The Project Gutenberg eBook ofThe Compleat SurgeonThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: The Compleat SurgeonAuthor: M. Le ClercRelease date: October 28, 2010 [eBook #34157]Language: EnglishCredits: E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMPLEAT SURGEON ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The Compleat SurgeonAuthor: M. Le ClercRelease date: October 28, 2010 [eBook #34157]Language: EnglishCredits: E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
Title: The Compleat Surgeon
Author: M. Le Clerc
Author: M. Le Clerc
Release date: October 28, 2010 [eBook #34157]
Language: English
Credits: E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMPLEAT SURGEON ***
E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins,and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team(http://www.pgdp.net)
Containing
An exact Account of its Principles and several Parts,viz.Of theBones,Muscles,Tumours,Ulcers, andWoundssimple and complicated, or those byGun-shot; as also ofVenereal Diseases, theScurvy,Fractures,Luxations, and all sorts of Chirurgical Operations; together with their proper Bandages and Dressings.
To which is added,
AChirurgical Dispensatory; shewing the manner how to prepare all such Medicines as are most necessary for a Surgeon, and particularly theMercurial Panacæa.
Written inFrenchbyM. le Clerc, Physician in Ordinary, and Privy-Counsellor to theFrenchKing; and faithfully translated intoEnglish.
Printed forM. Gillyflower, inWestminster-Hall;T. Goodwin, andM. Wotton, inFleet-street;J. Walthoe, in theMiddle-TempleCloysters; andR. Parker, under theRoyal-Exchange, inCornhill, 1696.
So great a number of Treatises of Surgery, as well Ancient as Modern, have been already publish'd, that a plenary Satisfaction seems to have been long since given on this Subject, even to the Judgment of the most curious Inquirers: But if it be consider'd that a young Surgeon ought always to have in view the first Principles of this Noble Art explain'd after a familiar and intelligible manner, it will be soon acknowledg'd that there is good reason to set aboutthe Work anew: For besides that the Writings of the Ancients being so voluminous, are not portable, they are also very intricate and confus'd; nay the whole Art has been so far improv'd and brought to perfection by able Masters in the present Age, that they are now almost become unprofitable.
Some Modern authors have set forth certain small Tracts, which only explain a few Chirurgical Operations, and on that account deserve only the Name of Fragments. Indeed the Works of some others seem to be sufficiently compleat, but are printed in so large Volumes, and contain so many Discourses altogether foreign from the principal Subject, that they have almost the same Inconveniences with those of the Ancients. Therefore the Reader is here presented with a small Treatise of Surgery, yet very plain and perspicuous, in a portable Volume; being free from a Multiplicity of impertinent Words, and containing every thing of moment that has been producd by the most approv'd Authors both Ancient and Modern.
An Introduction is made into the Matter by small Colloquies or Dialogues, to the end that the young Student may be at first lead as it were by the Hand; but as soon as he has attain'd to a considerable Progress in these Studies, this innocent and puerile manner of speaking is abandon'd, to conduct him in good earnest to the most sublime Heights of so admirable an Art; to which purpose, after having penetrated into its first Rudiments and Grounds, he is well instructed in Anatomy, and furnish'd with a generalIdeaof Wounds and Tumours, which are afterward treated of in particular: He is also taught a good Method of curing Wounds made by Gun-shot, the Scurvy, and all sorts of Venereal Diseases: From thence he is introduced into the Practice of all manner of Chirurgical Operations in Fractures and Luxations; together with the use of their respective Dressings and Bandages.
At the end of the Work is added acompleat Chirurgical Dispensatory, shewing the Method of preparing such Medicinal Compositions as are chiefly us'd in the Art of Surgery; so that upon the whole Matter, it may be justly affirm'd, that this little Manual has all the Advantages of the Ancient and Modern Writings on the same Subject, and is altogether free from their Superfluities and Defects.
Who is a Surgeon?
