(a) “Life of Shelbourne,” vol. ii., p. 12.
(a) “Life of Shelbourne,” vol. ii., p. 12.
[78]In the debate (1772) on the Altered Money Bill, Hutchinson seems to have recovered his prudence.
[79]Another page shows how he was compensated for this “trifling profit” of the Prime Serjeancy.
[80]Baratarianasays:—
“The Prime Serjeant, then, with a shuffling preambleLike a nag that before he can canter must amble,Betwixt right and wrong made a whimsical shamble,Which nobody can deny.’Twas important, he said, and availed not a groat;But whether ’twas right or whether ’twas naught,Or whether he’d vote for it, or whether he’d notHe’d neither assert nor deny.”
[81]One of the rewards that Hutchinson demanded from the Government as the price of his support was, that his wife should be made a baroness. [Lord Lieutenant Townshend’s letter, quoted by Froude, vol. ii., p. 67, and by Lord Fitzmaurice, vol. ii., p. 102.]
[82]Seenote E.
[83]Froude, vol. ii., p. 50.
[84][Plowden.] In 1736 the Board granted an allowance of £100 a year to Mr. Dunkin (who was Ball’s predecessor in the Great Ship-street School), on Swift’s appeal.—[See Swift’s Letters.]
[85]Walk.Hib. Mag.1777.
[86] Walk.Hib. Mag.1791.
[87]In 1771, John Ponsonby resigned the Speakership rather than present to Lord Townshend the adulatory Address of the House of Commons, and Pery was, by Government influence, elected in his room.
[88]See Wellington’s Correspondence.
[89]Grattan said Townsend was a corrupter, and Buckingham a jobber in a mask.
[90]On this prorogation, “Baratariana” has—
“Our worthy Lieutenant comes down to the House,Protests their proceedings are not worth a louse,And leaving undone the affairs of the nation,The session concludes with a d——d prorogation,Derry down.“Here mark, my dear friends, that our ruin’s completedSince a parliament’s useless which thus can be treated;While they served his foul purpose he’ll fawn and collogue them,But if once they do right he’ll that instant prorogue them.Derry down.”
[91]In 1739 the English parliament passed an Act removing the duties on some of the Irish Woollen Exports, and this was done for the benefit of the English wool manufacturers.
[92]Out of 300 members 104 held places, and 120 were nominated by patrons under the influence of Government. The civil establishment, with its contingent expenses, amounted to over half a million sterling a year, while the entire revenue of the kingdom was under a million and a quarter.—[Pery.] In 1789, Lord Jocelyn presented to the House, by order, the list of pensions. The civil pensions amounted to £97,850, and the military pensions to £5,827.
In Grattan’s Life, vol. iv., p. 14, the placemen in parliament are enumerated, and the list shows:—
Lib. Mun.vol. i. part 1, enumerates 389 patent offices in the establishment of Ireland—amongst them are: Keeper of the Signet, Under Secretary of State for the Civil Department, do. for Military Do., Pursuivant, Master of the Game, Interpreter of Irish tongue, Star Chamber, with Commissioners, Marshals, clerks, &c., Courts of Wards and Liveries with Masters; fœdaries, &c., the Court of Palatines, the Lord Almoner, the Vice-Treasurer, Transcriptor and Foreign Apposer, Summonister and Clerk of Estreats, the Trustees of the Linen Manufacture, Commissioners of Wide Streets, Commissioners of Array, Constables of Castles, Muster Master General, Commissioners for Victualling, Provincial Provost Martials, Alnager, Clerk of the Pells, Vice-treasurer, Clerk of the Lords, Clerk of the Commons, six Clerks of Chancery, Principal Secretaries of State, Prime Serjeant, Lord High Treasurer, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Auditor-General, Commissioners of Treasury, Commissioners of Accounts, First Clerk, Second and Third Clerk to do.; Commissioner of Appeals, Commissioners of Stamps, Hearth Money Collectors, Poll Tax Collectors, Cursitors in Chancery, Register of Appeals Spiritual, Clerk of the Pipe, Prothonotary, Philizer, or Filacer Clerk of Privy Council, Wine-taster, Escheator, Searcher, Packers, Craners, Seneschals, Presidents of the Four Provinces, Governors of Forts, Clerks of the First Fruits, Deputy Master of the Rolls, Examinators, Master of the Revels, Clerk of the Nickells, Exigenter, Clerk of the Outlawries, Clerk of the Essions, Chirographers, Sirographers, &c., &c.
