New Spain at end of16th century,75;frontier administration in the17th century,234-237;the governors,234;central control,235;frontier autonomy,235;the missions,236;the Jesuits in Sinaloa and Sonora,237;Fathers Tápia and Pérez,237;Captain Hurdaide,237;missions in Fuerte, Mayo, Yaqui and Sonora valleys,238-239;Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast,240;efforts to occupy Lower California,240-242;pearl fishing,240;Iturbi's voyages,240;later attempts,240;the settlement of Chihuahua,242;mines of,289;the Conchos Valley,290;Diocese of Guardiana,242;Coahuila occupied,247-249;the Nuevo León frontier,247;Zavala's rule,247;Monclova founded,248;the College of the Holy Cross of Querétaro,248;Pimería Alta,301;Kino,301-302;a land route to California,302;missions and ranches,302-303;the Arizonac Mines,304;Keller and Sedelmayr,304;the Pima revolt,305;the Northwestern frontier in 1763,305-306;the Jesuits in Lower California,306-307;Salvatierra and his companions,306;readjustment following the Seven Years' War,384-387;Reforms of Charles III and Gálvez,384-386;Rubí's tour,385;expulsion of the Jesuits,386;the Provincias Internas,386-387;new dioceses,387;the intendancies,387.Mexico City (Tenochtitlán),27;Chapultepec,28;siege and capture by Cortés,33;rebuilt as a Spanish city,34;markets established,47;seat of audiencia and viceroyalty,48-49;canal of Huehuetoca,53;population,75;seat of archbishopric,76;of University,53,67.Mexico, Gulf of, mapping of coast,25-26,249,255,385.Michillimackinac, fur trade,422.Michoacán,37;Guzmán's march through,39.Middlebrook,493.Middletown, New Jersey,198.Miera y Pachecho, Captain Bernardo de, expedition to Utah Basin,392.Milan,53.Milford, founded,150.Milhet, Jean, delegate to France with protest on the Louisianacession,396.Mines and mining, in northern Mexico,55-56,58.Minisink, burned,515.Minho River,13.Minuit, Peter, director-general of New Netherlands,167,169;in Sweden,175.Missions, part in Spanish colonial expansion,235-237.See alsoDominicans; Jesuits; Franciscans; California;Florida; Georgia; New Mexico. In French Colonies,seeCanada,Catholic Church, Jesuits, Illinois, Louisiana.Mississippi Bubble,278-279.Mississippi Company,411.Mississippi River (Rio del Espíritu Santo), discovery of,26,41,42;plans to occupy its mouth,249.Mississippi Valley, French approach to,96,102;work of the Jesuits,96-97,101;Joliet and Marquette,96-97.La Salle,98;Duluth,100.Missouri lead mines,282.Mixton war,40.Mobile, new site for St, Louis,276;judicial department of,279;during English rule,403,407-408;captured by Gálvez,516.Mobile Bay,42,249,255,276.Molasses Act,356.Moluccas,42;Spain claims sold to Portugal,46.Monclova, city of,246,247.248,296,297.Monckton, Lieutenant-Colonel,372,374.Mongolia, visit of the Polos to,3.Monhegan Island settlement,140.Monk, George, Duke of Albermarle, Carolina proprietor,208;interest in Hudson's Bay Company,213.Monmouth, battle of,509-510.Montcalm, Marquis de, in French and Indian War,375,376,377,380.Monte Cristi,428.Montejo, Francisco de, conqueror of Yucatán,36,38.Montemayor, Luis de, governor of Nuevo León,61.Monterey, Mexico,59;founding of,61;Franciscan monastery at,61.Monterey, California,2;founding,389;made capital392.Monterey Bay, California,47,71,305,380.Montezuma II, Aztec ruler,28;death of,33.Montgomery, English colonel,379.Montgomery, Richard,470.Montgomery, Sir Robert, grant of Azilia to,315.Montreal, Canada,82,90,257,263,265,272,419;association of Montreal,90;captured by the English,381;center of fur trade,422.Montserrat Island, occupied by English,133,252;in Leeward Isles government,206;social conditions,340;restored to Great Britain,537.Moore, Commodore John,379.Moore, Governor of South Carolina, destroys Apalachee missions,270.Moore's Creek,471.Moors (Mohammedans, Berbers), expulsion from Portugal,4;from Spain,13,14,53;Moqui pueblos,46,72;discovery of,45;revolt of the Indians,45.Moraga, Lieutenant, founds San José, California,392.Moral, Father, Franciscan missionary in Florida,254.Moravian missionaries, among Delawares in the West,416.Morgan, Gen. Daniel,495,528.Moro Castle, Havana, captured by British,382.Morris, Robert, financier of the Revolution,554.Morristown, winter quarters of Washington's army,492.Morton, Thomas, founds Merry Mount,139;driven out,139;opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company,141.Moscoso, explores Arkansas and Texas,42,61.Moultrie, Colonel Wm.,471,472.Moya Contreras, viceroy of Mexico, plans for exploration,70-71.Mulattoes and mestizos, in population of the New World,306.Munck, Jens, explorations in Hudson Bay,213.Muscovy Company,106.Mystic, settled,142.Nahua civilization,26-28.Nanipacna, Alabama, Spanish settlement at,62.Nantasket settlement,140.Nantes, Edict of,79.Nantucket, granted to the Duke of York,196-197.Naples,16,52,361.Narragansett Indians and Roger Williams,146,147;attitude in King Philip's War,191-192.Narváez, Pánfilo de, sent to arrest Cortés,33;governor of Florida,37;attempted conquest of Florida,41.Nashborough (Nashville), founded,419.Nashborough Association,549.Natchez, founded,278;a judicial department of Louisiana,279;under the English,406,407,408;captured by Gálvez,515.Natchez