A Person skill'd in curing Diseases incident to Humane Bodies by a methodical Application of the Hand.
What are the Qualifications of a good Surgeon in general?
They are three in Number:viz.Skill in the Theory, Experience in the Practical part, and a gentle Application of the Hand.
Why ought a Surgeon to be skilful?
Because without a discerning Faculty he can have no certainty in what he doth.
Why must he be experienc'd?
Because Knowledge alone doth not endue him with a dexterity of Hand requisite in such a Person, which cannot be acquir'd but by Experience, and repeated Manual Operations.
Why must he be tender-handed?
To the End that by fit Applications he may asswage those Pains which he is oblig'd to cause his Patients to endure.
What is Chirurgery or Surgery?
It is an Art which shews how to cure the Diseases of Humane Bodies by a methodical Manual Application. The Term being derived from theGreekWordΧεὶρ, signifying a Hand andἜργον, aWorkorOperation.
After how many manners are Chirurgical Operations usually perform'd?
Four several ways.
Which be they?
I.Synthesis, whereby the divided Parts are re-united; as in Wounds. II.Diæresis, that divides and separates those Parts, which, by their Union, hinder the Cure of Diseases, such is the continuity of Abscesses or Impostumes which must be open'd to let out the purulent Matter. III.Exæresis, which draws out of the Body whatsoever is noxious or hurtful, as Bullets, Arrows,&c.IV.Prosthesisadds some Instrument or Body to supplythe defect of those that are wanting; such are Artificial Legs and Arms, when the Natural ones are lost. It also furnishes us with certain Instruments to help and strengthen weak Parts, such asPessaries, which retain theMatrixin its proper place when it is fallen, Crutches to assist feeble Persons in going,&c.
What ought to be chiefly observed before the undertaking an Operation?
Four things;viz.1. What the Operation to be perform'd is? 2. Why it is perform'd? 3. Whether it be necessary or possible? And 4. The manner of performing it.
How may we discern these?
The Operation to be perform'd may be known by its Definition; that is to say, by explaining what it is in it self: We may discover whether it ought to be done, by examining whether the Distemper cannot be cur'd otherwise: We may also judge whether it be possible or necessary, by a competent Knowledge of the Nature of the Disease, the Strength of the Patient, and the Part affected: Lastly, the manner of performing it may be found out, by being well vers'd in the Practice of Surgery.
What are the Fundamental Principles of Surgery?
They are Three in number:viz.1. The knowledge of Man's Body. 2. That of the Diseases which require a Manual Operation. 3. That of proper Remedies and Helps upon every Occasion.
How may one attain to the Knowledge of Humane Bodies?
By the study of Anatomy.
How may one learn to know the Distempers relating to Surgery, and the Remedies appropriated for them?
Two several ways;viz.1. By the reading of good Books, and Instructions receiv'd from able Masters of that Art. 2. By practice and the Observation of what is perform'd by others upon the Bodies of their Patients.
What are the Diseases in general that belong to Surgery?
They are Tumours, Impostumes, Wounds, Ulcers, Fractures, Dislocations, and generally all sorts of Distempers whereto Manual Operations may be applyed.
What are the Instruments in general which are commonly used in Surgery for the curing of Diseases?
They are Five;viz.the Hand, Bandages, Medicines, the Incision-Knife, and Fire.
What is the general Practice which ought to be observ'd in the Application of these different helps?
Hippocratesteacheth us, in saying, that when Medicines are not sufficient, recourse may be had to the Incision-Knife, and afterward to Fire; intimating that we must proceed by degrees.
Are there any Distempers that may be cured by the Surgeon's Hand alone?
Yes, as when a simple and small Dislocation is only to be reduced.
What do you call portable and not portable Instruments?
Portable Instruments are those which the Surgeon carries in his Lancet-Case with his Plaister-Box; and not portable are those that he doth not carry about him, but is oblig'd to keep at home; the former being appointed for the ready help which he daily administers to his Patients, and the others for greater Operations.