[93]The first real and important debate in the Irish Parliament was in 1753, on the Money Bill, on the Commons’ power to dispose of surplus revenue.
The beginning of useful practical legislation for the country was made in 1757 by Edmund Sexten Pery’s Land Carriage Act, giving bounties on the land carriage of corn to Dublin. In the same year he carried another Act giving bounties on ship carriage of coal to Dublin.
[94]In the single year of 1782 (short parliaments and free trade having been already secured)—
The Bank of Ireland was established.Habeas Corpus was made law.The Sacramental test for Protestant nonconformists was abolished.Poyning’s Act and 6th of George I. were repealed.The perpetual Mutiny Act was repealed.Judges appointedquam diu.A great Catholic Relief Act, including education, was carried.Parliamentary independence was achieved.
Grattan’s parliament did not keep up to this high level of public spirit. It sank and perished by its own unreformed corruption.
[95]“Free Trade for Ireland,” in 1779, meant something quite distinct from the political economy free trade of the present day. The latter means an exemption from all duties to the State on exports and imports; whereas the former meant a release from the restrictions on Irish trade imposed by England for the benefit of England. The reform of 1779 continued the duties, but enjoined that they should be imposed by the native parliament for the benefit of the Irish kingdom. The Irish Free Trade Parliament was Protectionist. In the November of 1779 Grattan’s amendment on the Address, supported by Hussey Burgh and the volunteers, demanding Free Trade, was carried. In February 1780 the concession was made by England, and the Provost’s book had a large share in the triumph.—[See Mitchel.]
It was on the debate on the Short Supply in connection with this measure that Hussey Burgh said, and lost the Prime Serjeancy for saying, “The English have sowed their laws like serpents’ teeth and they have sprung up in armed men.”
[96]One other provost, Archbishop Loftus; one chancellor, Lord Cairns; two vice-chancellors, Bishop Jones and John Fitzgibbon; one fellow, Bishop Howard; and three scholars, Yelverton, Wolfe, and Plunket, also founded noble houses.
[97]See the summary of his speech in Plowden.
[98]SeeNote D.
[99]It is not said what either the real or the personal estate amounted to. In De Burgh’s “Landowners of Ireland,” the Donoughmore property is set down at 11,950 acres, with the Government valuation of £10,466. The Tipperary portion is 4,711 acres, and £4,764. The other portions are situate in Galway, Cork, Dublin, Kilkenny, Louth, Monahan, Waterford, and Wexford.
[100]He does not say what price he paid for it, or from whom he purchased it. Probably it was part of his place-traffic with Blaquiere.
[101]Doubtless this is the “A. Hely Hutchinson” whose autograph appears in the Preacher’s Book of S. Bride’s, Dublin, in the year 1796. Under the autograph there is written, in a different hand and in different ink, “Now an officer in H.M.’s Service.”
[102]This is the only mention of the College; in the Will. The Provost left it no bequest, and did not even designate himself as Provost.
[103]This direction has never been carried out. The MS. is known to be in existence; and would it not be seemly and desirable to have it deposited in the College Manuscript Room?
[104]Duigenan’s matriculation is—
1753—June. Patricius Duigenan, Siz., FiliusAnnum agens 16. Educatus sub ferula Mr. Sheill. Natus in Comtu Derri.
Dr. Lawson.
It would be a pity not to give the matriculation above his—
“Barry Yelverton, Siz. Filius Franc. Gen. Annum agens 17. Educatus sub. fer. Mr. Egan. Natus in Comtu Cork.
Mr. Radcliffe.”