Indians,278;war with French,280.Natchitoches, founded by St. Denis,278;judicial department of Louisiana,279;rule of De Mézières at,401.Naval stores,355-356.Navidad, port in Mexico,40,47,68.Navigation acts, of 1650 and 1651,153;of 1660,180;of 1696,348-349;under Anne,351;later acts,354-355.Navy of the United States, organized,464;vessels provided by New England,517;congressional provision for,517;early operations,517-518;state navies,518;Penobscot expedition,518;operations of John Paul Jones,518-519,520-521;decline of the navy,519.Navy Department, of the United States,554-555.Needham, James, reaches the upper Tennessee, 1673,211.Negro slavery,23,56,273,276,279,282.Netherlands (Holland),16;revolt against Spain,52;independent state,53;struggle with Spain,164;commercial expansion,164;search for northeast passage,164;trade to Far East,164-165;explorations of Henry Hudson,165;discovery of Cape Horn,165;trade on Hudson River,165-166;settlements in Brazil, Guiana, and the Antilles,166-167;New Netherlands,167-174;struggle with the Swedes on the Delaware,175,177;absorption of New Netherlands by English,177-178;alliance with England and France,359;treaty of Seville,360;attitude toward American Revolution,520;St. Eustatius,520;the Scotch brigade and the Jones incident,520-521;British seizures,521;secret agreement of Amsterdam,521;declaration of war,521-522;loans to the United States,554.SeeNew Netherlands.Neve, Felipe de, governor of California,392.Nevis Island, occupied by English,133,252;in Leeward Isles government,206;taken by French,268;social conditions,340;captured by De Grasse,532;restored to Great Britain,537.Neville, John, English vice-admiral,262.Nevome Indians, Sonora,239.New Albion, Drake's name for California,70.New Amsterdam,167-169;surrender to the English,197.Newark, New Jersey,199.New Brunswick,421.New Company, successor to Company of Hundred Associates,90.Newcastle, Duke of,353-354.New England, supposed visit of North men,3;Confederation,156-157;settled area in 1700,216;population,216;agriculture,216-217;fur trade,217;fishing,217;lumbering,217;ship-building,217;commerce,217,331;manufactures,217-218;standard of living,218;social standards,218;religion,220;superstitions,220;education,220-221;literature,221;French and Indian attacks,271;population,329;settled area about 1750,329;farming,330-331;lumbering,331;ship-building,331;fisheries,331;ships furnished during the Revolution,517-518.Seethe individual colonies.Newfoundland fisheries,106;English attacks on, in the War of the Spanish Succession,271,272,420.New Gothenborg,175.New Hampshire, early settlements,140;land grants in,157;attempt of Randolph to take it from Massachusetts,193;a royal colony,194;population,216;Scotch-Irish migration to,325.New Jersey, granted to the Duke of York,197;granted to Carteret and Berkeley,197;government of East New Jersey,198-199;difficulties with New England men,199;Quakers in West New Jersey,199,201;division of New Jersey,201;government of West New Jersey,201;trouble with the Duke of York,201;Burlington,202;proprietors of East New Jersey,202;German migration to,319;economic and social conditions in the eighteenth century,332;under William III,345;surrender of proprietary rights,350;a royal colony,350.SeeWest New Jersey, East New Jersey.New Haven, founded,150;government,150;code of 1656,155;member of the New England Confederation,156;confederation and expansion,158.New Laws, for Spanish America,50,55.New Mexico,Pueblo Indians,44,46,234,245;Coronado's expedition,40,46;exploration in later16th century,72-73;colonization,73-74;founding of Santa Fé,73,243;isolation,242;in the17th century,243-247;missions,243;Benavides's report, in 1630,243;missionary and trading expeditions,243-244;in 1680,244-245;beginnings of El Paso,245;revolt of Pueblo Indians,234,245-247;La Junta missions,245,290;Mendoza's expedition to Jumanos,245;advance of French toward,285-286,300-301;Moqui and Zuñi resistance,290;new settlements,290;population,290;Indian depredations,290-291;advance to northeast stimulated by French,291;explorers in Colorado,291-292.New Netherlands, early settlements,167;government,167;administration of Peter Minuit,167,169;patroon system,169-170;the frontiers strengthened,170;administration of Van Twiller,170-171;Kieft's administration,171-172;Indian war,172;administration of Stuyvesant,172-173;economic development,173-174;conquest of New Sweden,175,177;absorption by England,177-178,196-197.New Netherlands Company,165-166.New Orleans, founded,279,293;slavery and agriculture,279;population,279;judicial department of Louisiana,279;under Spanish administration,398;emigration to,408.Newport, Sir Christopher, voyage to Virginia, 1607,116-117;voyage of 1609,118.Newport, Rhode Island, founded,148;siege of,510;evacuated by British,511;occupied by Rochambeau,511.New Providence Island, occupied by English,206;captured by French and Spanish,268,269.New Spain.SeeSpanish colonies in North America; Mexico.New Sweden, the New Sweden Company,175;founding of Fort Christina,175;administration of Governor Printz,175;renewed colonization,175,177;conquest by the Dutch,177.New Sweden Company,175.Newtown (Cambridge) settled,