What are the Instruments which a Surgeon ought to have in his Plaister-Box?
These Instruments are a good pair ofSizzers, aRazor, anIncision-Knifestreight and crooked, aSpatula, a greaterLancetto open Impostumes, and lesser for letting Blood. They likewise carry separately in very neat Lancet-Cases, a hollowProbemade of Silver or fine Steel; as also many other Probes, streight, crooked, folding, and of different thickness; aPipeof Silver or fine Steel, to convey the cauterizingButtonto a remote Part, without running the hazard of burning those that are near it; anotherPipeorTubeserving instead of a Case forNeedles, which have Eyes at one end for sowing; aCarlet, or thick triangular Needle; a smallFile; a Steel Instrument to cleanse the Teeth; aFleam; a pair of crookedForcepsto draw a Tooth; aPelican; aCrow's Bill; several sorts ofRaspatories; aHookto hold up the Skin in cutting,&c.
What are the Instruments which a Surgeon ought to keep in his Repository to perform the greater Operations?
Some of them are peculiar to certain Operations, and others are common to all. The Instruments appropriated to particular Operations, are theTrepanfor opening the Bones in the Head, or elsewhere: TheCathetersor Probes for Men and Women afflicted with the Stone, or difficulty of making Water.Extractors, to lay hold on the Stone inLithotomy, and to gather together the Gravel; large crookedIncision-Knives, and aSaw, to make Amputations of the Arms or Legs; greatNeedleswith three Edges, to be used in makingSetons; smallNeedlesto couch Cataracts; otherNeedles; thinPlatesandBucklesto close a Hair-Lip,&c.
May not the Salvatory be reckon'd among the portable Instruments?
Yes, because the Balsams, Ointments, and Plaisters contain'd therein, are means whereof the Surgeon makes use to restore Health.
What is Anatomy?
It is theAnalysisor exact Division of all the Parts of a Body, to discover their Nature and Original.
What is requisite to be observ'd by a Surgeon before he goes about to dissect a Body?
Two things;viz.The external Structure of the Body, and the Proportion or Correspondence between the outward Parts, and those that are within.
Why so?
Because without this exterior and general Knowledge, the Surgeon wou'd be often mistaken in the Judgment he is to pass concerning a Dislocation or Wound, inasmuch as it is by the Deformity which he perceives in the Member, that he knows the Dislocation, as it is also by the means of the Correspondence which the outward Parts have with the inward, that he is enabled to draw any certain Consequences relating to a Wound, which penetrates into the Body.
What is a Part?
It is that whereof the whole Body is compos'd, and which partakes of a common Life or Sensation with it.
How many sorts of Parts are there in a Humane Body?
We may well reckon up Fifteen distinct Parts, which are the Bone, the Cartilage, the Ligament, the Tendon, the Membrane, the Fibre, the Nerve, the Vein, the Artery, the Flesh, the Fat, the Skin, the Scarf-Skin, the Hair, and the Nails.
What is a Bone?
It is the hardest and driest Part of the whole Body, and that which constitutes its principal Support.
What is a Cartilage or Gristle?
It is a yielding and supple Part, which partakes of the Nature of a Bone, and is always fasten'd to its Extremities, to mollifie and facilitate its Motion.
What is a Ligament?
It is a Membranous Contexture usually sticking to the Bones to contain them; as also sometimes to other Parts, to suspend, and retain them in their proper place.
What is a Tendon?
It is the Tail or Extremity of the Muscles, made by the re-union of all the Fibres of their Body, which serves to corroborate it in its Action, and to give Motion to the Part.
What is a Membrane?
It is a Nervous Part, the use whereof is to adorn and secure the Cavities of the Body on the inside, and to wrap up or cover the Parts.
What is a Fibre?
They are fleshy Lines of which the Body of a Muscle is compos'd.
What is a Nerve?
It is a long, white, and thin Body, consistingof many Fibres, enclos'd within a double Tunick, and design'd to carry the Animal Spirits into all the Parts, to give them Sense and Motion.