These two poor Sizar boys, one from the North and the other from the South—meeting probably for the first time in the College hall and sitting side by side—what careers the College opened to them! Probably, there is not in all the matriculation books a more interesting page than the page which contains these two consecutive entries.
[105]“Wellington Correspondence.”
[106]For a full account of this school see “The Old Latin Schools of Dublin,” by the Editor.
[107]Fitzgibbon’s father had been a Catholic, and was intended for the priesthood. He and his wife Eleanor are buried in St. Bride’s churchyard, without any sort of monument or tombstone.
[108]Mr. Blackburne’s “Causes of the Decadence of the Industries of Ireland,” p. 19.
There are two copies of the work in the College Library, both of which have been recently obtained, and from one of them, by the obliging indulgence of the Provost and Board, the present re-issue is taken.
[109]Froude—“English in Ireland,” vol. ii., p. 228.
[110]See the State Papers of Henry VIII., and the official certificates almost ever since. See also Lord O’Hagan’s Address to the Social Science Congress in Dublin, 1881. If any of these pronouncements were right, it would be difficult to discover any room for future improvement. All of these glowing congratulations were, however, invariably exposed and exploded by sober contemporary historians and observers, and the O’Hagan passage illustrates the process. His lordship said: “I have indicated to you the results of honest effort by Irishmen of this generation in obtaining for their country amended laws, cheap and facile justice—education liberal, unconditioned, and available to all—... increased provision for the national health and comfort—and security in his possessions and encouragement to his industry for the tiller of the soil. In the midst of many troubles and much discouragement, these have been steps of real cheering progress—improvements, permanently conquered from the past, and auspicious, as they will be fruitful, of a happier future.” Compare with this charming view the following versions.
In his speech in the adjourned debate on the Address in the House of Commons, January, 1881, Mr. Shaw, M.P. for Cork County, showed the value of this “real cheering progress,” and of the “permanent improvements and increased provisions for the national health and comfort.” “Within three or four months,” said Mr. Shaw, “I have gone through various parts of the country, and I must say this—I did not think it possible for human beings to exist as I found tenant-farmers existing in the West of Ireland.... It is a disgrace to the landlords, it is a disgrace to the Government, it is a disgrace to every institution in the country to think of it that now for years, for generations, this cry year after year has been coming up from the people.”
In the debate on the 28th of JanuaryMr. Gladstonesaid that “there are still hundreds of thousands in Ireland who live more or less on the brink of starvation, and that forty years ago that was the case not with hundreds of thousands but with millions.”
A writer in the current number of theQuarterly Review, after picturing the maddened and disturbed state of the country, adds:—
“And all this with between four and five hundred suspects in gaols with an army of 50,000 men in the country, with Land Bills, Coercion Bills, Proclamations, new magisterial boards, the island parcelled out into military districts, spies, informers, and all the endless appliances of a Liberal Government in full operation.”
See, too, what Mr. Justice O’Hagan said in his judgment on the Stacpoole leases. It is not very easy to reconcile these four unassailable statements of facts with the smooth optimism of the ex-Lord Chancellor, although without question the “Conquests” enumerated by him have been, as he says, won. The truth is that these specialist statistics are no more a real index of the condition of the country than a brick is an index of the quality of a house. There is no use in attempting to deny that England—both when meaning well and meaning ill—has kept Ireland in a deplorable condition.
[111]Concerning this debate “Pepys’ Diary,” vol. iv., p. 109, records—1666—October 8th:—“The House did this day order to be engrossed the Bill against importing Irish Cattle—a thing, it seems, carried on by the Western Parliament men wholly against the sense of most of the rest of the House; who think if you do this you give the Irish again cause to rebel. Thus plenty on both sides makes us mad.”
P. 135—1666. October 27th:—“Thence to talk about publique business; he [Lord Belassis] tells me how the two Houses begun to lie troublesome, the Lords to have quarrels one with another. My Lord Duke of Buckingham having said to the Lord Chancellor (who is against the passing of the Bill for prohibiting the bringing over of Irish cattle) that whoever was against the Bill was there led to it by an Irish interest or an Irish understanding, which is as much as to say he is a foole. This bred heat from my Lord Chancellor, and something he [Buckingham] said did offend my Lord of Ossory (my Lord Duke of Ormonde’s son), and they two had hard words, upon which the latter sends a challenge to the former; of which the former complains to the House, and so the business is to be heard on Monday.” Clarendon and Carte attribute cowardice to Buckingham in the matter. Both he and Ossory were sent to the Tower. The Bill, as noticed above, was subsequently passed.
