145.New York, province granted to James, Duke of York,196-197;seizure by the English,197;administration of Nicolls,197;administration of Lovelace,197;struggle for representative government,197-198;administration of Dongan,198;Leisler's rebellion,198;attempt to regain control of the Jerseys,201;deed to East New Jersey,202;dispute with Pennsylvania,203;population,221;industries,221-222;social conditions,222;religion,222-223;education,222-223;large estates,223;German migration to,318-319;Scotch-Irish migration to,325;economic and social conditions in the eighteenth century,331-332;a royal colony,344-345;protest against Grenville's policy,432-433;assembly dissolved,438-439;attitude regarding the Association,458.SeeNew Netherlands.New York City, charter granted by Governor Nicolls,197;in the eighteenth century,332;captured by the British,482-484.SeeNew Amsterdam.Nicaragua, conquest of,29-30,31,32,42;audiencia of,50.Nicaragua, Lake,29,32.Nicholson, Francis, lieutenant governor of New York, and the Leislerrebellion,198;expedition against Montreal,272.Nicolet, Jean, French explorer in Wisconsin,88.Nicolls, Richard, governor of New York,197;sends colonists to New Jersey,198.Nicoya, Gulf of, Central America,29,31.Nicuesa, founder of Nombre de Dios,28.Niña, one of Columbus' ships,8.Ninety-Six,527,529.Niño, Andrés, expedition of,29-30,42."Noche Triste,"33,36.Nochistlán, Nueva Galicia,40.Nombre de Dios (Porto Bello),24;colony at,28; founding of,29,56;port for Spanish merchant fleet,66;population,75.Nootka Sound, explored,395.North, Lord, prime minister,443;coercive acts,449-451;conciliatory resolution,455-456;attempts conciliation,508-509;sends Carlisle commission to America,509.North, Captain Robert, attempt to colonize Guiana,132.North Carolina (for Spanish activities inSeeCarolinas);population,227;settled area,227;economic conditions,228-229;religion,229;separation from South Carolina,313-315;German migration to,320;Swiss migration to,321;Scotch-Irish migration to,326;social and economic conditions in the18th century,333-334;a royal colony,354;the Regulators,414-415;protest against Grenville's policy,433;in the Revolution,471,512-513,528-529.SeeAlbemarle District, Carolinas.Northern Mystery,68.Northmen, early maritime exploration,2;appearance in England,2;discovery and colonization of Iceland, and of Greenland,2-3;discovery of Vinland,2-3.Northwest Company, fur trade of,423.Northeast passage, sought by the English,106,108,213;sought by the Dutch,164.Nova Scotia,3,26,272,421;English policy of defense,312-313;German migration to,322.SeeAcadia.Nuevo Almadén (Coahuila),61,247.Nueva Andalucía, Central America,29.Nueva Andalucía (Sonora),239.Nueva Galicia, conquest of,39;Mixton War,40;audiencia and diocese of,55,56;growth of,58.Nueva Vizcaya, founding of,56,58;development,58;Franciscans and Jesuits in,58;conflicts with Nuevo León,61;capital,242.Nuevo León, Kingdom of, Tlascaltecan Indians as colonists in,60;extent of,60;development under Carabajal,60,61;administration of Montemayor,61;conflicts with Nueva Vizcaya,61;frontier,247;Zavala's rule,247.Nuevo Santander (Tamaulipus), settlement of by Escandón,299-300.Oaxaca, Mexico,36,53,75.Ocampo, circumnavigates Cuba,17,25.O'Conor, Hugo, comandante inspector in North Mexican provinces,386.Oglethorpe, James, motives,315;founding of Georgia,316;in war of Jenkins' Ear,361-362,363-364.Ohio Company, The,367.Ohio River Valley, Spaniards in,64;French in,98,101,102,257,281-282,368-369;English in,102,211,367;struggle for,367-378;development under English