work of Keller and Sedelmayr,304;plans to occupy the Gila and Colorado,304-305;the Pima revolt,305;the northwestern frontier in 1763,305-306.Pimienta, captures English settlement, on Providence Island,252.Piñadero, attempt to colonize Lower California,241.Pineda, explores Gulf of Mexico,26,37.Pinta, one of Columbus's ships,8.Pinzón, explores coasts,24,25.Pious Fund of California,306,389.Piquet, French missionary in New York,368.Piracy Act,349-350.Pirates.SeeFreebooters.Pitt, William,376,381;opposition to the Stamp Act,437.Pitt-Grafton Ministry,438.Pizarro, conqueror of Peru, De Soto with,41Placentia Bay, Newfoundland,271.Plantation Duties Act of 1673,181.Platte River, Humana expedition to, 1594,73-74;French traders on,285-286,300;Spanish plans to settle on,295;Villazur expedition destroyed, 1720,296;horse market for English colonies,400;Spanish fur trade on,402.Plowden, Sir Edmund, grant on Long Island,150.Plymouth Company, charter,116;attempts to colonize,136.Plymouth Colony, Mayflower Compact,138;settlement at Plymouth,138;economic development,138-139;trouble with western settlers,139;expansion,139;government,139-140;trouble with settlers at Cape Ann,140-141;with Morton's settlers,141;member of New England Confederation,156;the Dominion of New England,194;education,220;consolidation with Massachusetts,340.Pocahontas,121.Pocock, English admiral, captures Havana,382.Polo, Marco, Matteo, and Nicolo, in the East,3,7.Pond, Peter, fur trader,423.Pontchartrain, French Minister of Marine,275.Pontgravé, French fur trader,85,86.Pontiac, conspiracy of,409,417,422.Pope Alexander VI, assignation of discoveries between Spain andPortugal,11.Pope Innocent IV, sends legate to the Great Khan,3.Popé, Indian leader of Pueblo revolt,245-246.Population.SeeImmigration and Population.Port Royal, Acadia,85,86.Seealso Acadia.Port Royal, South Carolina,62,210.Port Royal, Jamaica, destroyed,262.Port Royal Sound, Huguenot settlement on,84.Porter y Casante, attempt to colonize California,240.Portezuelos, Mexico,59.Porto Bello.SeePuerto Bello.Portolá, expedition to California,389;founds San Diego,389;Monterey,389;discovers San Francisco Bay,389.Portoláni,4.Porto Rico, Island,17,19,67,253.Porto Santo, Island,7.Portsmouth, New Hampshire, settled,140;Puritan settlers in,157;claimed by Massachusetts,157.Portsmouth, Rhode Island, founded,148.Portugal, rise of,4-5;Henry the navigator,4;exploration and discoveries,5-6;map showing expansion,6;reception to Columbus,10;line of demarkation,11;Magellan,25,46;purchase of Moluccas,46;a Spanish province,53,68;spice trade,67;incorporated with Spain,107;joins League of Armed Neutrals,520.Post Office, English colonial,35;during the Revolution,465.Pownall, Thomas, western land scheme,411.Pragmatic Sanction,360.Presbyterians, in New Jersey,202,226;in South Carolina,231.Prescott, Colonel William,461.Prester John, supposed Christian king in interior Africa,5.Preston, Colonel,417.Prevost, Colonel,406.Prevost, General Augustine,524.Prideaux, expedition against Niagara,379.Princeton, battle of,492.Princeton College, pillaged by Hessians,489.Printing press, established in Mexico,50.Printz, Johan, governor of New Sweden,175.Privateers,465,518.Privateers, English, French, and Dutch, in Spanish waters,252,271;Spanish retaliation,252.Privy council,113,114,343-344,347-348,354.Prize courts,542.Prizes,465.Proclamation of 1763, creates crown colonies,404;discourages expansion,411;provisions for government and fur trade,420,421.Protestant Reformation,16,52;in France,78-79.Providence Island, occupied by English,133;English expelled by Spaniards,134,252.Providence Island Company,133-134.Providence Plantation, founding,147;government,143.SeeRhode Island.Provincias Internas (New Spain), organization of,386-387.Ptolemy, his