[112]“Life of Ormond,” vol. iv., p. 234, &c.
[113]Ten years later Dublin sent out a cargo of provisions valued at £937 13s.to New England, and the benevolence was gratefully and gracefully commemorated in 1880 by Captain Potter, of theConstellation, when he brought over America’s consignment to our famishing agriculturists, and received the honorary freedom of our city. It may be noted, too, that ten years before the contribution to London, Dublin sent a relief amounting to £1,000 to the Waldenses, when suffering from the persecution of the Duke of Savoy. The last-named collection was made by a Cromwellian Fellow of Trinity College, the Rev. Samuel Mather, an excellent man, who on the Restoration was thrown into a Dublin prison, probably the “Black Dog,” for declining to sign the Act of Uniformity. The New England collection was made by his brother, the Rev. Nathaniel Mather, Minister of the New-row Meeting-house. The collection for London was made by the Duke of Ormond.
[114]This encouragement of the linen trade here proved a hypocrisy and imposture. The linen trade was never an equivalent for the wool trade.
[115]Excepting, perhaps, Poyning’s Act, and the Act of Union, this was the most disgraceful Act ever passed by an Irish Parliament.
[116]See pagelxx, note, and35.
[117]See pagelxx, note, and43.
[118]It was on the Army Augmentation Bill that Hutchinson made one of his early “strides in apostasy.” It was on this occasion also that Ireland was for the first time called upon to contribute to England’s war expenses. She passed a vote of credit for £200,000. See pages44,46.
[119]The condition of the people would thus seem to have declined from what it was a century before. In 1672, Petty stated in his “Political Anatomy,” that the drink of the Irish people was milk, and in winter small beer or water; and that their food was bread made into cakes, with eggs and rancid butter, and with muscles, cockles, and oysters, on the sea-shore parts.
[120]There are also several inaccuracies in the printed edition, which are reproduced as they stand.E.g., in page 81 “between £12,000 and £13,000” is set down as an increase on £1,100,000; and Petty’s “Survey” is throughout put for his Political Anatomy. In the note to page 127 the literal misprints in the Greek quotation are corrected. The line is given “as Homer quoted by Longinus,” and as if it were a Homeric line, but it is not a hexameter at all. The quotation joins the beginning of one line to a portion of another, and it is needless to say that the break was duly notified by Longinus, though apparently it was not perceived by the Provost.
The passage occurs in the 17th book of the Odyssey, V.V. 323-3:—
“Ἡμισυ γαρ τ᾽ ᾽αρετῆς ἀποαίνυται ἐυρυόπα Ζευς᾽Ανε᾽ρος, ἐῦτ᾽ αν μιν κατα δουλιον ἧμαρ ἔλησιν.”
Rendered by Pope,
“Jove fix’d it certain, that whatever dayMakes man a slave, takes half his worth away.”
[121]SeeFreeman’s Journal, Nov. 3 and Nov. 24, 1881.
[122]Querist, 134.
[123]On account of the inability of Ireland, Great Britain, since Christmas, 1778, relieved her from the burden of paying forces abroad.
[124]A sum of £50,000 has been lately sent from England for that purpose.
[125]By a Proclamation, dated the 3rd of February, 1776, on all ships and vessels laden in any of the ports in this kingdom with provisions of any kind, but not to extend to ships carrying salted beef, pork, butter and bacon into Great Britain or provisions to any part of the British empire except the Colonies mentioned in the said Proclamation. 4th of January, 1779, taken off as far as it relates to ships carrying provisions to any of the ports of Europe.
