English policy,257-258;French policy under La Barre and Denonville,258-259;temporary French ascendency,261;the Alabama border,270;in English colonies in the18th century,331,332,334,335,367;in French Louisiana,270,276-278;in trans-Mississippi West,284-285,300,396;in the Saskatchewan Valley,287-288;Russian, on the Pacific coast,388;in Louisiana under Spain,398,400-402;in New British possessions after 1763, regulations,404-406,421-422;in West Florida,407; in the Ohio Valley,409;in Canada,421-423;the Northwest Company,423;competition with Hudson's Bay Company,423-424.Fusang, conjecture concerning location,2.Gadsden, Christopher, member of the Stamp Act Congress,436.Gage, General Thomas,410,459,461.Gali, Francisco de, ordered to explore Pacific Coast,70.Galissonière, Marquis de la, governor of Canada,368.Galloway, Joseph,452-453.Galveston Bay, La Harpe at,283.Gálvez, Bernardo de, governor of Louisiana,398,401;operations on the lower Mississippi,515;captures Mobile and Pensacola,516.Gálvez, José, visitador general to New Spain,385;Minister of the Indies,387;reform of the revenue system,385;tobacco monopoly,385;in Lower California,386;organized expedition to Alta California,386,387;pacification of Sonora,386;plans for intendant system,386-387;creation of new dioceses,387;captaincy-general of Havana,387.Gama, Vasco da, voyage to Calicut,5,24.Gámara, seeks La Salle's colony,249.Garay, governor of Jamaica, explorations,25-26,37.Garcés, Father Francisco, Franciscan missionary, explorations from SanXavier del Bac,391;with Anza, opens land route to California,391;seeks route from New Mexico,391,393;founds mission-pueblo at Yuma,393;massacred,393.Gaspee affair,444-445.Gates, General Horatio, at Crown Point,487;intrigues with Congress,493;in command against Burgoyne,496-499;Conway Cabal,503-504;in the South,525;defeated at Camden,525-526.Gates, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia,118.Geography, growth of knowledge,1-4.George I,353;colonial system under the Whigs,353-357.George II, colonial system under the Whigs,353-357.George III, becomes king,381;policy,429;proclamation of rebellion in America,460-470;the American Revolution,425-555.Georgia, De Soto crosses,42;Spanish post in Guale (northern Georgia), 1566,64;Boyano explores, 1567,64;Jesuit missions in Guale and Orista, 1568,64-65;Franciscan missions on coast,573-597,65;destroyed in uprising, 1597,65;restored to resist English,253-254;Yamassee revolt against Spaniards,255;English attack on missions,255;English traders among Creeks,255;Anglo-Spanish border raids during War of Spanish Succession, Spanishfrontier contracted,270;early English movement into,315;Azilia,315;motives of Oglethorpe,315;charter,315;government,316;early English settlements,316;defense,316;German migration, to,321;Scotch-Irish migration to,326;economic conditions,335;defense against Spaniards during War of Jenkins' Ear,361-362,363-364;trouble with the governor,444;attitude toward the Association458;Cherokee War,512-513;conquest by British,534;reconquered by Greene,529-530.Georgian Bay, explored,87,88.Germaine, Lord George,470,493.German mercenaries,470,478.German migration to America, causes,316-317;early movement to Pennsylvania,317-318;migration to New York,318-319;later migration to New York,318-319;later migration to Pennsylvania,319;to New Jersey,319;to Maryland,319-320;to Virginia,320;to North Carolina,320;to South Carolina,321;to Georgia,321;to New England,321-322;to Nova Scotia,322.Germantown, battle of,502.Germany,16.Geronymite friars, in West Indies,23.Gibraltar, Anglo-Spanish conflict over,359,360.Gila River,45;plans for exploration,304;Garcés on,391;Yuma mission on,393.Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, voyage of,66;attempts to found a colony,109.Gillam, Zachariah, voyages to Hudson Bay,213.Gist, Christopher, explores Ohio Valley,367.Glen, governor of South Carolina,369.Goa, India, Portuguese in,24.Godyn, Samuel,170.Golfo Dulce, Cortés visits,38.Gómez, Stephen, explores North Atlantic coast,26.Gondomar, Spanish ambassador in England,132.González, Dávila, Gil, expeditions in Central America,29-30,31,38.Gordillo, explores Atlantic coast,26.Gorges, Lord Edward, land grants,140,146.Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, sends vessels to New England,136;land grants,140,146,157;interest in Canada and Laconia companies,141;loss of estates,157-158.Gorges, Sir Robert, land grant,140;attempted settlement at Weymouth,140.Gorges family, opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company,141.Gourgues, Dominique de, attacks Spaniards in Florida,64,84.Governor's Island,171.Granada, Nicaragua, founding of,31;population,75.Granada, Spain, conquest of kingdom of,13.Gran Quivira (Kansas), expedition of Coronado to,45;of Humana,72-73;of Oñate,73;of Alonso de Vaca,243.Grand Canyon of the Colorado, discovered,45.Grant, Colonel, expedition against Cherokees,379.Grant, James, first English governor of East Florida,408-409.Grasse, De, French admiral, in the West Indies,530-531;defeats Graves,531;defeated by Rodney,532.Graves, Admiral,531.Graydon, John, English vice-admiral, commander of West Indian fleet,268."Great Awakening,"338.Great Bridge,471.Great Khan, visits of Europeans to court of,3.Greene, Nathanael, in command of Rhode Island volunteers,461;loses Ft. Washington,488-489;at Trenton,491;at Brandywine,500;at Germantown,502;in command in the South,527;retreat,528;Guilford,528-529;reconquest of South Carolina and Georgia,529-530."Green Sea of Darkness," Arabian notion of,2.Greenbrier Company,411.Greenland, discovery and colonization,2-3.Grenada, acquired by England,404;occupied by the French,510;restored to Great Britain,537.Grenville, Sir Richard, freebooter,60;expedition to Roanoke Island,110.Grenville Ministry,430-436.Grijalva, exploring expeditions,25,32.Grimaldi, Spanish minister,388.Groseilliers, fur trader in Great Lake region, influence inestablishment of the Hudson's Bay Company,213.Guachichile Indians, Coahuila,59.Guadalajara, seat of Audiencia,27,40,50,55,58,75,387;seat of Province of Santiago de Jalisco,249.Guadalajara, New Mexico officer leads pearl hunting expedition inTexas,244.Guadeloupe Island, international contests over,93,252,262,382.Guadiana (Durango), diocese of,242.Guale (Georgia), Spanish presidio in,64;Jesuit mission in,64-65.Guanajauto, mines,58;founding of City of Santa Fé de,58.Guanajá Islands,25.Guatemala, Maya civilization,27;conquest of,31,37-38,39;expedition of Niño to,42;Audiencia of,50;population,75.Guerrero (state), Mexico, Zacatilla founded in,37.Guiana,66,80;tales about,110;English interests in,130,132;early English expeditions to,132;Spanish opposition to English settlement,132;Dutch colonization,166-167;English, Dutch, and French posts,251-252.Guilford, Connecticut,150.Guilford, New Jersey,199.Guilford, battle of,528-529.Guillen, Father, Jesuit missionary in California,307.Guise, Francis and Henry,53,78,79.Gutiérrez, Alonso, governor of Veragua,32.Guzmán, Nuño de, governor of Victoria Garayana (Pánuco),37,48;president of Audiencia of Mexico,38,48;conquest of Sinaloa (Nueva Galicia),39,40;claim to Cibola,44;enmity to Cortés,48.Haiti, Columbus's expedition to,10;named Española,10.SeeEspañola.Halifax, Lord,354,366.Halifax, Nova Scotia, founding,366.Hamilton, English major-general in War of Austrian Succession,268.Hamilton, British commander at Detroit, raids of,513,514;captured,514.Hampton Court Conference,136.Hancock, John, trouble with customs officials,441-442;distributes arms,460;president of Second Continental Congress,463,541.Hapsburgs, French hostility to,80.Harcourt, Robert, attempts to colonize Guiana,132.Harlem, battle of,485.Harper's Ferry, founded,320.Harrod, pioneer