What is an Artery?
It is a Canal compos'd of Four Coats, that carreyth with a kind of Beating or Pulse even to the very Extremity of the Parts, the Blood full of Spirits, which proceeds from the Heart, to distribute to them at the same time both Life and Nourishment.
What is a Vein?
It is a Canal made likewise of Four Tunicles, which receives the Arterial Blood, to carry it back to the Heart.
What is Flesh?
It is a Part which is form'd of Blood thicken'd by the natural Heat; and that constitutes the Body of a Muscle.
What is Fat?
It is a soft Body made of the Unctuous and Sulphurous part of the Blood.
What is theDermaor Skin?
It is a Net compos'd of Fibres, Veins, Arteries, Lymphatick Vessels and Nerves, which covers the whole Body to defend it from the Injuries of the Air, and to serve as a universal Emunctory: It is very thin in the Face, sticking close to the Flesh, and is pierc'd with an infinite number of imperceptible Pores, affording a Passage to insensible Transpiration.
What is theEpiderma, or Scarf-Skin?
It is a small fine Skin, transparent and insensible, having also innumerable Pores for the discharging of Sweat, and other Humours byimperceptible Transpiration: It is extended over the whole inner Skin, to dull its too exquisite Sense, by covering the Extremities of the Nerves which are there terminated. It also renders the same Skin even and smooth, and so contributes very much to Beauty.
What is the Hair?
The Hairs are certain hollow Filaments planted in the Glandules of the Skin, from whence their Nourishment is deriv'd. They constitute the Ornament of some Parts, cover those which Modesty requires to be conceal'd, and defend others from the injury of the Weather.
What is a Nail?
The Nails are a Continuity of the Skin harden'd at the end of the Fingers, to strengthen and render them fit for Work.
How is the Humane Body divided before it is dissected, in order to Anatomical Demonstration?
Some Anatomists distinguish it intoSimilarandDissimilarParts, appropriating the former Denomination to all the simple Parts of the Body taken separately, as a Bone, a Vein, a Nerve,&c.but they attribute the Name of Dissimilar to all those Members that are compos'd of many Similar or Simple Parts together; such are the Arms,Legs, Eyes,&c.wherein are contain'd all at once, Bones, Veins, Nerves, and other parts.
Others divide it intocontainingandcontainedParts, the former enclosing the others, as the Skull includes the Brain, and the Breast the Lungs; whereas the contained Parts are shut up within others; as the Entrails within the Belly, the Brain within the Skull,&c.
Others again divide the whole Body intoSpermatickandSanguineousParts; the former being those which are made at the time of Formation; and the latter all those that are grown afterward by the Nourishment of the Blood.
Are there not also other Methods of dividing the Humane Body?
Yes: Many Persons consider it as a Contexture of Bones, Flesh, Vessels and Entrails, which they explain in four several Treatises, whereof the first is call'dOsteology, for the Bones; the secondMyology, for the Muscles; the thirdAngiology, for the Veins, Arteries and Nerves, which are the Vessels; and the fourthSplanchnology, for the Entrails.
But lastly, the most clear and perspicuous of all the Divisions of the Body of Man, is that which compares it to a Tree, whereof the Trunk is the Body, and the Branches are the Arms and Legs. The Body is divided into threeVenters, or great Cavities,viz.the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower, which are the Head, the Breast, and the lower Belly. The Arms are distributed into the Arms properly so called, the Elbow and Hands; and the Legs in like manner into Thighs, Shanks,and Feet: The Hands being also subdivided into theCarpusor Wrist,Metacarpiumor Back of the Hand, and the Fingers; as the Feet into theTarsus,Metatarsus, and Toes. This vision is at present follow'd in the Anatomical Schools.
Why is Anatomy usually begun with the Demonstration of the Skeleton, or Contexture of Bones?