[126]Its tranquillity was so well established in 1611, that King James reduced his army in Ireland to 176 horse and 1,450 foot; additional judges were appointed, circuits established throughout the kingdom (2nd Cox, 17); and Sir John Davis observes that no nation under the sun loves equal and indifferent justice better than the Irish (Davis, pp. 184-196).
[127]13 Jac., ch. 1.
[128]Vol. i. Com. Journ., p. 92.
[129]Vol. i. Com. Journ., p. 61.
[130]Ib., p. 88.
[131]1 Davis, pp. 1, 193, 194.
[132]Cox’s Hist. of Ireland, vol. ii., p. 91.
[133]Ib. Some of these subsidies, from the subsequent times of confusion, were not raised.
[134]Cox, vol. ii., p. 33.
[135]Leland’s Hist. of Ireland, vol. iii., p. 31.
[136]Lord Strafford’s Letters, vol. ii., p. 297.
[137]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. i., pp. 228-229.
[138]Lord Clarendon, Cox, ib., Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., pp. 280, 311.
[139]Archbishop King in his State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 52, 53, 445, 446; Lord Chief Justice Keating’s Address to James the Second, and his Letters to Sir John Temple. Ib.
The prohibition of the exportation of our cattle to England, though a great, was but a temporary distress; and in its consequences greatly promoted the general welfare of this country.
[140]Lord Sydney’s words, in his speech from the throne in 1692, from his own former knowledge of this country. Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 577.
[141]Carte, vol. ii., pp. 342, 344.
[142]Lord Strafford laid the foundation of the linen manufacture in Ireland, but the troubles which soon after broke out had entirely stopped the progress of it.
[143]Harris’s Life of K. W., 116.
[144]The words of Lord Sydney, in his speech from the throne in 1692. Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 576.
[145]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 45 and 65, that great supplies were given during this period.
[146]Dobbs, pp. 5, 6, 7, 19.
[147]Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 45.
[148]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 65, 66.
[149]Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 149.
[150]Ib. p. 195.
[151]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 207, 208.
[152]Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 210.
[153]Ib., pp. 79, 94.
[154]Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 298.
[155]Ib., pp. 225, 266.
[156]Ib., pp. 253, 258.
[157]Ib., pp. 364, 368, 369.
[158]Ib., p. 573.
[159]Com. Journ., vol. iii., p. 827.
[160]Ib., p. 929.
[161]Ib., p. 876.
[162]In the same session an act was made for the advancement of the linen manufacture, which shows that both kingdoms then thought (for these laws came to us through England) that each of these manufactures was to be encouraged in Ireland.
[163]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 725.
[164]Ib., p. 733.
[165]The sums paid on the exportation of Irish linens from Great Britain, at a medium of twenty-nine years, from 1743 to 1773, amount to something under £10,000 yearly.—Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 374, the account returned from the Inspector-General’s Office in Great Britain.
[166]Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 249.
[167]Ib., p. 296.
[168]Ib., p. 335.
[169]Com. Journ., vol. iv., pp. 694, 700, 701.
[170]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 694.
[171]Ib., p. 720.
[172]Ib., p. 832.
[173]It is not here intended to enter into the question, whether in different circumstances a national bank might not be useful to Ireland.
[174]Com. Journ., vol. v., p. 12.
[175]Ib., p. 102.
[176]It was then £77,261 6s.7d.Vol. iv., p. 778.
[177]Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 108.
[178]Ib., p. 16.
[179]Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 136.
[180]At midsummer, 1725, it amounted to £119,215 5s.3⅝d.Vol. v., Com. Journ., pp. 282, 295, 434, 435, 642.
[181]Com. Journ., vol. v., pp. 732, 755.
[182]Duke of Dorset’s speech from the throne. Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 12.
[183]Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 143.
[184]Ib., vol. vi., p. 189.
[185]Com. Journ., vol. v., pp. 214, 220, 222.
[186]The act entitled an act for better regulation of partnerships and to encourage the trade and manufactures of this kingdom has not a word relative to the latter part of the title.
[187]Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 694; ib., vol. vii., p. 742.
