emigration to from Illinois,396;Spanish régime installed,397-398;a center for Indian control and fur trade,401,402;communication with Santa Fé,402;British expedition against,516;counter expedition to Michigan,517.St. Louis of France, sends Rubruquis to Great Khan,3.St Louis, Alabama, French settlement,276; moved to Mobile,276.St. Lucia Island, captured by English,510;attempted capture by De Grasse,531;given to France,537.St. Marks Bay, Narváez at,41.St. Martin Island, settled by the Dutch,167;captured by English,531.St. Mary's, Maryland,127.St. Thomas Island, Danes on,253.St. Vincent Island, occupied by French,510;restored to Great Britain,537.Salamanca, University of,76.Salazar, royal factor of New Spain,48.Salem, Massachusetts, founded,141;suffering at,142;Roger Williams controversy,146-147;witchcraft,220.Salmerón,oidorof New Spain,49.Saltillo, Coahuila, settlement of,59;Franciscan monastery at,59.Salvatierra, Juan Maria, Jesuit missionary in Lower California,306.San Antonio Mission, California,389.San Antonio, Florida, presidio of,64.San Antonio, Texas, founded,293-295;strengthening of,298.San Bernabé, Lower California,307.San Blas, naval base for California,389.San Bruno, Lower California,242.San Buenaventura Mission, California,394.San Carlos Mission, California,389.San Diego, California, founded,389.San Diego Bay, California, discovery of,47;exploration of,71.Sandoval, Gonzalo de, lieutenant of Cortés,36,37.Sandys, Sir Edwin, and Virginia,120.San Esteban (Tampico), founding of,37.San Felipe, Sinaloa,58,59;development of,58;Jesuit school for boys,237.San Felipe, South Carolina,64.San Fernando, Villa of, Texas, founded,298.San Francisco, California, founding of,391.San Francisco Bay, California,47,71,389.San Francisco Xavier, Sonora,239.San Gabriel Mission, California,391.San Gerónimo, Sonora, founding of,45;destruction of,56;refounding,59.San José, pueblo, California,392.San Juan, Sinaloa, mines of,56;revolt of Indians at,58.San Juan, Sonora, mines,239.San Juan, Porto Rico, founded,17;captured by English,66;decline of,67;captured by Dutch West India Company,252.San Juan River, Nicaragua, exploration of,31-32.San Luis, Nicolás de, Otomi Chief, conquest of Querétaro,39.San Luis Obispo Mission, California,391.San Luis Potosí, conquest and settlement of,59;growth of,59.San Mateo, Florida,64.San Miguel de Gualdape, South Carolina, settlement of,41.San Miguel el Grande (Allende), Mexico,59.San Pedro mines, Mexico,59.San Sabá, Texas, mines,248;mission,299.San Salvador, Central America, conquest,31,37-38;population,75.San Salvador Island, discovered and named by Columbus,8,10.San Xavier (San Gabriel) River, Texas, mission and presidio on,299.Santa Ana, Father, missionary in Texas,299.Santa Bárbara mission and presidio, California,394.Santa Bárbara, Mexico, mines of,56;expedition from,72.Santa Catalina Island, California,71,255;mission,255.Santa Clara Mission, California,392.Santa Cruz de Tlatelalco, Mexico,College of, founded,50.Santa Cruz Island,252.Santa Elena (Port Royal) South Carolina,61-62,64,65,253.Santa Fé Mission, Florida,2,69.Santa Fé, New Mexico,73,243,246,290.Santa Fé de Guanajauto, founding of,58.Santa Lucia, Florida,64.Santa Maria, one of Columbus' ships,8;wreck of,10.Santa Maria de Lagos, Mexico,59.Santa Maria de Parras, Coahuila,60.Santangel, Luis de, influence in favor of Columbus,7;loan to the Castilian treasury,8.Santa Cruz, Franciscan College of, at Querétaro,249.Santiago de Cuba, founded,17,18;decline of,67;captured by Jackson,252;English attempt to conquer,363.Santo Domingo,17,67;establishment of audiencia,20;population,75;attacks on during King William's War,262.Saratoga, campaign,497,498.Sardinia Island,13,359.Satren, Pierre, expedition to New Mexico,286.Sault Ste. Marie,88;Jesuit mission,88,96.Saunders, English