98;Sulpicians and Jesuits (Cahokia and Kaskaskia),101;Tonty's fur trade,101;St. Denis' post at Cairo,102;Indians of,258;a judicial department of Louisiana,280,281;prosperity under Company of the Indies,281-282;Fort Chartres, Ste. Genevieve, Vincennes,281-282;Missouri lead-mines,282;English plans to occupy,409;conspiracy of Pontiac,409-410;the Loftus expedition,410;establishment of English government,410;Quebec Act,411;character of population,420;conquered by G.R. Clark,514.Imago Mundi, possible influence on Columbus,2,7.Immigration and population, Spanish colonies,21,75;Sinaloa and Sonora,240,305-306;Chihuahua,289;New Mexico,73,243,244,290;California,391-393;French Canada,93,94;Quebec,419;Loyalists in Canada,421,538;French West Indies,93,94;Louisiana,279,395-396;the Illinois country,281;Bermudas,130;Lesser Antilles,133,340,341;Barbados,216,340,341;English mainland colonies, about 1700,216;Virginia,121,227;Maryland,127,128,227;New England.138,143,216,217:New Jersey,200-201,221;New York,221;Pennsylvania and Delaware,206,224;the Carolinas,208,230;West Florida,407-408;Ohio Valley,413-419;German and Swiss migration,316-322;Scotch, Irish,322-326;English colonies in middle18th century,329-330;on the eve of the Revolution,425-426;dispersion of the Loyalists,538;New Netherlands,167;New Sweden,175.Indé, Mexico, mines of,56.Indented servants,122,229,336,409.Independents,135,137.SeePilgrims.India, visited by the Polos,3;travelers' tales regarding,3;discovery of new route to,51;Portuguese empire in,24;British administration of,34;during the French and Indian War.SeeFrench and Indian War;Events of the War in India.Indian Ocean, Ptolemy's conception of,1.Indiana Company,418.Indians, in Spanish colonies, so-named by Columbus,10;Spanish policy in West Indies,22-23;rebellion in 1495,22;slavery23,31,37,56,60-61,72,75;Maya and Nahua civilization,26-28;native caciques used in conquest,39;Mixton War,40;Pueblo civilization in New Mexico,46;New Lawsconcerning,50,53;native alcaldes,55;Tlascaltecans as colonists,50-60;decline in West Indies,67;rebellion at Ácoma,73;schools for,76;missions as frontier defense,236;Yaqui wars,239;Pueblo revolt in New Mexico,245;wars on North Mexican frontier,245-246,248;in Eastern Texas,251;Apalachee revolt,254;Yamassee revolt,255;Moqui and Zuñi resistance,290;Navajo, Yuta, and Comanche depredations in New Mexico,290-291;captives sold as slaves,291;the Jumanos,243,244,285,291;destroy Vulazur's parry,296;Apache wars in Texas,298-299;the Tonkawa missions,299;Pima revolt in Arizona,305;Yuma massacre,393-394;Spanish policy in Louisiana,400-401;war on Apaches,401;hostilities in New Netherlands,171-172;in French colonies;Huron and Iroquois wars,88,91,258-259,265;Anglo-French rivalry for northern tribes,257-259;Abenaki wars,262-265;Frontenac's policy,263;competition for southern Indians,269,270,276;Natchez war on French,278,280;the Chickasaw War,281;French among Western tribes (Asinais, Orcoquisas, Cadodachos,Bidayes, Touacaras, Wichitas, Osages, Missouris, Pawnees, Otos,Iowas, Kansas, Mandaos),282-284;Winnebagoes,296;Apache-Comanche barrier to French advance,285,286;Fox Wars,287;Sioux posts,287;Vérendrye among Manfan Cheyennes, Crows, Little Foxes, Bows,288;in English colonies: early attacks in Virginia,117-119,122;relations with Pilgrims,138-139;land title theory of Roger Williams,147;Wilhams and the Narragansetts,147;Pequot War,159-160;English missionary work among,156;Opechancanough's War,185;the Susquehanna War,185-186;King Philip's War,191-192;Iroquois treaty with Dongan,198;Penn's treaty,205;war in the Carolinas,210;policy of