2.Escalante, Father Silvestre de, explores Utah Basin,392.Escandón, Colonel José de, colonizes Gulf Coast,299-300,385.Escobar, Cristóbal, Jesuit provincial, urges colonization of ColoradoRiver,304,307.Española (Haiti),10;spread of settlements in,17;gold mining,19;other industries,19;emigration to, encouraged, migration from to mainland forbidden,21;decline of,67.Seealso West Indies.Espejo, Antonio de, expedition to New Mexico,72.Espinosa, Gaspar de, explores Central America,29-30,42.Espinosa, Fray Isidro Felix, Franciscan missionary and historian inTexas,292,293.Espíritu Santo, settlement in Texas,36;Bay of,249,297.Esquivel, Juan de, colonizes Jamaica,17.Estete, explores Nicaragua,32.Estrada, royal treasurer of New Spain,48;governor in Mexico,48.Eutaw Springs,530.Executive departments of United States government,553,554-555.SeeSecond Continental Congress.Exeter, New Hampshire, settled,157.Fabry de la Bruyère, expedition up Canadian River,286.Fages, Pedro, expedition against the Yumas,394.Falmouth burned,470.Far East, travelers in, and books regarding,3;change in trade route to,5.Farfán, Marcos, explores Arizona,73.Farmar, Major Robert, expedition to the Illinois,406.Farmer's Letters,439-440.Farnese, Elizabeth,279,359,360,361.Fenwick, John,201.Ferdinand and Isabella,13-14.Seealso Isabella, Queen of Spain.Ferrelo, explores north Pacific coast with Cabrillo,47.Feudalism, in Maryland,125-129.Finlay, James, Montreal fur magnate,423.Finley, explorer in Kentucky,413.First Continental Congress, call,451-452;meeting,452;Suffolk resolves,452;plan of union,452-453;declaration and resolves,453-454;commercial agreements,454-455;Association,455;attempts to secure cooperation of other colonies,455;beginnings of sovereignty,539.Fisher, Mary,189.Fishing industry of New England,217,331.Fletcher, Colonel Benjamin, governor of New York,345.Florida Blanca, Count of, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs,507-508;policy,515.Floyd, John, prospector in Kentucky,416.Florida, Indians,23;explored,125,126;assigned to Narváez,37;Spanish attempts to colonize:De León,40;Ayllón,40-41;De Soto,42;Fray Luis Cancer,61;De Luna,61-62;French attempts to colonize, and expulsion of by Spain,62-63,83-84,251;founding of St. Augustine,62;map,63;new settlements,64;Jesuit missions,64-65;Franciscan missions,65;Pareja's work on Indian languages,65,253;missions in Apalachee district,247;English encroachment,253-255;Pensacola founded,255,275;during War of Spanish Succession,269-271;siege of St. Augustine,269-270;destruction of the Apalachee missions,269-270;Spanish expedition against Charleston,270;Indian uprising,270;the Tuscarora War,271;Pensacola captured by French,295;ceded to England,382,384;captaincy-general of,387.Florida, East, under British rule,404;occupation and development,408-409;refuge for Loyalists,409.Florida, West, joined with Louisiana,398;extent under British rule,404;possession taken by British,406;posts in,406;boundary and the river forts,406-407;center of control for Indians and for trade of the Southwest,407;politics and government,407;development under British rule,407-408;immigration encouraged,408;land speculation,408;Loyalist refuge during the Revolution,408.Fonseca, Archdeacon, head of Spanish department of Indian affairs,16,19,34;victory of Cortés over,34.Fonseca Bay, discovered,29.Font, Father Pedro, Franciscan missionary with Anza, explores inCalifornia,391.Forbes, English commander, expedition against Fort Duquesne,377,378.Fort Bute, captured by Gálvez,515.Fort Casimir,177.Fort Caroline, French fort in Florida,62,84.Fort Christina,175.Fort Crêvecœur, Illinois,98.Fort Edward,495.Fort Elfsborg,175.Fort Frederica,316.Fort Frontenac, abandoned,259;reoccupied,265.Fort George,462.Fort Good Hope,170.Fort Independence,493-494.Fort Jefferson,514.Fort King George,315.Fort Lee, captured by the British,488-489.Fort Mercer,503.Fort Miami, LaSalle at,98.Fort Mifflin,503.Fort Orange (Albany),167.Fort Panmure, at Natchez, captured by Gálvez,515.Fort Rosalie, at Natchez,278,280.Fort St. Louis, built by La Salle in Texas,99.Fort Stanwix,496.Fort Tombecbé, Alabama,281,406.Fort Toulouse, on Alabama River, fur depot and Jesuit mission,278.Fort Washington, captured by British,488.Fox, George, visit to New Jersey,109;religious views,202;visit to America,203.Fox Channel,213.Fox Indians, wars with,284,285,287;massacre,287.France, during colonial period,52-53,78-80,88,89,279,295,359,360,363,364,375;causes of alliance with the United States,505;policy of Vergennes,505-506;Deane and Beaumarchais,506;Franklin's influence,506-507;American proposals,507;Lafayette,508;the alliance,508;operations of D'Estaing,510-511;Rochambeau,511;alliance of 1779 with Spain,515;peace treaty,532-538;loans to the United States,554.Franche Comté,52.Francis I of France,16.Franciscans, in New Spain:in Nueva-Vizcaya,58;Monastery at Saltillo,59;in Florida,65;field of work,236;in Chihuahua,242;in New Mexico,243,245,246-247,290;take over work of the Jesuits in northeastern provinces,386.See alsoSerra, Garcés, Missions.Franco-Spanish border,300-301;Texas-Louisiana boundary,300;New Mexico border,300-301.Franklin, Benjamin, influence on education,339;plan of union,371;interest in the West,412;agent for Pennsylvania