Abenaki Indians,257,266;war of,313.Abercromby, General James, in French and Indian War,376,377,378.Acadia, colonization,85-86;captured by England, restored to France,86,87;during War of Spanish Succession, English expeditions against,271;conquest of,272;attacked by French during War of Austrian Succession,364,365;French policy in,366;during French and Indian War,374.Acapulco, Mexico, commercial port,86.Acatic, Nueva Galicia, in the Mixton War,40.Accau, explorer in Minnesota with Father Hennepin,100.Ácoma, New Mexico pueblo,46,72,73.Adams, John, defence of British soldiers,443;in First Continental Congress,452;argues for Declaration of Independence,479;member of committee for drafting the Declaration,479;diplomacy in France and Holland,532-533;peace negotiations,533-538.Adams, Samuel, circular letter,440-441;trouble with Governor Bernard,443;the man of the town meeting,445-446;in First Continental Congress,451;on committee to draft Articles of Confederation,550.Adelantados,54-55.Administration of Justice Act,450.Admiralty, English,182-183;courts,349.Africa, early ideas concerning,1-2;Ptolemy's conception of,1-2;trade with desired,5;exploration of west coast,5;Prester, John,5;Sénégal and Gorée captured by English,380;Sénégal given to British by Peace of Paris,382.African Company, formed to break Dutch monopoly,196.Agriculture, in Spanish colonies,21,75;in French Canada,92,93;in French West Indies,94-95;in New England,216-217,330-331;in the Middle English colonies,120,122,124,128,332;in the South,333-335,in the British West Indies,339-341;in Bermudas,130;in Dutch colonies,169,170,171,173.Aguas Calientes,58,59;mines of,58.Aguayo, Marquis of, expedition to Texas,296-297.Aguilar, Marcos de, governor in Mexico,48.Aijado Indians,243.Ailly, Pierre d', author ofImago Mundi,2,7.Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of,366.Alabama Indians,251,270.Alabama River,62.Alamance, battle of the,415.Alarcón, Hernando de, explores Colorado River,45.Alarcón, Martin de, governor of Texas, and of Coahuila,294-295.Albany,332.Albany Congress,371,411.Albemarle, Duke of.SeeMonk.Albermarle district, settlement,207;population,211;Culpeper rebellion,211.Alberoni,279,359.Albórnoz, royalcontadorof New Spain,48.Albuquerque, New Mexico, founding of,290.Alburquerque, Portuguese viceroy in India, 24.Alcalá, University of,76.Alcaldes,14,34,55.Alcaldía Mayor, administrative district,59.Aleutian Islands, Russian fur trade,388.Alexander, Pillars of,1.Alexander VI, Pope, assignation of discoveries between Spain andPortugal,11.Alexander, Sir William, grant on Long Island,150.Algonquin Indians, friendly to French,257;a barrier to English expansion,414.Alibamon, judicial department of Louisiana,279.Alleghany Mountains, Spanish explorations in, 1566-1568,64;Spanish trade in,211;French and English traders cross,101-102;English traders cross,211,258,367.369;in the French and Indian War,372-374,378;Proclamation of 1763,404,411;settlers cross,413;a barrier to settlement,414;in the American Revolution,512.Allen, Ethan,462.Allouez, Jesuit missionary in New France,96,97,101.Alva, Duke of,52.Alvarado, Pedro de, lieutenant of Cortés,33,36;alcalde mayorof City of Mexico,34;conquest of Guatemala and San Salvador,37-38;claim to Cíbola,44;explorations in Peru and the South Sea,46-47;governor and captain-general of Guatemala,49;death,47,49.Amadas, Philip, takes possession of Roanoke Island,110.Amazon Island, Cortés seeks,37.Amazons, kingdom of, sought by Raleigh,110.Amherst, Jeffrey, English general,377,378,379,381,409;plan of defence of British New World possessions,403-404;governor-general of Canada,419.Amichel, province of,26,37;map showing,43.André, Major John, hanged as a spy,512.Andros, Edmund, governor of New York,197,262,263;governor-general of the Dominion of New England,194;overthrow,194-195.Anglican Church, in the