Hudson's Bay Company,214;the English among the Creeks,255;English war on Apalachees,270;Indian slavery in Carolina,270;the Tuscarora War,271,320;barriers to Westward Movement,310-414;Yamassee War,314;Creeks and Cherokees,314,316;alliances on Georgia frontier,362;during French and Indian War,372;Kerlérec and southern Indians,378;Cherokee War,378;English policy after 1763,404-407;Pontiac's War,409-410;land cessions in West,412;ravages in Kentucky,416;Lord Dunmore's War,417;policy of Continental Congress,465-466;in American Revolution,496,512-515.Seenames of individual tribes. Indigo,535.Innocent IV, Pope, legate sent to the Great Khan,3.Inquisition, The,52; Council of the,14.Intendancies, in New Spain,387.Intolerable Acts,449-451.Iriarte, seeks La Salle's colony,249.Irish, in New England,216; in New York,222.SeeScotch-Irish.Iroquois Indians (Confederation, The Six Nations),86,91;Dongan's treaty with,198,257,258-259,265,365,369;cession of 1765,412;in the Revolution,514-515.Isabella of Spain, aids Columbus,7,8,16.Island Flats,513.Italy,13,16.Iturbi, Juan de, pearl hunting voyages,240;believes California an island,240.Jack, Col. Samuel,512.Jackson, William, English privateer,252.Jalisco, conquest of,37,39.Jamaica, Island, under Spain,17,67;granted to Providence Island Company,133;English conquest,153,234,253;committee for,153;conditions in the eighteenth century,340-341.Jamaica Pass,484.James I of England, general policy,112,113;treaty with Spain,114;the London Company,123;non-conformists,136.James, Duke of York, proprietor of New York,178;Lord High Admiral,182;proprietary grant of New Netherlands,196-197;attitude toward representative government in New York,197-198;interest in Hudson's Bay Company,213.SeeJames II.James II, consolidation of colonies,194;"Glorious Revolution,"194-195;difficulties with Carolina settlers,210-211.SeeJames, Duke of York.Jamestown, founded,116-117;Spanish resistance,118,251.Janos, Chihuahua, founded,242.Japan, early contact with America,2;Polo's knowledge of,3;Portuguese trading settlements in,24.SeeCipango.Java, visited by the Polos,3;Dutch in,164.Jay, John, member of First Continental Congress,452;in Spain,533;peace negotiations,534-538;secretary of foreign affairs,555.Jefferson, Thomas, member of Second Continental Congress,463;writes Declaration of Independence,479,480.Jeffreys, Herbert, acting governor of Virginia,187.Jenkins, Thomas,361.Seealso The War of Jenkins' Ear.Jérez, Mexico, founded,59.Jesuits, in Spanish colonies;general field,236;Nueva Vizcaya,58;Florida (Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia),64-65;Sinaloa and Sonora (Fuerte, Mayo, Yaqui, Sonora valleys),237-240;map,238;Chihuahua,242;in Pimería Alta (Arizona),301-396;Lower California,305-307;expulsion, 1767,386;in French colonies: Canada,87-88,90,91;on the Maine border,271;on lakes Michigan and Syperior,96;in the Illinois country,101,280,282;Father Piquet's mission in New York,368;Louisiana (Alabama),278;in Maryland,127-128;expelled,162.Jews, in New England,216;in New York,223.Jiménez, discovers Lower California,42.John the Great, ruler of Portugal,4.Johnstone, George, governor of West Florida,407,408.Joliet, exploration of the Mississippi,96-97.Jones, John Paul, appointment,465;theBonhomme RichardandSerapis,518-519;at Texel,520-521.Jonquiére, Marquis de la, governor-general of Canada,368.Johnson, William, Indian agent,365,372,374,379.Jordan River, Cape Fear, Ayllón at,40.Jumano Indians, Texas, expeditions to,243,244,285.Kalb, Baron de,508,525-526.Kanawha, battle of the,513.Kaskaskia,410;captured by Clark,514.Kaunitz, Austrian