opens "Wilderness Road,"417.Boonesborough, Kentucky, founded,417.Boscawen, English admiral,377,380.Bosque, Fernando del, expedition across Rio Grande,248.Boston, settled,142;population,331;resolutions against sending troops,442;Massacre,443;committee of correspondence,446;Tea Party,447-448;Port Act,449;siege,461,471.Bourgmont, on Missouri and Kansas rivers, 1724,284.Boyano, Spanish explorer in North Carolina, 1567,64.Braddock, Major General Edward, campaign and defeat,371-372.Bradford, New Jersey,199.Bradford, Governor William, at Scrooby,137;History of Plymouth Plantation,137;elected governor of Plymouth,139.Bradstreet, English lieutenant-colonel, expedition against FortFrontenac,378.Brandenburgers, in the West Indies,253.Brandywine, Battle of,499-500.Brant, Iroquois chief,515.Brazil, Portugal's claims to,11,24;French attempts to colonize,84,251;Dutch colonization in,166;Brazos River, Texas, Coronado on, 1541,45;De Mézières on,401.Bréboeuf, French Jesuit, work among the Hurons,88.Breed's Hill,461.Brewster, William, at Scrooby,137.British East India Company,70.Brooke, Lord, interest in the Caribbean,133;holdings in Connecticut Valley,149;obtains lands in New Hampshire,157.Brooklyn, captured by the British,484.Brownists,135.Bruselas (Costa Rica), founding of,31.Bucarely, Viceroy of New Spain, 1771-1779;sends explorers to Northern Pacific,395.Buddhist priest, supposed visit to America,499A.D.,2.Buen Aire Island, settled by Dutch,167.Buffalo Plains, Spanish expeditions to,72,73.Bunker Hill, Battle of,461-462.Burgoyne, General John, at Boston,441;New York campaign,493-499.Burke, Edmund, on conciliation,456.Burlington, New Jersey, body of laws,201;description of,225-226.Burma, Portuguese in,24.Bustamente y Tagle, expedition down Arkansas River againstComanches,291.Bute Ministry, policy of,429-430.Button, Sir Thomas, explores Hudson Bay,213.Buzzard's Bay, settled by Pilgrims,139.Byllynge, Edward, proprietor West Jersey,201,202.Bylot, explores Baffin Bay,213.Byng, English admiral, defeats Spanish fleet,359.Byron, Commodore John, in American Revolution,510.Cabildo, Spanish town council,20;membership and functions,20.Cabinet, development in the reign of Anne,350-351;system,353.Cabo del Engaño, discovered by Ulloa,44.Cabot, John, explorations of,26,105-106.Cabral, Portuguese explorer,24.Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, explores Pacific coast,47.Cacaxtle Indians, in Texas, expedition against,248.Cadereyta, Nuevo León, founded,247.Cadillac, Lama the, founder of Detroit and of Louisiana, governorof Louisiana,277-278,282.Cadodacho Indians, La Harpe visits,283.Cahokia, captured by Clark,514.Cakchiquels, Indians of Guatemala, conquest of,38.Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, visits Florida in 1674,254.Cale, province sought by De Soto,41.Calender Stone, Aztec,27.Calicut, voyage to,5.California (Lower and Upper): expedition of Cabrillo and Ferrelo,47;on route of Manila trade,68;raids of Drake and Cavendish,70;new explorations, Cermeño and Vizcaíno,70-71;Oñates expedition by land,73;insular theory of California geography,73,241.California, Lower: Cortés's colony in,42;Ulloa's voyage round the Peninsula,44;seventeenth century efforts to occupy,240-242;pearl fisheries,240;Iturbi's voyage,240;later attempts,240-241;Kino and Atondo,242;Jesuit occupation,306-308;Salvatierra and companions,306;expulsion of the Jesuits,307,386;Franciscans in,386;Gálvez in,386;Dominicans in,391.California, Upper: threatened by Russia,388;derision of Spain to occupy,388;the Portolá expedition,389;Junípero Serra,389;San Diego and Monterey founded,389;plans for expansion,389;map,390;a land route from Arizona,391;San Francisco founded,391;communication with New Mexico attempted,391;explorations of Garcés, Escalante, and Domínguez,392;Neve governor,392;founding of pueblos San José and Los Angeles,392;the halfway post at Yuma and the Yuma massacre,393-394;Santa Bárbara and San Buenaventura founded,394;northern explorations by sea,394-395.Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore,126;receives proprietary grant of Maryland,126;his powers and rights,127,128.Calvert, Charles, proprietor of Maryland,188-189.Calvert, George, stockholder in Virginia Company,125;early history,125;becomes Baron of Baltimore,125;application for Virginia grant,125-126;death,126.Calvert, Leonard, governor of Maryland,129.Calvinism, in France,78;in New York,222.Cambridge Agreement,142.Cambridge, settled,145.Camden, fighting at,525-526.Campbell Colonel William, at King's Mountain,527.Canada, search for Northwest passage, Frobisher, Davis, Gilbert,60,108-109;early French voyages,81-82;Acadia settled,85-86;St. Lawrence Valley exploration, settlements, fur trade,seigniories,86-93;Newfoundland fisheries,106;Hudson's Bay Company,212-214,423;struggle for fur country,257-261;in Wars of English and Spanish Successions,262-267,271-273;Vérendrye in the West,287-288;in War of Austrian Succession,364-366;in French and Indian War,374-383;under British rule,403-406,419-424;the Montreal traders,421-424;during American Revolution,450,462,467,470;Loyalists,421,472-476;493,538.SeeAcadia, Colonial administration, English colonies, Frenchcolonies, French and Indian War, fur trade, Hudson's Bay Company,Jesuits, Loyalists, Montreal, Northwest Company, Quebec, theintercolonial wars.Canada Company,141.Canadian River, Oñate expedition to,73.Canary Islands, discovery of,3;other visits to,4;acquired by Spain,8;factor in trans-Atlantic navigation,8;natives of as colonists in Florida and Texas,255,298.Cancer, Fray Luis, expedition to Florida,61.Cano, Francisco del, explorer in Coahuila,59.Cape Ann, settlement,140.Cape Blanco, California,5,71.Cape Bojador,2.Cape Breton Island,273,365-383;siege and defence of Louisbourg,364-365.Cape Fear,26.Cape Fear River, Ayllón at,41.Cape Finisterre, battles off,365.Cape Gaspé,82,87.Cape of Good Hope, discovery of,5;trade route to Far East,5.Cape Horn, discovery of,165.Cape Mendocino, California on route of Manila galleon,70.Cape Nun, early voyages to,3-4.Cape St. Vincent,4.Cape Verde, reached by Portuguese,5.Cape Verde Islands, discovery of,5.Capuchins, in Louisiana,280.Carabajal, Luis de, governor of Kingdom of New León,60;expeditions and colonies,60-61;arrest and condemnation,61.Caria, Island of,25.Caribs, enslaved,23;De León's war against,40.Cárdenas, discovers Grand Canyon,45.Cardona, Thomas, monopoly of pearl fishing,240.Caribbean Sea.SeeWest Indies, Lesser Antilles, andindividual islands.Carleton, General Sir Guy,487,488.Carlisle Commission,509.Carlisle, Lord, receives grant in the Caribbean,132.Carlos III, attitude toward American Revolution,515.Carmelites, in Louisiana,280.Carolinas, Gordillo and Quexos in Chicora,26;Ayllón's colony of San Miguel in,40-41;De Soto in North Carolina Piedmont,42;attempt of De Luna and Villafañe at Santa Elena (Port Royal),61-62;Ribaut's Huguenot colony at Port Royal,62,84;Spanish post at Santa Elena,64;exploration of Pardo and Boyano,64;missions at Santa Elena and Orista,64-65;Menéndez's expeditions up coast,65;traders in,102;Carolina traders cross the Alleghanies,102;grant to Sir Robert Heath,207;settlement of Albemarle district,207;charters of 1663 and 1665,207-208;the proprietors,208;Locke's constitution,208;settlements,208,254;effect on Spanish frontier policy,254;development of the colony,210;unrest at Charleston,210-211;the Albemarle region,211;Culpeper's rebellion,211;under William III,346;separation,313;Yamassee War,314;overthrow of proprietors,314-315.Seealso Albemarle District, North Carolina, South Carolina.Carpenters' Hall,452.Carpini, John de Plano, author ofBook of the Tartars,3.Carrero, Alonso, explorer in Central America,32.Cartagena, despoiled in War of English Succession,262;bombarded and besieged in War of Jenkins' Ear,361,363.Carteret, Sir George, grant in the Jerseys,198;obtains East New Jersey,198-199;Carolina proprietor,208;interest in Hudson's Bay Company,213.Carteret, Philip, governor of East New Jersey,198-199.Cartier, Jacques, in the St. Lawrence,81-82;map showing explorations,83.Carver, Governor John, goes to Leyden,137;removal to Plymouth,137;confirmed as governor,138;death,139.Casa de Contratación,19;duties and organization,19;subordinate to Council of Indies,20.Casas