conception of the world,1,2.Puaray, New Mexico,72.Puebla, Mexico, population,75.Pueblo Indians, of New Mexico,46;revolt of,245-247.Puerto Bello,32,360,361.Puritan Revolution, attitude of English colonies,152.Purry, Jean,321.Putnam, Colonel, plants colony on Mississippi,408.Putnam, Israel,459,461,464.Pym, John, interest in the Caribbean,133.Quakers, Massachusetts persecution,189;in New Jersey,198-202,226;in Pennsylvania,202-206,226;in Connecticut,220;in Rhode Island,220;in New York,223;in North Carolina,229;in South Carolina,231.Quartering Acts,434-436,438,450.Quebec Act of 1774,413,450-451.Quebec,257,264,272;founding,86;occupied by English,87;Jesuit schools in,88;during intercolonial wars,257,264,272,379;British regulation of fur trade,404-406,421-424;province of, under British administration,419-421;population in 1763,419;first British settlers,419;civil government established,420;Proclamation of 1763,420;Quebec Act,420,421;boundaries extended,420;Loyalists in,421;fur trade under the British,421-424;American expedition against,487.SeeFrench and Indian War.Queen Anne's War.SeeWar of the Austrian Succession.Queres Indians, New Mexico,246.Querétaro, a buffer province, conquest of,39;natives as agents of subjugation,39;battle of,58;founding of town,58;College of the Holy Cross at,249.Quexos, slave hunter and explorer,26.Quiché Indians, Guatemala, conquest of,38.Quincy, Josiah, defense of British soldiers,443.Quiroga, oidor of New Spain,49; bishop of Michoacán,49.Quivira (Kansas),45,72,73,243.Radisson, French fur trader,90,260;influence in establishment of Hudson's Bay Company,213.Raleigh, Walter, English freebooter and colonizer,66,251;interest in Mediterranean commerce,107;charter of 1584,109;attempts to colonize Roanoke Island,110;expedition to Guiana,110;final attempt to colonize Guiana,132;death,132.Ramón, Domingo, founds colony in Texas,293,295,296.Randolph, Edward, royal agent,192;collector of the customs,193;attempt to enforce trade laws,194;imprisonment,194;surveyor-general of the customs,344.Randolph, Peyton,463.Rappahannock River, Spanish mission on,65.Rawdon, Lord Francis,529.Recollet friars, activities in Canada,87.Red River, Spanish and French on,42,283,284.Reformation, The.SeeThe Protestant Reformation.Regidores, members ofcabildo,20;manner of obtaining office,20.Renault, mining on the Missouri,282.Requisitions upon states,545.Restoration, the,179.Restraining Act,456.Revere, Paul,460.Revillagigedo, viceroy of New Spain,305.Revolution in English colonies, background of the contest and natureof the causes,423-429;legislation during the Grenville Ministry,429-436;repeal of the Stamp Act,436-438;the Townshend Acts,438-443;beginning of organized resistance,443-447;the tea controversy,447-449;North's coercive policy,449-451;First Continental Congress,451-456;opening of hostilities,458-463;Second Continental Congress,463-470;progress of the war,470-472;Loyalists,472-476;Declaration of Independence,476-481;contest for New York,482-489;New Jersey campaign,489-493;struggle with Burgoyne,493-499;contest for Philadelphia,499-504;the French alliance,505-512;the war in the West,512-515;Spain in the war,515-517;the war on the sea and the Dutch alliance,517-522;the war in the South,524-530;the Yorktown campaign,530-538;the treaty of peace,532-538;governmental development during the Revolution,539-555.Ribas, Pérez de, missionary and historian in Sinaloa,239.Ribaut, Jean, French colonizer;in Carolina and Florida,62,84.Rica de Oro, Island,71.Rica de Plata, Island,71.Rice,231,313,334-335,356.Richelieu, Cardinal, administration of, government of France,79-80;colonial policy,80.Rio del Espíritu Santo.SeeMississippi River.Rio Fuerte, Sinaloa,42,56.Rio Grande,45,73;pueblo region of,46;population on, in 