211-212,369.Chico, conquistador in Jalisco,36,37.Chicora, region in Carolina, attempt to colonize,26,40-41.Chihuahua, Mexico,41,56;industrial development,58;advance of settlement in,242;Missions established,242;discovery of the mines,289;advance down the Conchos Valley,290;capital of the Interior Provinces,387.Chile, trade with,66.China, early contact with America,2;travelers' tales of,3;Portuguese trading settlements in,24;search for northwest passage to,82,88,100;market for Russian traders,388.Chipewyan Indians, trade with Hudson's Bay Company,214.Chirinos,veedorof New Spain,48.Choctaw Indians, hostile to French,280,281;French smuggling among,406;at war with Chickasaws,407;retard English expansion,414;on the British side during Revolution,514.Cholula, Mexico, Cortés at,33.Chozas, Father Pedro, Franciscan Missionary in Georgia,65.Christian, Col. William,513.Christiansen, Dutch navigator,165.Church, Benjamin, expedition against Acadia,271.Cíbola (New Mexico), search for,42-46.Cipango.SeeJapan.Claiborne, William, trouble with Maryland,128.Clarendon, Earl of (Edward Hyde), Carolina proprietor,208.Clark, Daniel, speculator at Natchez,408.Clark, George Rogers, conquers Northwest,514;assists Spanish commander at St. Louis,516.Clamorgan, fur trader at St. Louis, explores Missouri River,402.Clifford, English freebooter,66.Clinton, Gen. Sir. H., at siege of Boston,461;at Charleston,471;captures forts on the Hudson,498;in command of British forces in America,509;evacuation of Philadelphia,509;Monmouth,509-510;reinforces Newport,510;seizes points on the Hudson,511;orders raids,511;orders evacuation of Newport,511;concentration at New York,511;blockades Newport,511;correspondence with Arnold,511;captures Charleston,524-525.Coahuila, province of, Vaca crosses,41;Tlascaltecan Indians used as colonists in,60;founding of,248;development,248-249,292,387;map,250.Coça, Alabama, Spanish colony at,61,62.SeeCoosa.Coddington, William, Rhode Islandmagistrate,148;governor,159.Codrington, English general, attacks Guadeloupe, 1703,268.Codrington College,339.Coíba, Island of, Balboa granted,29.Colbert, controller general of finances of France,81;policy with regard to New France,81,94.Coligny, Admiral, Huguenot leader,52,78-79.Colima, founded,37.College of New Jersey,339.Colleton, James, governor of Carolinas,211.Colleton, Sir John, interest in Carolinas,207-208.Colonial administration:Spanish, beginnings in the West Indies,8,19-23;establishment of the viceroyalty of New Spain,47-50;under Philip II,52-55;the merchant fleets,66;administrative subdivisions,75-76;frontier administration in the17th century,234-237;Jesuit control in Lower California,306-307;reorganization of New Spain after 1763;the reforms of Charles III and Gálvez,384-388;in Louisiana,397-398;French, Colbert's policy,81;in Canada,85,87,90;reorganization,91;Talon,92;seignorial grants,92;in West Indies,93-96;in Louisiana,276;the Company of the Indies,278-280;the royal governors,280-281;English, policy of the Early Stuarts,113-114;regulation of tobacco industry,122-125;during the Commonwealth and the Protectorate,153;under the Later Stuarts,179-183;William III's reorganizations,343-350;under Anne,350-352;under the Whigs,353-357;organization of new possessions after French and Indian War,403-423;on the Eve of the American Revolution,425-426;Dutch, in New Netherlands,166,167-168;patroon system,169-170;struggle for popular rights,172-173.Colonial Currency Act,431.Colorado River, exploration of,45;Grand Canyon discovered,45;Kino, Keller, Sedelmayr, and Consag at,302,304.Colorado, State; Spanish explorers in,291-292.Columbia River, discovered by Heçeta,395.Columbus, Bartholomew, in England,7.Columbus, Christopher, early life,7;sojourn in Spain,7;commission,8;discovery of America,8-10;map showing voyages,9;sojourn in West Indies, and return to Europe,10;rule in West Indies,16-19;second and third voyages,16-17;charges against,17;fourth voyage,24;attempted colony on Veragua coast,28.Columbus, Diego, rule and work of in West Indies,17,20.Comanche Indians, barrier to French expansion,285;treaty with,286;French advance through country of,286.Commerce and Trade, with Africa,5;with Asia,5;Portuguese in the East,24;slave trade,5,23,107,196,197,253,385;of Spanish Colonies,8,16-19,29,46,47,75,118,164,166,234,251-252,268,269,273,292,307,359,384,398,400;Casa de Contratación,19-20;trading voyages,23-24;San Juan River route,31-32;route of fleets,62,64;Spanish monopoly,65-66;freebooters,62,66-67,70;Puerto Bello,32,360,361;Vera Cruz port,66;the Manila galleon,66-70,307;Acapulco port,86;pearl fisheries,68,71,240,243-244;the Pichilingues,240;reforms of Chas. III,385;Louisiana trade,398;Spanish horse trade,400;French West India Company,91-92,94,96;Company of St. Christopher,93,94;Company of Hundred Associates,87,90;Company of New France,91;Company of Isles of America,94;Compagnie du Nord,273;Crozat's grant,276-278;Compagnie d'Occident,279-284;Dutch commercial expansion,164-166;in Java,164;in