[188]The sum remaining due on the loans at Lady-day, 1753, was £85,585 0s.9½d.The whole credit of the nation to that day was £332,747 19s.1⅛d., and deducting the sums due on the loans amounted to £247,162 18s.3⅛d.Com. Journ., vol. ix. pp. 3, 349, 352.
[189]Com. Journ., vol. iv., p. 195.
[190]Com. Journ., vol. vi., p. 289.
[191]Ib., vol. ix., p. 352.
[192]Ib., p. 332.
[193]Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 751.
[194]Ib., vol. ix., p. 818.
[195]Ib., pp. 819, 829, 846, 865.
[196]March 6, 1754, Thomas Dillon and Richard Ferral, failed. 3rd March, 1755, William Lennox and George French. Same day, John Wilcocks and John Dawson.
[197]There was then no bankruptcy law in Ireland.
[198]Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 751.
[199]Ib., p. 16, speech from the throne, and ib., p. 25, address from the House of Commons to the king.
[200]Ib., p. 25. Address from the House of Commons to the king.
[201]Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 25.
[202]They brought in a law for the encouragement of tillage, which was ineffectual (see post 42); but the preamble of that Act is a legislative proof of the unhappy condition of the poor of this country before that time. The preamble recites, “theextremenecessity to which the poor of this kingdom had been too frequently reduced for want of provisions.”
[203]Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 285.
[204]Com. Journ. vol. xi., p. 472. Speaker’s speech.
[205]Ib., p. 16.
[206]The Acts passed in ’58, giving bounties on the land carriage of corn, and on coals brought to Dublin.
[207]Com. Journ., vol. xi., p. 212.
[208]Ib., from 826 to 837.
[209]Ib., vol. xi., p. 141.
[210]Ib., p. 408.
[211]Ib., p. 473.
[212]Ib., p. 862.
[213]Ib.
[214]Ib., p. 982, from 25th March, ’59, to 21st of April, ’60, exclusive.
[215]Clement’s, Dawson’s, and Mitchell’s.
[216]Com. Journ., vol. xi., p. 966, April 15, 1760.
[217]Com. Journ., vol. xi., pp. 993, 994.
[218]Ib., p. 1049.
[219]Brought in by Mr. Pery the present Speaker.
[220]In the year ending Lady-Day, 1778, it amounted to £71,533 1s., and in that ending Lady-Day, 1779, to £67,864 8s.10d.
[221]Com. Journ., vol. xii, p. 700.
[222]Ib. p. 728.
[223]Ib., p. 443.
[224]Ib. p. 929. Speech of Lord Hallifax from the throne, 30th April, 1762.
[225]Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xiii., p. 21.
[226]Com. Journ., vol. xiii., p. 23.
[227]For a year ending 25th March, 1763, they were £66,477 5s.; they afterwards rose to £89,095 17s.6d.in September, 1777, at the highest; and in this year, ending the 25th March last, amounted to £85,971 2s.6d.
[228]Com. Journ. vol. xiii., p. 576.
[229]Ib. pp. 574, 621.
[230]Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 715.
[231]Com. Journ., vol. xv., p. 710.
[232]Ib., p. 153.
[233]Ib., vol. xvi., p. 372.
[234]Ib., pp. 190, 191, 193.
[235]Ib., p. 256.
[236]Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 928.
[237]Ib., vol. xiii., p. 987.
[238]Ib., vol. xiv., pp. 69, 114, 151.
[239]Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 665.
[240]Com. Journ., vol. xiv., p. 467, report from committee, and ib., p. 501, agreed to by the House,nem. con.
[241]Carte, vol. ii., pp. 318, 319.
[242]Sir W. Petty’s “Political Survey,” pp. 69, 70. Sir W. Temple, vol. iii., pp. 22, 23.
[243]By several British acts (32 G. 2, ch. 11; 5 G. 3, ch. 10; 12 G. 3, ch. 56), allowing from time to time the free importation of all sorts of cattle from Ireland.
[244]Personal prejudice against the Duke of Ormond (Carte, vol. ii., pp. 332, 337.)
[245]15 Ch. 2, ch. 7. 18 Ch. 2, ch. 2.