1680,244-245;crossed by expedition from the south,248.SeeNew Mexico, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Texas.Rivas, explorer of Gulf of Mexico,249.Rivera y Moneada, with Portolá in California,389.Rivera, Juan Maria, explores in Colorado,291-292.Rivera, Pedro de, inspects frontier of New Spain,297,298,304.Rhode Island, founding,147;confederation,159;code,159;government,159;charter,190;attitude toward royal commissioners,191;King Philip's War,191-192;Dominion of New England,194-195;charter restored,195;population,216;commerce,216;religion,220;education,220;restoration of the charter,344;protest against Grenville's policy,432;opposes the Stamp Act,436;British occupation,489.SeeProvidence Plantation, Roger Williams; Anne Hutchinson.Rich, Sir Nathaniel, interest in the Caribbean,133.Rich, Robert, Lord Warwick, interest in colonization,133;land grants in New England,140,149;assists Reverend John White,141.Rising, John, governor of New Sweden,177.Roanoke, lost colony of,110.Roanoke Island,66,251.Robertson, James, pioneer in Tennessee,415,416,419;defense of Watauga,513.Roberval, French colonizer,82;commissioned viceroy and lieutenant-general of Canada,82.Robinson, Rev. John, at Scrooby,137.Rochambeau, Comte de,511.Rockingham Ministry,437-438.Rocky Mountains,282.Rodney, Admiral, in the West Indies,382,511,530-531;defeats de Grasse,532.Rodrigo del Rio de Losa, expedition to open mines of Nueva Vizcaya,56;cattle ranches of,58.Rodríguez, Fray Agustín, expedition to New Mexico,72.Roe, Sir Thomas, expedition to Guiana,132.Rolfe, John,121.Rosicrucians,318.Roxbury settled,142.Royal council, Spanish,14;divided into three councils, justice, state, and finance,14.Rowley, William, English vice-admiral,365.Rubí, Marqués de, inspects outposts of New Spain,385-386.Ruí, Captain Francisco, in Missouri.Rubruquis, William de, sent to court of Great Khan,3.Rump Parliament,152.Rupert, Prince, interest in Hudson's Bay Company,213.Russia,3,375,382,384;expansion across Siberia,388;expeditions of Bering on Pacific,388;fur traders on Aleutian Islands,388;rumors of activities of,394.Rutherford, Gen. Griffith,512-513.Rutledge, Edward, member of the First Continental Congress,452;defense of Charleston,471;on committee to draw up Articles of Confederation,550.Rutledge, John, member of the Stamp Act Congress,436;member of the First Continental Congress,452.Saavedra, Alvaro de, expedition across the Pacific,42,46.Saavedra, Hernando, in Honduras,38.Saba Island, settled by Dutch,167;captured by English,206,531.Sable Island,81,85.Saco Bay, settlement,140.Sagres, on Cape St. Vincent,4.St. Augustine, Florida, founding,62;Franciscan monastery at,65;siege of, in War of the Spanish Succession,269-270;attacks on, in War of Jenkins' Ear,362,364;under English rule,403,408,409.St. Bartholomew's, massacre of,79.St. Christopher Island, settled by French,93,94,252;by English,132-133,252;in the Leeward Isles government,206;in wars,261,268;social conditions,340;captured by De Grasse,532;restored to Great Britain,537.St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, in Burgoyne campaign,494-495.St. Croix Island, French settlement of,85.St. Denis, Louis Juchereau de, founds Natchitoches,278;expeditions to Mexico,278,282-283,293;imprisonment,283,295;raises French expedition,297.St. Eustatius Island, settled by the Dutch,167,252;captured by the English,206,262;trade,341,428;in the Revolution,520;captured by the English,530-531.St. John, French fur trading post,86.St. John's River,62.St. Joseph, Michigan, captured by Spaniards,516.St. Julien, Peter, South Carolina trader,369.St Kitts.SeeSt. Christopher.St. Lawrence River, exploration of,81,82;French settlement,86-90.St. Leger's expedition,493,496.St. Louis, Missouri, La Clede's post at,396;