settler in Kentucky,413,416.Harrodsburg, Kentucky,416,417.Hartford, Dutch fort at,149; founding of the town,149.Havana, Cuba, founded,19;decline of,67;captaincy-general and intendancy of,387;Louisiana attached to,398;Audiencia of,398.Harvard College,220-221,339.Harvey, Sir John, governor of Virginia,124-125.Hawkins, John, English freebooter,66;slave trade,107.Hawkins, William, voyages to Guiana and Brazil,107.Hazard, Samuel, plan for western colony,411.Hearne, Samuel, explorations,423-424;reaches Arctic Ocean and discovers Lake Athabasca,424.Heath, Sir Robert, grant in the Carolinas,207.Heçeta, Bruno de, expedition up North Pacific coast,395.Henderson, Judge Richard, land speculator in Kentucky,413;founds Transylvania,417-418.Henley House, Hudson's Bay Company post,423.Hennepin, Recollet missionary among the Illinois,97,101;in Minnesota,98;meets Duluth,100.Henry, Alexander, Montreal fur magnate,423.Henry, Patrick, buys Spanish horses in the West,400;in the Parson's Cause,429;Virginia Resolutions,435-436;member of First Continental Congress,452;heads armed resistance,462-463;sends militia to Kentucky,513.Henry VII, policy,104;Cabot,105-106.Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal,4-5;his objects,5;explorations,5;map showing,6;beginning of slave trade,5.Henry IV, of France (Henry of Navarre),53;Huguenot leader,78,79;reforms of, as king,79;assassination,79.Henry VII of England,7.Herkimer, Colonel Nicholas,496.Hermandad, local police,14;recognized as state agency by Ferdinand and Isabella,14.Hessians, in American Revolution,489-491.Heyn, Piet, capture of Bahía,166;capture of Vera Cruz fleet,252.Hidalgo, Father Francisco, missionary in Texas,249,292.Hill, General Sir John, expedition against Quebec,272.Hillsboro, North Carolina,415.Hillsborough, Earl of, colonial secretary,406,413,419,441.Hispaniola, English corruption of Española, whichsee.Hoboken, New Jersey,198.Holburne, English vice-admiral in French and Indian War,376.Holland.SeeNetherlands, Dutch.Honduras, conquest and settlement,24,31,38-39Hooke, Sir Humphrey, leases in Virginia,185.Hopkins, Ezek,464,517.Hopkins, John B.,465.Horses, Spanish trade in with English colonies,400.Hortalez et cie,506.Howard of Effingham, Lord, governor of Virginia,187-188.Howe, Admiral Lord, attempt at conciliation,483;at Philadelphia,503;and D'Estaing,510.Howe, General Sir William, at Boston,461;New York campaign,483-486,488-489;failure to coöperate with Burgoyne,493;Philadelphia campaign,499-503;recalled,509.Huasteca country (Tamaulipas), conquered by Cortés,37.Hubbardtown,495.Hudson Bay, exploration of,212-213.Hudson, Henry, exploration 1609,165;discovery of Hudson Bay,213.Hudson's Bay Company, established,213;trading houses,214;methods,214;French rivalry,214,288;struggle for fur country,257-261;posts,260-261;in Wars of English and Spanish Successions,273;activity following Peace of Utrecht,423;Hearne's explorations,423-424;rivalry with Northwest Company,424.Huehuetoca, Canal of (Mexico),53.Huguenots, in France,78,79;colonizing efforts,62,82-83;in New England,216;in South Carolina,230.Humana, Gutiérrez de, expedition to New Mexico and Quivira,72-73.Hundred Associates.SeeCompany of the Hundred Associates.Hurdaide, Captain Diego, commander in Sinaloa,237,239.Huron Indians, wars with Iroquois,258,259.Hurtado, Juan P., expedition against Apaches,290.Hutchinson, Anne, doctrines,148;controversy in Boston congregation,148;banishment,148;at Portsmouth and Newport,148.Hutchinson, Thomas,443,444,448.Ibarra, Diego de, Conquistador of Zacatecas,55;cattle business,58.Ibarra, Francisco de, miner at Zacatecas,55-56;list of mines opened,56;governor of Nueva Vizcaya,56;explorations, colonies, mines in northern Mexico,56,58;death,58.Iberville, founder of Louisiana,102,261,265,266,270,275,276.Iceland, discovery and colonization,2.Illinois, La Salle in,