rule,403-419.Oidores,48.Ojeda, explorer,23,28.Ojuelos, Mexico,59.Oklahoma, region, early Spanish explorations,42,45,243;French trade and exploration,286,300;later Spanish activities,398;English intruders before Revolution,401.Oldham, John,140-141;opposition to Massachusetts Bay Company,141.Olid, Cristobal de, lieutenant of Cortés,36;in Michoacán and Colima,36-37;expedition to Honduras,38.Olivares, Father Francisco, missionary in Coahuila and Texas,249,292,293.Oñate, Cristóbal de, a founder of Nueva Galicia,40,55.Oñate, Juan de, colonizer of New Mexico,73;explorations of,74;displaced by royal governor,73;believes California an Island,240.Oneida Indians,265.Onondaga Indians,259,265.Opechancanough's War in Virginia,160.O'Reilly, Alexander, installs Spanish régime in Louisiana,397-398,407.Orinoco River,171;Raleigh's exploration of the delta,110.Oré, Fray Luis de, Franciscan missionary in Florida,253.Oriskany, Battle of,496.Orista, South Carolina, Jesuit mission in,64.Orleans, Isle of, surrendered to Spain,383.Ormuz, capture of,24.Orozco, conquistador with Cortés,38.Oswego, founded,313.Ortega, Francisco de, founds colony at La Paz,240.Osage Indians,283,284.Ostend East India Company,360.Ostimuri, Sonora district,305,306.Otermin, effort to reconquer New Mexico,245,246.Otis, James, opposition to writs of assistance,429;circular letter,436;member of the Stamp Act Congress,436.Oto Indians, French among,284.Ottawa, River explored,87;Indians,258.Oxenham, English freebooter,66.Pacific Ocean, fifth century voyages,2;discovery by Portuguese,24;by Balboa,25;Magellan crosses,25;explorations on Central American coast,29-30;on Mexican coast,37,42-44;on California coast,44,46-47,70-71,240-241,306-307,389-394;crossed by Saavedra,42;by Villalobos,47;Legazpi conquers Philippines,67-68;Urdaneta discovers return route,68;the Manila galleon,68;the Strait of Anian,70;raids of Drake and Cavendish,78;islands of Rica de Oro and Rica de Plata,71;Dutch voyages and raids,164,165,240;French interest in,100,285;Vérendrye's effort to reach,287-288;Anson's raid,363;in Seven Years' War,382;Russian trade and voyages,383;Spanish exploration of the Northern Pacific, Pérez, Heçeta, andBodega,395;Cook at Nootka Sound,395.Padouca Indians, French among,283.Paine, Thomas, "Common Sense,"477.Palenque, Maya center,27.Palma, Salvador, Yuma chief,393.Palos, Spain, port of sail of Columbus,5.Panamá,24,25;founding,29;Audiencia of,49,50;population,75.Panay, Philippines,68.Panton, Leslie, and Company, merchants of Pensacola,407.Pánuco, slave-hunting,23;district of, separated from Mexico,33;headquarters for Carabajal,66.Pánuco River,25,37.Paoli,500.Paquimé (Casas Grandes), Ibarra at,56.Paraguay,306.Paramaribo,23.Pardo, Juan, explores Alleghanies, 1568,64.Pareja, Father, Franciscan missionary and writer in Florida,253.Paria, Central America,29.Parma, Duchess of,52.Parral, Mexico, town, garrison, and mission,242.Parras, colony established at,60;administered by Urdiñola,60;Santa Maria de, Jesuit mission,60.Parras, Laguna de,59.Parrilla, Diego Ortiz, Colonel, in Texas,299;explorations,385.Parson's Cause,429.Pastorius, Francis Daniel,318.Patroon system,169-170.Pátzcuaro, Mexico,36.Pauw, Michael,170.Pawnee Indians,23,283;horse market for Atlantic coast colonies,400.Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,366.Peace of Paris,382-383.Peace of Ryswick,266-267.Peace of Utrecht,273,361.Pearl Coast, The,24.Pearl fisheries,68,71,240,243-244.Pearls, Isle of,29.Pecos River,45,46,72.Pedrarias de Ávila, governor of Castilla del Oro,29-31;expeditions,29,31-32;governor of Nicaragua,31.Pemaquid, Maine,262,265.Pembroke and Montgomery, Earl of, receives West Indian grant,132.Peñalosa, ex-governor of New Mexico, proposes attack on Spanishcolonies,249.Penn, Admiral William, conquers Jamaica,153,253.Penn, William, grant of Pennsylvania,203;his powers,204;founding of Philadelphia,204;frame of government,204;first sojourn in America,204-205;activities in England,205;attempts to relieve friction in Pennsylvania,205;restored to his proprietorship,346;grants Charter of Privileges,350;interest in New Jersey,199;settles dispute over lands in West New Jersey,201;lands in West New Jersey,201;holdings in East New Jersey,202.Pennsylvania, the Quaker faith,202;coming of the Quakers,202-203;Penn's grant,203;powers of the proprietor,204;founding of Philadelphia,204;frame of government,204;arrival of Penn and establishment of the government,204-205;friction in the colony,205;growth,205;population,224;economic conditions,226;religion,226;education,226-227;German migration to,317-318,319;Swiss migration to,321;Scotch-Irish migration to,325-326;economic and social condition in the eighteenth century,332-333;under William III,345;Charter of Privileges,350;protest against Grenville's policy,433;navy,518.Penobscot expedition,518.Penobscot River settlements,139.Pensacola (bay and settlement), bay discovered by De Soto,42;De Luna's expedition to,61-62;Ichuse settled,62;plans to reoccupy,255-256;Pensacola founded,275;captured by French,279-295;under English rule,403,407,408;reoccupied by Gálvez,518.Pequot War,149-150.Pérez, Captain Juan, with Portolá expedition,389;voyage up Pacific coast,395.Pérez, Fray Juan, influence in favor of Columbus,7.Pérez, Martín, Jesuit missionary in Sinaloa,55,237,239.Pernambuco, captured by Dutch West India Company,252.Perrot, Nicholas, posts of, in Wisconsin,101.Peru,29,46,49,50,66;viceroyalty of,75.Peter the Great,388.Petit Guave, West Indies,262,268.Petition of Right,112.Pez, Andrés de, explorer of Gulf of Mexico,249,255.Philadelphia, founding,204;description of,226;in the eighteenth century,332-353;First Continental Congress,452;Second Continental Congress,463;captured by the British,500-501;evacuated by the British,509.Philip II, of Spain, emigration policy,21;inheritance,52;agent of the Catholic church in the Counter-Reformation,52-53;Spain's weakness under,53;decision to colonize Florida,62;to establish trade with Philippines,67;war with France,79;policy toward England,105.Philip III, of Spain, policy regarding Virginia,119.Philip V, of Spain,359.Philippines, Spanish claim to,46;expeditions to,46-47;occupation of,54;conquest of,67-68;Legazpi's expedition,68;the Manila galleon,66,68,69;discovery of return route from,69;captured by English,382.Phips, Sir William, expedition against Port Royal, Acadia,264;expedition against Quebec,264;orders rebuilding Fort Pemaquid and fort on the Saco,265.Pichilingues, pirates in the Gulf of California,240.Picólo, Francisco Maria, S.J., in Lower California,306.Pickens, General Arthur,529.Piedmont, settlement of,309-329;significance,326-328.Piernas, Pedro, lieutenant-governor at St Louis,398.Pilgrims at Scrooby, Gainsborough, and Austerfield,137;removal to Leyden,137;Use at Leyden,137;causes of removal from Holland,137;Mayflower Compact,138.SeePlymouth Colony.Pillars of Alexander,1.Pillars of Hercules,1.Pima Revolt,305.Pimería Alta (Sonora and Arizona), Jesuits in,301-306;exploration and settlement in Arizona,302;Kino's map,303;decline and revival of the missions,303-304;Arizonac mines,304;