eighteenth century,337-338.Anguilla, Island, government,206.Anian, Strait of,24,25,67-68,72.Seethe Strait of Anian.Annapolis Royal,272.Anne of Austria, regent of France,80.Anne, Queen of England, colonial policy,350-352.Anson, Commodore George, attacks Spanish possessions,363;admiral in French and Indian War,377.Anticosti Island,82,420.Antigua, settled by English,133,252;incorporated with Leeward Islands,206;population,340.Anza, Juan Bautista, opens route from Arizona to California,391;leads colony from Sonora to San Francisco,391;governor of New Mexico, explores in Colorado,292.Apache Indians,45:enslavement of,23;hostility,285;wars with,298,305,401;missions for,299.Apalachee (Apalachen), Indian settlement,41,42,98;missions,247,253,254,270;revolt of,270.Apalachicola Indians,269.Appeals,351-352.Appointments,352.Arabs, theories of concerning geography,1-2.Aragon, kingdom of,13-14.Argall, Captain Samuel, expedition against French settlements,86,136.Aricara Indians,283.Arika Indians, alliance with English,270.Arispe, capital of Provincias Internas,387.Aristotle, his conception of the world,1.Arizona,72,236;Kino's explorations in,302;mining excitement at Arizonac,304;Keller and Sedelmayr in,304;land route to California,391.SeePimería Alta, Sonora.Arkansas region, De Soto and Moscoso in,42;Oñate in,73;judicial department of Louisiana,280;French traders in,283-286;English traders in,102,400;Tonty's fort in,100,102;under Spanish rule,400.SeeLa Harpe, Du Tisné, Tonty.Arkansas Post (Fort Carlos III),398.Arkansas River (Napestle River),42,73,100,102,283-285;Spanish expeditions to,291.Arlington, Earl of, proprietary grant in Virginia,185;interest in Hudson's Bay Company,213.Armada, "the Invincible," defeat of,52-53,105.Arnold, Benedict, operations at Ticonderoga and Crown Point,462;invasion of Canada,471;at Valcour Island,487-488;in campaign against Burgoyne,495-499;treason,511-512;in the British army,530.Arriola, Andrés de, founds Pensacola,275.Arroyo Hondo, boundary between Texas and Louisiana,300.Arteaga, expedition up Pacific coast,395.Arthur, Gabriel, on Tennessee River, 1673,211.Articles of Confederation, confederation movement,549;work of the confederation committee,550;adoption of the articles,550-551;provisions,551-555;weaknesses,553.Aruba Island, settled by the Dutch,167.Asia, classical ideas regarding,1;early contact with America,2;visits of Polo,3;trade route to,5;search for northwest passage to,106,108,164,213;Portuguese trading settlements in China and Japan,24;China a market for Russian trade,388.Asiento of 1713, The,273,289.Asinai (Hasinai, Tejas, Texas), Indians,251.Assemblies, control of the elections and purse,352;increasing power,357,426-427.Association, the, adopted by the First Continental Congress,455;enforcement,458,466-467;an act of sovereignty,539.Association for the Defense of the Protestant Religion,189.Atondo y Antillón, Admiral, attempt to colonize Baja California,241-242.Atzcapotzalco, Aztec center, Mexico,28.Aubry, in command in Louisiana after cession to Spain,396-397.Audiencia, of Santo Domingo,20;of the Confines of Panamá and Nicaragua,50;of Guatemala,50;of Havana,398;of Mexico (New Spain),creation of,38,48;friction with Cortés,42;powers,48;composition,48;replacement of,49;Second Audiencia,49;of Manila,68;of Nueva Galicia (Guadalajara),55;expeditions sent out by,55-56,387;of Panamá,49,50;of Nicaragua,50.Augusta, Georgia, founded,316;fur traders of,369;evacuated by British,529.Austin, Ann,189.Austria,359-360.Avalon,125.Avalos, lieutenant of Cortés,36,37.