Minister of State,375.Keller, Father, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Arizona,304.Kelsey, Henry, expedition to Winnipeg,214.Kent Island,128.Kentucky, beginnings of,416;Indian ravages,416;Lord Dunmore's war,417;Henderson and Transylvania,417-418;Virginia's claim of sovereignty over,418;organization as Kentucky. County, Virginia,418;in the Revolution,513.Kentucky County, Virginia, erected,418.Kerlérec, Governor of Louisiana,285,301,378.Kerr, English commodore, in war of the Spanish Succession,268.Kidd, Captain, pirate,350.Kieft, William, director-general of New Netherlands,171;trouble with Indians,171-172;the Council of Twelve,171.King Philip's War,191-192.King William's War.SeeWar of the English Succession.King's College,339."King's posts," fur trade at, in English colonies,421.King's Mountain, battle,527.Kingston, Jamaica, founded,262.Kino, Father Eusebio, Jesuit missionary and explorer,301-304;in Lower California,241-242;his map of Pimería Alta,303;missions and ranches established in Arizona,302;search for land route to California,302;his death,304;aid given to Lower California,306.Kirke, Captain, expedition against French,87,141.Kittery, Maine, claimed by Massachusetts,157.Kocherthal, Joshua von,318.Knights of Alcántara,14.Knights of Calatrava,14.Knights of Santiago,14;Otomi chief made member of,39.Knollys, English freebooter,66.Knowles, Admiral Charles, attack on Española,366.Kublai Khan, visit of the Polos to,3.Labadists,318.La Barre, governor of New France,94,258,261.Labrador,420.La Clede, fur trader, founds St. Louis,396.Laconia Company,141.La Cosa, explorations of,24.Lafayette, Marquis de, enlists in the American cause,508;influences France to send a second expedition,511;in Virginia,530;in Yorktown campaign,531.La Harpe, Bénard de, French explorer and trader in the West,283-284,295.La Junta missions, Chihuahua,245,290.Lake Athabasca, discovery,424.Lake Chápala, Mexico,36.Lake Erie, La Salle on,98.Lake Michigan, French posts on,96."Lake of New Mexico," Coahuila,59.Lake Ontario, discovered,87.Lake Superior, trading posts on,90,287;Jesuit missions on,96.Lake Tezcuco, Cortés's fleet on,33.La Navidad, fort built by Columbus, in Española,10."Land of War," Central America,39.Land grants and speculation in the Ohio Valley,411-413.Langlade, Charles, French trader leads attack on English,368.La Paz, California, attempts to colonize,42,71,240-242,307.La Plata River, discovered by Vespuccius,24.La Pointe, Jesuit mission on Lake Superior,96.Larios, Father Juan, Franciscan missionary, in Coahuila andTexas,248.La Salle, Jean Cavelier, Sieur de,97,98;at Fort Frontenac,97;in Illinois,98;descends Mississippi,98;colony in Texas,98-99,249,283;assassination,100.Las Casas, Father Bartolomé de,23;opposition to theencomienda,23,50;conquest of Guatemala,39.Las Casas, Francisco de, lieutenant of Cortés in Honduras,38.La Tour, Charles de, rule in Acadia, contest with Charnisay,86.Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, tyranny,113;heads commission to handle dependencies,114;struggle with Massachusetts Bay Colony,142-143,145-146.Laudonnière, French colonizer in Florida,62,84.Laurain, French explorer on the Missouri River,282.Laurens, Henry, sent to the Netherlands,521;his capture,522.Laval, Abbé, bishop in Canada,91.La Vérendrye, fur trade monopoly,287;his "Post of the Western Sea,"287-288.Law, John, the Mississippi Bubble,278-279.Lazarus (Philippine) Islands,67.Lea, Captain Charles, attempts to colonize Guiana,132.League of Armed Neutrals,519-520.League of Hanover,360-375.Leake, Captain John,271.Lee, Arthur, diplomat,