[246]Carte, vol. ii., p. 332.
[247]Com. Journ., vol. i., p. 208, by a clause to be inserted in an Irish act.
[248]See post, those acts stated.
[249]Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 576.
[250]English acts, 12 Ch. 2, ch. 32, 13 and 14. Ch. 2, ch. 18.
[251]1 W., and M. ch. 32.
[252]7 and 8 W., ch. 28.
[253]14th Jan., 1697.
[254]7th July, 1698, dissolved.
[255]In a pamphlet cited by Dr. Smith (vol. ii., p. 244, in his memoirs of wool) it is said that the total value of those manufactures exported in 1697, was £23,614 9s.6d., namely, in friezes and stockings, £14,625 12s.; in old and new draperies, £8,988 17s.6d.; and that though the Irish had been every year increasing, yet they had not recovered above one-third of the woollen trade which they had before the war (ib. 243). The value in 1687, according to the same authority, was £70,521 14s.; of which the friezes were £56,485 16s.; stockings, £2,520 18s.; and old and new drapery (which it is there said could alone interfere with the English trade), £11,514 10s.
[256]Preamble of English act of 1699.
[257]9th June, 1698, vol. of Lords’ Journals, p. 314.
[258]Lords’ Journ., p. 315.
[259]30th June, 1698.
[260]16th July, 1698.
[261]Rapin’s Hist., vol. xvii., p. 417.
[262]27th September, 1698, vol. ii., p. 994.
[263]Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 997.
[264]Ib., vol. ii., p. 1022.
[265]October 24, 1698.
[266]Com. Journ., vol. ii., pp. 1007, 1035.
[267]Com. Journ., p. 1032.
[268]Ib., vol. ii., p. 1082.
[269]Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 1007.
[270]Ib., 1104, by 105 against 41.
[271]10 W. 3, ch. 5.
[272]And. on Com. Journ., vol. i., 204.
[273]The Commissioners of Trade in England, by their representation of the 11th October, 1698, say (Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 437), “they conceive it not necessary to make any alteration whatsoever in this Act,” but take notice that the duties on broadcloth, of which very little is made in Ireland, is 20 per cent.; but the duty on new drapery, of which much is made, is but 10 per cent.
[274]Eng. Stat., 10 and 11 William III., ch. 10, passed in 1699.
[275]12 Ch. II. ch. 4, Eng., and afterwards continued by 11 Geo. I., ch. 7. Brit.
[276]By an Eng. Act, made in 1663, the same which laid the first restraint on the exportation of cattle.
[277]See the Address of the English House of Lords.
[278]Potatoes and milk, or more frequently water.
[279]Dr. Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. i., p. 94.
[280]Ib., pp. 85, 86.
[281]Dr. Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. i., p. 445; Dr. Campbell’s “Polit. Survey of Great Britain,” vol. ii., p. 159; Anderson on “Industry.”
[282]Smith, ib.
[283]Sir W. Petty’s “Political Survey of Ireland,” p. 90.
[284]Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. i., p. 446.
[285]Ib.
[286]Lord Strafford’s Letters, vol. i., p. 33.
[287]Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. i., p. 445.
[288]Sir M. Decker’s “Decline of Foreign Trade,” p. 155, and Anderson on “Commerce,” vol. ii., p. 149.
[289]Compare the circumstances of the two countries in one of those articles which affects all the rest. The sums raised in Great Britain in time of peace are said to amount to ten millions, in Ireland to more than one million yearly. The circulating cash of the former is estimated at twenty-three millions, of the latter at two.
[290]See post 81.
[291]Essay on the “Trade of Ireland,” pp. 6, 7.
[292]“Decline of Foreign Trades,” pp. 55, 56, 155.
[293]Dobb’s, p. 76.
[294]In 1774.
[295]Nor was this deficiency made up by the exportation of yarn. The quantities of these several articles exported from 1764 to 1778 are mentioned in the Appendix, number.
[296]Smith’s “Memoirs of Wool,” vol. ii., p. 554. The only way to prevent it, is to enable us to work it up at home. Ib., p. 293.