Ávila, Alonso de, envoy for Cortés to Audiencia of Santo Domingo,and to the court of Charles V,34.Aviño, mine of,56.Axacan (Virginia),117.Ayllón, colony in Carolina,26.Ays, Florida, settlement at,64.Ayscue, Sir George, expedition to West Indies and Virginia,153.Azcué, Fernando de, expedition across Rio Grande,248.Azilia, project for colonizing Georgia,315.Aztecs, arrival in Valley of Mexico,27-28;development of power,28;discontent of subject peoples,33;revolt against,33;overthrown by Cortés,33;limits of Aztec conquest,39.Bacon, Roger, his conception of geography,2.Bacon's Rebellion,185-187.Baffin, William, discovers Baffin Bay,213.Bahama Channel, route of Spanish treasure ships,62,64.Bahama Islands,10;enslavement of Indians on,23;settlement,152,206.Bahía (Brazil), captured by Dutch West India Company,252.Baja California.SeeCalifornia, Lower.Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de,28,29,42;discovery of the Pacific,25;executed by Pedrarias,29.Balearic Isles,13.Baltimore, Lord.SeeCalvert.Bank, of England,351;of North America,554;of Pennsylvania,554.Baptists, in Rhode Island,220;in West New Jersey,226;in South Carolina,231.Barbados, occupied by the English,132,252;attached to the Windward Islands government,206;unrest,207;migrations,207;furnishes settlers for South Carolina,208,210;trade with South Carolina,210;influence upon South Carolina,230,231;social and economic conditions in the eighteenth century,340.Barbuda, Island,206,252.Barcelona,10;county of,13.Barker, English freebooter,66.Barlowe, Arthur, expedition of 1585,110.Barroto, seeks La Salle's colony,249.Barrowists,135.Bartram, botanist and traveler, cited,408.Bastidas, Spanish explorer,24.Baton Rouge, captured by Gálvez,515.Bay of the Bidayes (Galveston Bay), visited by La Harpe,283.Bay of Chaleurs,82.Bay of Espíritu Santo (Matagorda Bay),249,297.Bay of Juan Ponce,64.Bay of St. Bernard,283.Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, assists United Statesduring Revolution,506.Behaim's globe,7.Bellefeuille, explores Tennessee River,102.Beltrán, Fray Bernaldino, expedition to New Mexico,72.SeeEspejo.Bemis Heights, first battle of,497;second battle of,498.Benavides, Fray Alonso de, Franciscan Missionary,243;report on New Mexico in 1630,243.Benbow, John, English vice-admiral, victories in West Indies,268.Bennington, Battle of,495-496.Bergen, New Jersey,198.Bering, Vitus,388;explores American coast,388.Berkeley, John, Lord Berkeley, receives West New Jersey,198;sells territory to the Quakers,200;Carolina proprietor,208.Berkeley, Sir William, governor of Virginia,159;struggle with the Commonwealth,160;begins second administration,183;abuses in administration,184;Bacon's rebellion,185-187;expedition to the West,211;Carolina proprietor,208.Bermuda Islands, visited by English,118;charters of 1612 and 1614,120;settlement,130,251;population,130;economic importance,130;government,130;during Puritan Revolution,152;Somers Island Company dissolved,206;a crown colony,206;migration of settlers,206;Scotch migration,324.Bernard, Francis, Governor of Massachusetts,440,441,442-443.Béthencourt, de, Norman voyager to the Canaries,4.Biencourt, French official in Acadia,85-86.Bienville, Governor of Louisiana: first administration,276;under the Compagnie d'Occident,279-280,284;royal governor,280-281.Bigot, intendant in Canada,368,375.Bill Williams Fork (River in Arizona), Farfán on,73;Sedelmayr on,304.Bills of credit,544-545.Biloxi, Mississippi, founded by French,267,276:settlement moved to Mobile Bay,276;judicial department of Louisiana,279.Bimini, De León seeks,40.Black Code of Louisiana, The,280,398.Blair, William,229.Blathwayt, William, secretary of Lords of Trade,182.Block, Adrian, Dutch trader,165.Blommaert, Samuel, Patroon,170;in Sweden,175.Board of Admiralty, created,543.Board of Trade,346-347,348,354.Board of War and Ordnance,543.Bobadilla, rule in West Indies,17.Bodega y Quadra, expeditions up Pacific coast,395;discovers Bodega Bay,395.Boisbriant, French commander in Illinois,284.Bonhomme Richard, sea-fight with theSerapis,518-519.Book of the Tartars,3.Boone, Daniel, on Watauga River,413;effort to colonize Kentucky,416;