and Massachusetts,437;the intercepted letters,448;member of Second Continental Congress,463;Post Master General,465;member of committee for drafting the Declaration of Independence,479;diplomacy in France,506-507;peace negotiations,533-538;views regarding the Articles of Confederation,550.Franklin, William, Governor of New Jersey, land scheme,411;attempts to defeat Independence,479.Frederick the Great and League of Armed Neutrals,519.Freebooters in New World,62,66,70.SeePrivateers.Freedom of the press,356-357.Freeman's Farm,497,498.French colonies in North America, France during the colonial period,78-81;early colonizing efforts,81-84;first voyages,81;Carriers and Roberval,81-82;Ribaut and Laudonnière,82-84;Acadia,85-86;the fur monopoly,85;Port Royal,85;Charnisay and LaTour,86;the English conquest,86;the St. Lawrence Valley,86-93;Quebec founded,86;Champlain,87-88;Company of Hundred Association,87;English conquest,87;Nicolet,88;the Jesuits,88;map,89;Montreal founded,90;the New Company,90;Coureurs de bois,90;reorganization,91;centralist system established,91;Laval,91;Iroquois War,91;the West India Company,91;Talon,92;Seigneurial grants,92;the West Indies,93-96;the West India Company,94;map,95;the Upper Lake region and the Mississippi Valley,96-102;two lines of approach,96;Upper Lake posts and missions,96;Marquette and Joliet,96-97;Frontenac,97;La Salle's fur trade monopoly,98;descends the Mississippi,98;his colony in Texas,98-99;explores in the Southwest,100;Duluth, Le Sueur, and Perrot on the upper Mississippi,100-101;the Illinois country,101;on the Tennessee,101-102;Anglo-French rivalry during Wars of English and Spanish Successions,214,257-273;the founding of Louisiana,275-278;Iberville,275;Spanish resistance,275.Biloxi,270;alliances with the tribes,276;Bienville,276;Crozat,276;Natchitoches, Fort Toulouse, and Natchez,278;Louisiana under the Company of the Indies,278-280;the Mississippi Bubble,278;New Orleans founded,279;War with Spain,279;government,279;the Natchez War,280;Louisiana under royal governors,280-286;Bienville again,281;the Chickasaw war,281;the Illinois country attached to Louisiana,281;the Missouri lead mines,282;the French in the trans-Mississippi West,282-286;La Harpe, DuTisné, Bourgmont,283-284;advance toward New Mexico,284-286;the western fur-trade,284;Mallet, Fabry, Satren, Chapuis,286;the far Northwest,287-288;the Fox wars,281;new Sioux posts,287;Vérendrye and the Post of the Western Sea,287-288;Franco-Spanish border conflicts,289,291-297,300-301;the struggle with England,359-383:the War of the Austrian Succession,364-366;the conflict on the Upper Ohio,366-369;the French and Indian War,369-383;the fall of Quebec,379;the Peace of Paris,382;France expelled from America,363.French and Indian War:approach of,366-369;preparations in Acadia,366;activities on the Ohio,366-369;the Ohio Company,367;the French frontier strengthened,367-368;French occupation of the upper Ohio,368-369;Washington's mission,369;the southern frontier,369;Virginia prepares,369-370;Washington's first campaign,370;apathy of colonial legislatures,370-371;the Albany convention,371;preparations for war,371;the council of governors,371-372;Braddock's campaign,372;harrying of the frontiers,372-374;map of the western frontier, 1763,373;operations in Acadia,374;the Crown Point campaign,374;the Niagara campaign,374-375;diplomatic revolution,375;French preparations,375;English preparations,375-376;fall of Oswego,376;Pitt becomes the moving spirit,376;Louisbourg and Ft. William Henry,376;English victories in India,376,377;preparations and plans, 1758,377;capture of Louisbourg,377;Abercromby's defeat,377-378;Frontenac and Duquesne,378;Kerlérec and the southern Indians,378;the Cherokee War,378-379;operations in the West Indies,379;the campaigns of 1759;Niagara captured,379;the fall of Quebec,379-380;important naval operations,380;the French fail to recapture Quebec,381;capture of Montreal,381;George III becomes king,381;operations in the West Indies and the Philippines,382;the Peace of Paris,382.French West India Company,91-92,94,96;settlements in the West Indies,252.Fresnillo, Mexico, mine of,56.Frobisher, Benjamin and Joseph, Montreal fur magnates,423.Frobisher, Martin, voyages in search of a northwest passage,66,108-109.Frontenac, Count, governor and lieutenant-general of New France,96,259,263;sends Joliet in search of the Mississippi,96;founding of Fort Frontenac,97;change in government and resulting friction,97;recalled,98;reappointed,259,263;conduct of French campaign in War of the English Succession,263,264;his Indian policy,263;reopens the fur trade,265.Fuenleal, Sebastián Ramirez de, president of Audiencia of New Spain,49.Fuerte River Valley, Sinaloa, Jesuit missions in,239.Fuller, William, heads rebellion in Maryland,162."Fundamental Orders" of Connecticut,150.Fur Trade: early French in Acadia,85;of St. Lawrence Valley,87-90,213-214;coureurs de bois,90;of Mississippi Valley,98-102;rivalry of French and English,102;in New England,155,158,217;of the Dutch,165-166,167,171,173-174;of Carolinas,211;Hudson's Bay Company,214-215,260-261;in New York,222;in Pennsylvania,226;of South Carolina,231,255;struggle for the northern fur country,257-261;French sphere of influence,257;