vice-admiral,379,380.Savannah, founding,316;attempted relief by D'Estaing,511;captured by the British,524;failure to recapture,524.Saybrook,149.Saye and Sele, Lord, interest in the Caribbean,133;holdings in the Connecticut Valley,149;obtains lands in New Hampshire,157.Sayle, Captain William, governor of the Bermuda Islands, leadscolony to Segatoo,152;leads settlers to old Charles Town,208.Schenectady, New York,263.Schouten, William Cornelius, discovers Cape Horn,165.Schuyler, Captain John,264.Schuyler, Peter,265.Schuyler, Gen. Philip, appointment,464;in command of the northern department,487;defense of northern New York,493-496;superseded by Gates,496.Schuylkill River, settlement,155.Scotch, in New Jersey,202;at Port Royal,210;in New England,216;in New York,222.SeeScotch-Irish.Scotch-Irish, causes of migration,322-323;seventeenth century migration,324;the great migration,324;to New England,324-325;to New York,325;to Pennsylvania,325-326;to the Southern Piedmont,326;in North Carolina,415.Second Continental Congress, delegates,463;nature of the work of the congress,463-464;military and naval preparations,464;prizes and privateers,465;finance,465;post office established,465;Indian policy,465-466;enforcement of the Association,466-467;letter to the people of Canada,467;attempts to influence public opinion in the British Empire,468;statement to the army,468;petition to the king,468-469;reply to Lord North,469;abandons Philadelphia and goes to Baltimore,490;second abandonment of Philadelphia,502;provides a navy,517;its nature,539;original powers of the delegates,540;causes of weakness,540; business,541;organization and conduct of business,541;early acts,541-542;judicial functions,542;military affairs,542-543;naval affairs,543;foreign affairs,543-544;financial affairs,544-545;creates executive offices,553.Secretaries of State,347,351,353.Sedelmayr, Father Jacob, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Arizona,304,307.Segatoo (Eleutheria) Island, settled,152.Segura, Father, Jesuit, founds missions in Florida, Georgia,Carolina, and Virginia, 1568-1570,65.Seignorial grants in New France,92,93.Seneca Indians,259;in St. Leger's army,496.Sénégal, Africa, coast of, explored,5;retained by British, 1763,382.Separatists,135.Sena, Junípero,386;president of the California missions,389;member of Portolá expedition,389;goes to Mexico,389; death,394.Seven Years' War,375,384.SeeFrench and Indian War.Sevier, John, Tennessee pioneer,415,416;defense of Watauga,513;at King's Mountain,527.Seville,10;treaty of,366.Shaftesbury.SeeCooper.Shawnee Indians,417.Sheffield, Lord, land grant to,140.Shelby, Isaac,527.Shenandoah Valley, settlement,320.Sherman, Roger, member of First Continental Congress,452;on the committee for drafting Declaration of Independence,479;on committee to draw up Articles of Confederation,550.Ship-building,217,331,332.Shirley, governor of Massachusetts,364.374,375-376.Shrewsbury, New Jersey,198.Sicily,16,359,361.Sieur de Argaud, New World project,275.Sieur de Monts, fur trader.85,86.Silao, Mexico, founded,58.Silva, Father Juan de, Franciscan missionary in Florida,65.Sinaloa, conquest of,39;development of,56,305-306,387;Jesuits in,237-240;map of, in seventeenth century,238.Sinclair, British commander at Mackinac, expedition against St.Loins,516.Sioux Indians, French among,287.Six Nations.Seethe Iroquois Indians.Slavery, beginning of the traffic,5;slaves in Spain,13;enslaving of the Indians,22,23,31,37,56,60-61,72,75,270,298;practiced by Mayas and Nahuas,27;negro slavery,23,56,273,276,279,281,282,361;in French settlements,94;St. Thomas, slave-trading station,253;English monopoly of slave-carrying trade,385;Dutch slave trade,196;English slave trade,196,197;in tobacco colonies,229;in South Carolina,230,334-335;in Georgia,316;Rhode Island slave trade,331;in various colonies,336;in