Grandes (Nueva Vizcaya),56,242.Casco Bay settlement,140;submits to Massachusetts,158;attacks on,262,263.Castañeda, explores coast of Central America,29.Castile, kingdom of,13-14;ownership of Spanish America,19.Castilla del Oro, province of, settlement, organization, andjurisdiction of,28-29.Catalonia,13.Catawba Indians, hostile to French of Louisiana,270,369.Catherine de Medici,78.Catherine II, of Russia, the League of Armed Neutrals,519.Catholic Church,13-14;Charles V protector of,16;its agencies against the Reformation,52;leaders,78,79;in Maryland,128,229;in New York,223;in Canada under British rule,420.SeeCalifornia, Canada, Louisiana, Florida, New Mexico,Texas, Missions.Catholic League, The,79.Cattle industry, in Spanish colonies,19,21,58,75,240;in the English colonies,310,334.Cavendish, Thomas, English freebooter,70;circumnavigation of the globe,108.Cavelier, Abbé Jean, brother of La Salle, urges colonization ofLouisiana,275.Cavelier, Robert, sieur de la Salle.SeeLa Salle.Caymán Islands, granted to Providence Island Company,133.Cebú, Philippines, settled by Spaniards,68.Cedros (Cerros) Islands,71,307.Celaya, Mexico, founded,59.Cempoalla, Cortés at,33.Central America, exploration of eastern coasts,23-26;Maya and Nahua civilizations,26-28;Castilla del Oro,28-29;Balboa and Pedrarias,29;Panamá founded,29;discovery of the Pacific and South Sea exploration,29-31;map,30;conquest of Costa Rica and Nicaragua,31;of Guatemala, San Salvador and Honduras,31,37,38,39;of Yucatán,38;exploration of the San Juan River,31-32;the dukedom of Veragua,32;continued struggle,32.Cermeño, Sebastián Rodríguez, explores California coast,71.Cerro de la Plata, Texas,248.Ceuta, Moorish stronghold,4.Ceylon, visited by the Polos,3;acquired by Portugal,24.Ceynos,oidorof New Spain,49.Chagres, Central America, captured by England,361.Chalchuites, mine of,56.Challons, Henry, voyage of 1606,116.Champlain, Samuel de, explorations,85,87;associated with Sieur de Monts,86;sends expedition in search of Northwest Passage,88;last days,88.Chamuscado, Francisco Sánchez, expedition to New Mexico,72.Chancellor, Richard, expedition to Russia,106.Chapuis, Jean, expedition to New Mexico,286.Chapultepec, Mexico,28.Charcas (San Luis Potosí), Mexico, founded,59.Charles I, of England, policy of,112-114;the tobacco business,124-125;end of personal rule,152.Charles II, of England, grant to the Duke of York,178;restoration,179;general policy,179;navigation acts,180-181;policy of imperial defense,181;fiscal system,181;orders return of Governor Berkeley,187;attitude toward Massachusetts,189-190;grants charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island,190;royal commissioners,190-191;sends Edward Randolph,192-193;annulment of Massachusetts charter,193;royal commission to the colonies,197;issues charter to Hudson's Bay Company,213-214.Charles III, of Spain, reforms of,384-385.SeeCarlos II.Charles V, emperor,14,16;his inheritance,16;elected Holy Roman Emperor,16;his European contests,16;expansion of New Spain during his reign,16;emigration policy,21;sale of Spain's claim to the Moluccas,46;abdication,52.Charleston, South Carolina,founded,210,254;social conditions,231;Spanish expedition against,270;commerce,335;defense against British,471;captured by Clinton,524-525.Charlestown, Massachusetts, settled,142.Charles Town, South Carolina,208.Charlotiana, proposed colony of,411.Charlotte Bay, Menéndez at,64.Chauvin, French fur trader, associated with de Monts,85.Charnisay, struggle with LaTour in Acadia,86.Cherokee Indians, unite against France,270;French influence,314;Cuming's Mission,315;attack English during French and Indian War,369,378-379;cede lands,412,417;retard expansion,414;war during the Revolution,512-513.Cherry Valley,514.Chesapeake Bay, Menéndez's plans for,64;Jesuit mission at,65.Chester, Governor of West Florida,407.Chiametla, Mexico, Ibarra at,56.Chiaha, Georgia, Boyano at,64.Chiapas, Mexico, population in 1574,75.Chichén Itza, Maya ruins,27.Chickasaw Indians, French alliance with,276;French war with,281;hostile to English,403,407,414;on the British side during Revolution,514.Chickasaw Trail,