Because the Bones serve for the Foundation Connexion, and Support of all other Parts of the Body.
What is the Skeleton?
It is a gathering together, or Conjunction of all the Bones of the Body almost in their Natural Situation.
From whence are the principal differences of the Bones derived?
They are taken from their Substance, Figure, Articulation, and Use.
How is all this to be understood?
First then, with respect to their Substance, there are some Bones harder than others; as those of the Legs compared with those of the Back-Bone. Again, in regard of their Figure, some are long, as those of the Arm; and others short, as those of theMetacarpium. Some are also broad, as those of the Skull andOmoplatæor Shoulder-Blades; and others narrow, as the Ribbs. But with respect to their Articulation, some are joined by thick Heads, which are received into large Cavities, as the Huckle-Bones with those of the Hips; and others are united by the means of a simple Line, as the Chin-Bones. Lastly, with relation to their Use; some serve to support and carry the whole Body, as the Leg-Bones, and others are appointed to grind the Meat, as the Teeth; or else to form some Cavity, as the Skull-Bone, and those of the Ribs.
What are the Parts to be distinguished in the Bones?
They are the Body, the Ends, the Heads, the Neck, theApophyses, theEpiphyses, theCondylior Productions, the Cavities, theSuperciliaor Lips, and the Ridges.
The Body is the greatest Part, and the middle of the Bone; the Ends are the two Extremities; the Heads are the great Protuberances at the Extremities; the Neck is that Part which lies immediately under the Head; theApophysesor Processes are certain Bunches or Knobs at the Ends of the Bones, which constitute a Part of them; theEpiphysesare Bones added to the Extremities of other Bones; theCondylior Productions are the small Elevations or Extuberances of the Bones; the Cavities are certain Holes or hollow places; theSuperciliaor Lips are the Extremities of the Sides of a Cavity, which is at the End of a Bone; the Ridges are the prominent and saliant Parts in the length of the Body of the Bone.
How are the Bones join'd together?
Two several ways,viz.byArticulationandSymphysis.
How many sorts of Articulations are there in the Bones?
There are generally two kinds,viz.DiarthrosisandSynarthrosis.
What is Diarthrosis?
Diarthrosisis a kind of Articulation which serves for sensible Motions.
How many kinds of Diarthroses, or great Motions are there?
There are Three,viz.Enarthrosis,Arthrodia, andGinglymus.
Enarthrosisis a kind of Articulation which unites two Bones with a great Head on one side, and a large Cavity on the other; as the Head of the Thigh-Bone in the Cavity of theIschionor Huckle-Bone.
Arthrodiais a sort of Articulation, by the means whereof two Bones are join'd together with a flat Head receiv'd into a Cavity of a small depth. Such is the Head of the Shoulder-Bone with the Cavity of theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade; and that of the TwelfthVertebraof the Back with the first of the Loins.
Ginglymusis a kind of Articulation which unites two Bones, each whereof hath at their Ends a Head and a Cavity, whereby they both receive and are received at the same time, such is the Articulation in the Bones of the Elbow and theVertebræ.
What isSynarthrosis?
Synarthrosisbeing opposite toDiarthrosis, is aclose or compacted Articulation, destitute of any sensible Motion.
How many sorts ofSynarthroses, or close Articulations are there?
There are Three.viz.Sutura,Harmonia, andGomphosis.
ASutureis that which joins together two Bones by a kind of Seam or Stitch, or by a Connexion of their Extremities dispos'd in form of a Saw, the Teeth whereof are reciprocally let one into another: Such are the Sutures of the Skull-Bones.
Harmoniais the uniting of two Bones by a simple Line; as the Bone of the Cheek with that of the Jaw.
Gomphosisis a kind of close Articulation, which unites two Bones after the manner of Nails or Wooden Pins fixt in the Holes made to receive them: Such is that of the Teeth in their Sockets.
What isSymphysis?
