and Wagram. Peace of Vienna. Austria cedes territory to Russia, Bavaria and France.1810. Continental peace except with Spain.1810.Emperor marries Maria Louisa of Austria.1810. Holland joined to France.1811. Napoleon II., King of Rome, born.A. VON HUMBOLDT(1769-1859).1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United States and Great Britain.1812. Battle of Salamanca.1812. Disastrous war against Russia. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw.1812. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw.1812. Russian campaign. Invasion of Napoleon. Moscow burned.1813.Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of the Nations of Europe Against French Dominion:England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men.1813. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie.1813. War of German independence. Battle of Leipsic. Bonaparte driven to the Rhine.1813. Servia invaded by Turkish army.1814. City of Washington burned by the British.1814. Ferdinand VII., restored.1814. Allies enter Paris.House of Bourbon.1814. Fall of Napoleon. Kingdom ceases.1814. Union of Holland and Belgium.1814.Union of Sweden and Norwayas two kingdoms under one monarch.1814. Malta falls to England.1815. British defeated at New Orleans.1815. WELLINGTON victorious at Waterloo. The Allies enter Paris, and Napoleon is banished to St. Helena.1815. Union of Portugal and Brazil under John VI.1815. Napoleon returns from Elba.Hundred Days’ war.Abdication of Napoleon.1815. Kingdom of Two Sicilies restored.1815. William I., King of Netherlands.Battle of Waterlooand defeat of Napoleon.1815.Congress of Vienna effects the political reconstruction of Europe.Germanic Confederation organized.1815. Joins the “Holy Alliance”: Russia, Prussia and Austria, later joined by France. Poland united to Russia.1816. U. S. Bank incorporated.1816. Bombardment of Algiers. The Bey compelled to abolish slavery.Talleyrand(1754-1838).1817.James Monroe, President.1817. Slave trade abolished.1817. Population 28,000,000.First passage of the Atlantic by steam effected by the Savannah, of New York, to Liverpool.1818. France joins in Holy Alliance.1818. Sweden:Charles XIV.(Bernadotte).1818. Napoleon’s son made Duke of Reichstadt.1818. TheZollvereinformed.1819. Florida purchase.1820-1830.George IV.1819. Ferdinand of Spain sells Florida to the United States.Metternich(1773-1859).1819. Death of Marshal Blucher.1819. Establishment of military colonies. Liberty of the press in Poland nullified.1821-1829.War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, and France vs. Turks.1821-1829.1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri Compromise bill passed.1823.TheCanningministry.1821. Death of Napoleon at St. Helena.1821. Austrian invasion of Italy.1821. Congress of monarchs at Laybach.1822.Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scio and capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots.1824. Visit of Lafayette.1824.Charles X., King.18251825. Erie Canal opened. Protective tariff enacted. J. Q. Adams, President.GEORGE STEPHENSON(1781-1848).1825. Death of Ferdinand after reign of sixty-six years.1825DANIEL WEBSTER1782-1852.1827.Treaty between Russia and Turkey respecting Greece.1826.Nicholas I.crowned at Moscow. War against Persia.1826. Greece: Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks.1828. Wellington ministry. Irish disturbances.1828. Russia: War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia is acquired.1829.Andrew Jackson, President.1830.William IV., King. Difficulties with China.1830.Salic law abolished.1830.Algiers taken by the French. Revolution and abdication of Charles X. Louis Philippe, King.1830.Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent by the Great Powers.1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and finally all Germany, save Austria, unite in a Zollverein or Customs-Union, which gave great impetus to trade and helped towards national unity.1831. Northeastern boundary between the United States and British provinces established.1832.Reform Billpassed.1831. Abolition of hereditary peerage in France.1831-1833. Formation of Young Italy party by Mazzini.1831. Leopold I., King of the Belgians.New constitution for Denmark, Sleswick and Holstein; with representative local councils.1831. Austria interferes in Italian affairs.1832.Poland made part of Empire.1832.Kingdom of Greece founded.1833. President Jackson re-elected. Bank deposits removed from the U. S. Bank.1833. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. Portugal a constitutional monarchy.1836. Spain: The queen regent adopts the constitution of 1812.1836. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Strasburg.1836. Visit of the Emperor of Russia. Ferdinand I., Emperor.1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged. Martin Van Buren, President.1837. VICTORIA, Queen.1837. The monasteries in Spain dissolved.H. DE BALZAC(1799-1850).1839.Christian VIII. succeeds.1838.Commercial treaty with England.1838.Smuggling carried on extensively.1839-1842.China: Opium War with Great Britain. Hong Kong ceded to latter.EMERSON1803-1882.1840. War with China over the opium trade. War in Syria; Great Britain an ally of Austria and Turkey.1840. William I. abdicates as King of Holland.RICHARD WAGNER1813-1883.1840. Frederick William, King.1841. W. H. Harrison, President. Death of Harrison and succession of John Tyler.1841. Chinese war ended.1842.Insurrection in Barcelona.Guizot(1832-1848).MORSE1791-1872.THOMAS CARLYLE1795-1884.1843. King Otho of Greece compelled to accept a constitution.1843. Greece: King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 15.1845.Texas annexed to the U. S. Treaty with China. James K. Polk, President.1844. Daniel O’Connell’s trial. Sentence reversed by the House of Lords.1844. War with Morocco.The Second Republic.1845.Emperor visits England.1844. China: Commercial treaty with United States.1846-1848.War with Mexico.The Oregon treaty with Great Britain settling the northwestern boundary of the United States.1846. Repeal of the English corn-laws.1846. Civil war in Portugal.VICTOR HUGO1802-1885.1847. Severe famine in Ireland.1847. Austria takes possession of Cracow.1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ends Mexican War. Gold discovered in California.1848. Civil war in Ireland. Habeas Corpus Act suspended.1848. Abdication of Louis Philippe, and a republic proclaimed. Louis Napoleon, President. Bloody insurrection in Paris.1848. Rising of the great Italian cities in revolution. Roman republic overthrown.1848. Holland receives a constitution.Denmark: Frederick VII., King; revolt of Schleswig-Holstein.1848. Revolution in Hungary.Francis Joseph, Emperor. Kossuth withdraws his army from Vienna.1848. Insurrection in Berlin.