[297]This was done for the benefit of the woollen manufacture in England. Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xxii., p. 442.
[298]This is stated considerably under the computation made in the list of absentees published in Dublin in 1769, which makes the amount at that time £1,208,982 14s.6d.
[299]Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. i., p. 316.
[300]Anderson on Com., vol. i., p. 131.
[301]The wish of traders for a monopoly is not confined to England; in the same kingdom some parts are restrained in favour of others, as in Sweden to this hour. Abbé Resnal, vol. ii., p. 28.
[302]Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., pp. 64, 68.
[303]Ib., p. 64.
[304]Ib., p. 7.
[305]Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., p. 527.
[306]Ib., p. 530.
[307]Ib., p. 434.
[308]Ib., p. 387.
[309]Ib., vol. xxii.
[310]Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xxii., p. 178.
[311]The Lords Commissioners of Trade in England, by their report of the 31st August, 1697 (Eng. Com. Journ., vol., xii., p. 428), relating to the trade between England and Ireland, though they recommend the restraining of the exportation of all sorts of woollen manufactures out of Ireland, make the following exception, “except only that of their frieze, as is wont, to England.”
[312]See before speech of Lords Justices.
[313]Mr. Dobbs, and after him Dr. Smith.
[314]11 Elizabeth, session 3, ch. 10.
[315]13 Elizabeth, session 5, ch. 4.
[316]17 and 18, ch. 2; ch. 9 for the advancement of the linen manufacture. Carte.
[317]See before.
[318]7 and 8 W. 3, ch. 39, from the 1st of August, 1696.
[319]7 and 8 W., ch. 28.
[320]Not till the year 1705.
[321]Com. Journ., vol. ii., p. 725, 733; vol. xvi., p. 360.
[322]See before.
[323]Dobbs, 6, 7.
[324]Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 362.
[325]Ib., p. 363.
[326]By 3rd and 4th Anne, ch. 9.
[327]And. on Comm., vol. ii., p. 225.
[328]This appears by the preamble to the English Act of the 7th and 8th W. 3, ch. 39.
[329]Anderson on Commerce, vol. ii., p. 177.
[330]Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 365.
[331]In 1750.
[332]By the law of 1750, and the bounties given on the exportation of sail-cloth from Great Britain to foreign countries, Ireland has almost lost this trade; she cannot now supply herself. Great Britain has not been the gainer; the quantities of sail-cloth imported there, in 1774, exceeding, according to the return from the Custom House in London, the quantities imported in the year 1750, when the restrictive law was made. It has been taken from Ireland and given to the Russians, Germans, and Dutch (Ir. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 363).
[333]10 G. 3, ch.—continued by act of last session to the year 1786.
[334]In the year 1743.
[335]Com. Journ., vol. xvi., 369, pp. 389.
[336]To please the EnglishScotland has for half a century past exerted herself as much as possible to improve the linen manufacture.—Anderson on Industry, vol. ii., p. 233.
[337]Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 370.
[338]The province of Ulster, in two years, is said to have lost 30,000 of its inhabitants. Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 381.
[339]From 24th June, 1705, 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 8, for 11 years, but afterwards continued.
[340]Brit. Acts, 10 Anne, ch. 19; 11 and 12 Anne, ch. 9; 6 G. 1, ch. 4.
[341]Brit. Act. 18 G. 3, ch. 53.
[342]Ir. Com. Journ., vol xvi., pp. 363, 364.
[343]Ib., p. 365
[344]Anderson on Industry, vol. i., pp. 34 to 40
[345]Com. Journ., vol. xvi., p. 370.
[346]See Com. Journ., vol. xvii., pp. 263 to 287, for the sums paid from 1700 to 1775. They amount to £803,486 0s.2¾d.
[347]This malady of emigration among our linen manufacturers has appeared at many different periods during this century.
[348]12 Ch. II., ch. 7.
[349]As other nations did the same, Ireland was shut out from the New World and a considerable part of the Old in Asia and Africa.
[350]15 Ch. II., ch. 15.
[351]Ch. 39.
[352]10th and 11th Wm. III., ch. 10.