the West Indies,339-341.Sloughter, Henry, governor of New York,198,344-345.Smith, James, explorer on the Tennessee,413.Smith, John, in Virginia,117;explorations on the New England coast,136.Smuggling,350-360,361,385,398,406.Smythe, Sir Thomas, interest in Mediterranean trade,107;in Virginia Company,120.Society for Propagating the Gospel,338.Solís, Juan de, explorer,25.Sombrerete, Mexico,55,56.Somers, Sir George, wrecked on Bermuda Islands,129;forms Somers Island Company,130.Somers Island Company,130;dissolved,206.Sonora, Mexico,41;Jesuits in,237,230-240;map,238;development,305-306,387;Indian disturbances, 1768-1771,386.SeePimería Alta.Sons of Liberty,436.Sosa, Castaño de, alcalde-mayor in Nuevo León,60;expedition to New Mexico,72.Sothell, Seth,211.Soton, French trader on the Tennessee,102.South America, explorations of Portuguese in,5;Columbus' discovery of mainland of,17;explorations of coasts of,23-24,25;Spanish conquests,50.Southampton, on Long Island, settled,151.South Carolina (for early history see Carolinas) in later17thcentury, population, commerce, religion, education, society,230-231;separation from North Carolina,313-315,354;Spanish resistance to English advance,253-256;Yamassee revolt against Spaniards of Georgia,255;English raids on Georgia missions,255;South Carolina traders among the Creeks;Anglo-Spanish border, struggle during War of Spanish Succession,269-271;expeditions against Florida,269-270;Spanish attack on Charleston,270.South Company,174-175.South Sea.SeePacific Ocean.Spain, during the conquest,13-16;unification of,14;Charles V,15-16;under Philip II,52-53,67;decline in the17th century,232;relations to the Powers, 1715-1739,359-361;attitude toward American Revolution,507-508;in American Revolution,515-517;operations on lower Mississippi,515;repulse of British at St. Louis,516;expedition against St. Joseph,516;capture of Mobile and Pensacola,516-517;in League of Armed Neutrals,520;loans to United States,554.Spanish Armada, defeat of,52-53.Spanish Colonies in North America, general history, the discovery,7-11;the founding of New Spain,13-50;occupation of West Indies,16-19;beginnings of colonial administration and policy,19-23;exploration of mainland coasts and search for strait,23-26;Maya and Nahua civilization,26-28;conquest of Central America,28-32;conquest of Valley of Mexico,32-36;spread of conquest in southern Mexico and Central America,36-40;exploration of Florida, Cíbola, Quivira, California and Philippines,40-47;establishment of viceroyalty of New Spain,47-50;expansion in later16th century,52-76;New Spain under Philip II,52-55;the mines of northern Mexico,55-61;occupation of the Atlantic seaboard (Florida, Georgia, SouthCarolina, Virginia),61-65;foreign intrusions in the Atlantic,65-67;the Philippines and California,67-71;New Mexico founded,72-75;Spanish achievement in the sixteenth century,75-76;expansion in the17th century,233-256;frontier administration,234-235;the missions,235-237;Jesuits in Sinaloa and Sonora,237-240;efforts to occupy Lower California,240-242;Chihuahua settled,242;New Mexico in the17th century, lost and regained,243-247;Coahuila founded,247-249;first attempts in eastern Texas,249-251;struggle with rivals in the West Indies,251-253;with the English on the Carolina border,253-256;New Spain in the Wars of English and Spanish successions,261-262,267-271;French intrusions in Louisiana, Texas, and New Mexico,275-286;expansion and frontier conflict during early18th century,289-307;development of Chihuahua and New Mexico frontier,289-290;explores in Colorado and Utah Basin,291-292;the province of Texas,292-300;French intrusion,295-297;300-301;occupation of Pimería Alta,301-306;the Jesuits in Lower California,306-307;Spanish colonies during intercolonial wars,359-383;Florida lost, Louisiana acquired,382;