Symphysisis the uniting of two Bones by the interposition of aMedium, which ties them very streight together, being also threefold: Such is the Connexion of the Knee-Pan or Whirl-Bone of the Knee, and theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade.
Are not these three kinds of Articulations orSymphysesdistinguish'd one from another?
Yes; for tho' they are all made by the means of a third Body intervening, which joins them together; nevertheless every one of these various Bodies gives a different Denomination to its respective Articulation: Thus the Articulation which is caus'd by a Glutinous andCartilaginous Substance, is properly call'dSynchondrosis; as that of the Nose, Chin,Os Pubis,&c.But an Articulation which is made by a Ligament is termedSynncurosis, as that of the Knee-Pan. Lastly, that which is wrought by the means of Flesh, bears the Name ofSyssarcosis; as the Jaw-Bones, theOs Hyoides, and theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade.
Have the Bones any sense of Feeling or Motion?
They have neither; for their sense of Pain proceeds from nothing else but theirPeriostium, or the Membrane with which they are cover'd, and their Motion is perform'd only by the Muscles that draw them.
Doth the Marrow afford any Nutriment to the Bones?
No, all the Bones are nourish'd by the Blood, as the other Parts; but the Marrow is to the Bones what the Fat is to the Flesh; that is to say, it is a kind of Oil or Unctuous Substance, which moistens, and renders them less brittle.
Are all the Bones of the same Colour?
No, they follow the Temperament and Constitution of the Persons.
How many in number are the Bones of the Humane Skeleton?
There are two hundred and fifty usually reckon'd,viz.61 in the Head, 67 in the Trunk or Chest, 62 in the Arms and Hands, and 60 in the Legs and Feet; but the true Number cannot be exactly determin'd, by reason that some Persons have more, and others fewer; for some have moreOssa Sesamoidea, Teeth andBreast-Bones than others: Again, some have many indentings in theLambdoidalSuture, and others have none at all.
Can you rehearse the Number of the Bones of the Head?
There are Fifteen in the Skull, and Forty six in the Face.
The Fifteen of the Skull are theCoronalfor the fore-part of the Head; theOccipitalfor the hinder-part; the twoParietalsfor the upper-part and each side; the twoTemporalsfor the Temples; theOs SphenoidesorCuneiforme, which closeth theBasisor bottom of the Skull; theOs Ethmoides, orCribriforme, situated at the Root of the Nose; and the four little Bones of the Ear on each side,viz.theIncusor Anvil; theStapesor Stirrup; theMalleolusor Hammer; and theOrbiculareor Orbicular Bone.
Of the Forty six of the Face, Twenty seven are counted in the Upper-Jaw,viz.the twoZygomatick, or the two Bones of the Cheek-Knots; the twoLachrymalin the great Corners of the Eyes toward the Nose; the twoMaxillar, that receive the Upper-Teeth, and which form part of the Palate of the Mouth, and the Orbits of the Eyes; the two Bones of the Nose; the two Palate-Bones which are at its end, and behind the Nostrils; the last being single is theVomer, which makes the Division of the lower part of the Nostrils; and there are generally Sixteen Upper-Teeth. The Lower-Jaw contains Nineteen Bones,viz.sixteen Teeth; two Bones that receive them; and theOs Hyoides, which is single, and fix'd at the Root of the Tongue.
How are the Teeth usually divided with respect to their Qualities?
IntoIncisiveor Cutters,Canineor Dog-Teeth, andMolaror Grinders: There are eight Incisive, and four Canine, which have only one single Root; as also twenty Molar, every one whereof hath one, two, or three Roots.
Can you recite the Number of the Bones of the Trunk or Chest?
There are generally thirty and three in theSpineor Chine-Bone of the Back,viz.sevenVertebra'sin the Neck, twelve in the Back, five in the Legs, five, six, and sometimes seven in theOs Sacrum, three or four in theCoccyx, and two Cartilages at its end.