Guiana,166-167,251-252;Dutch East India Company,164-165;Dutch West India Company,166,252;in New Netherlands,173-174;Danes in West Indies,253;Russian trade in China,388;Early English trade expansion,105-107;East India Company,70,108,447;Muscovy Company,106;Eastland Company,108;Venetian Company,107;Newfoundland fisheries,106;Northeast Passage,106,108,164,213;Hawkins in Brazil,107;Company of Cathay,109;Guiana,130-132;Canada Company,141;Council of Trade,114,182;Committee on Trade and Plantations,153,344;Navigation Acts,153,180-181,348-349,351,354-355;Mercantilist System,179;Admiralty Courts,182-183,349;Customs Officials,183,439;Council for Trade and Plantations,182;Board of Trade,346-348,543;African Company,196,199;Hudson's Bay Company,212-214;Asiento of 1713,273,289;Trade of New England,217,331;Rhode Island,216;Massachusetts,217;New York,221-222,331-332;Pennsylvania and New Jersey,225-226;Delaware,332-333;Virginia and Maryland,188,228-229,333-334;South Carolina,102,230-231;English Florida,407-408;Detroit,422;of Bermudas,130;of Barbados,210,340;of West Indies,339-341,356,398;St. Eustatius Island,341,428;Leeward Islands,340;smuggling,359-360,361,385,398,406,428;Grenville's policy,429-437;Townshend Acts,438-439;North's policy,449-451;policy of First Continental Congress,454-455;Board of Admiralty,543.Commission for Foreign Plantations, trouble with Massachusetts,145-146.Committees of Correspondence,436,445-447.Committee on Foreign Correspondence,543.Committee on Trade and Plantations,153,344.Committee for Foreign Plantations,153.Committee of Trade, Plantations, and Foreign Affairs,153.Compagnie d'Occident, rule in Louisiana,278-280;trade in the trans-Mississippi West,282.Compagnie du Nord, competition with Hudson's Bay Company,273.Company of Cathay,109.Company of Hundred Associates,87,90.Company of the Indies.SeeCompagnie d'Occident.Company of Isles of America, organization,93;activities and settlements,94.Company of New France, surrender of rights,91.Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa,196.Company of St. Christopher,93,94.Compostela, capital of Nueva Galicia,39,45,55.Conant, Roger,141.Conchos Indians,242.Conchos River,72;Spanish advance down valley of,290.Congregational Church, in New England,220;in New York,223;in East New Jersey,224;in South Carolina,231.Connecticut, early claimants,149;migration of 1635-1636,149;Pequot War,149-150;"Fundamental Orders,"150;code of 1650,155;member of New England Confederation,156;incorporation of new towns,158;charter of 1662,190;attitude toward royal commissioners,191;King Philip's War,191-192;Dominion of New England,194-195;charter restored,195;population,216;religion,220;education,220;restoration of charter,334;protest against Grenville's policy,432;navy,518.Consag, Father Fernando, explores Gulf of California,304,307.Conspiracy of Pontiac, impedes English occupation of Ohio Valley,409,417.Continental Army,464.Continental Congress.SeeFirst Continental Congress,Second Continental Congress.Convention of Aranjuez,515.Conway Cabal,503-504.Cook, Captain James, voyage to Nootka Sound,395.Cooper, Anthony Ashley. Lord Ashley, Carolina proprietor,207-208;interest in Hudson's Say Company,213.Copala, Mexico, Ibarra seeks,56.Coppermine River, discovered by Hearne,424.Corazones, Sonora, settlement at,45.Córdova, Francisco Hernández de, conquests in Central America,explores Yucatán,25,31,32.Cornwallis, Edward, Governor of Acadia,366.Cornwallis, Gen. Lord, captures Ft. Lee,489;New Jersey campaign,489-493;at Brandywine,500;in command in South,525;Camden,525-526;operations in the Carolinas,527-529;in Virginia,530;Yorktown,532.Coronado, Francisco Vásquez, governor of Nueva Galicia,40;expedition to Cibola and Quivira (New Mexico and Kansas),44-46;conquest of Pueblo Indians,45.Corregidores,14,49.Corregimientos,55,76.Cortés, Hernando,25,31;conquests,32-38;revolt of and departure from Cuba,32;founds Vera Cruz,33;at Mexico City,33;contest for royal favor,34;governor and captain-general,34;spread of his conquests,36-39;expelled from Vera Cruz,36;march to Honduras,38;return to Spain,38;explorations on South Sea and in California,42-44,46;contest for leadership,44;administrator,47-48;residencia,48;honored in Spain,49.Cortés, Martin, second Marquis of the Valley,53-54.Cortes, governing bodies in Castile and Aragon,14.Costa Rica, conquest of,31.Cotton, John, pastor of Boston church,146;the Hutchinsonian Controversy,148.Council for Foreign Plantations,181.Council for New England,136-137;grants patent to Plymouth,319;land grants,140;resigns charter,146.Council for Trade and Plantations,182.Council of Blood,52.Council of the Indies, organization, duties, and authority,19-20;promulgatesNew Laws,50.Council of the Inquisition,14;expulsion of Jews and Moors,14.Council of State, English,152,153.Council of Trade of 1622,114;of 1625,114;of 1660,182.Council of Trent,52.Council of Virginia,113.Coureurs de bois,90,100,102,257,422.Courten, William, proprietor in Barbados and Carolina,132,