There are twenty nine in the Breast,viz.twenty four Ribs, two Clavicles or Channel-Bones and commonly three Bones in theSternum. The Hip-Bones are likewise divided into three,viz.Ilion,IschionandOs Pubis.
Do you know the Number of the Bones of the Arms?
There are thirty and one Bones in each Arm, that is to say, theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade; theHumerusor Shoulder-Bone; the two Bones of the Elbow call'dUlna, andRadius; eight little Bones in theCarpusor Wrist; five in theMetacarpiumor Back of the Hand; and fourteen in the Fingers, three to every one except the Thumb, which hath only two.
Can you give us a List of the Bones of the Leg in their Order?
There are thirty Bones in each Leg,viz.theFemuror great Thigh-Bone, the Knee-Pan orWhirl-Bone on the top of the Knee; theTibia,greater Focile, or Shin-Bone; and thePeroneorFibula, orlesser Focile, which are the two associated Bones of the Leg; seven little Bones in theTarsus; five in theMetatarsus; and fourteen in the Toes; that is to say, three to every one, except the great Toe, which hath only two.
Thus the Number of Bones of the HumaneSkeletonamounts to two hundred and Fifty, without reckoning theSesamoides, the Indentings of the Skull, and some others which are not always to be found.
What is a Muscle?
It is the principal Organ or Instrument of Motion; or it is a Portion of Flesh, wherein there are Veins, Arteries, Nerves, and Fibres, and which is cover'd with a Membrane.
How many parts are there in a Muscle?
Three,viz.the Head, the Belly, and the Tail: The Head is that part thro' which the Nerve enters; the Belly is the Body or Middle of the Muscle; and the Tail is the Extremity, where all the Fibres of the Muscle are terminated to make the Tendon or String which is fasten'd to the Part whereto it gives Motion.
Have all the Muscles their Fibres streight from the Head to the Tail?
No, some have them streight, others transverse, and others oblique or circular, according to the several Motions to which they are appropriated.
How many sorts of Muscles are there with respecting to their Action?
There are two different kinds,viz.theAntagonistsand theCongenerate; the former are those that produce opposite Motions; as aFlexorand anExtensor, aDepressorand aLevator. The Congenerate are those that contribute to one and the same Action; as when there are two Flexors or two Extensors, and then one supplies the defect of the other; whereas when one of the Antagonist Muscles is cut, the other becomes useless, and void of Action.
How is the Action of a Muscle perform'd?
It is done by Contraction and Extension; the former causeth theAntagonistto swell, and the other compels it to stretch forth in length.
What isAponeurosis?
It is the continuity of the Fibres of a Tendon which makes a Connexion that serves to strengthen the Muscle in its Motion.
How many Muscles are there appointed to move the Head, and which be they?
The Head is mov'd by the means of fourteen Muscles, seven on each side; of these, two serve to depress it, eight to lift it up, and four to turn it round about.
The two Depressors are call'dSternoclinomastoidei; they take their Rise in theSternum, at the Clavicles, and proceed obliquely to join theApophysis Mastoides.
Of the four Elevators on each side the first is theSplenius, which begins at the fiveVertebræof the Back and the three lower ones of the Neck, and ascending obliquely, cleaves to the hinder part of the Head. The second, namedComplexusorTrigeminus, having its beginning as theSplenius, sticks in like manner to the hinder part of the Head, and they form together a figure resembling that of S.Andrew's Cross. The third is theRectus Major, which proceeding from the secondVertebraof the Neck, shoots forward to join the hinder part of the Head. The fourth is theRectus Minor, which begins at the firstVertebraof the Neck, and ends likewise in the hinder part of the Head.
The two Muscles on each side, which move the Head circularly, are theObliquus MajorandMinor; thegreater Obliquetaking its rise from the secondVertebraof the Neck, goes to meet the first; but thelesser Obliquehath its Origine in the hinder part of the Head, and proceeds to join the other obliquely in the firstVertebra.
How many Muscles are there in the Lower-Jaw, and which be they?
The Lower-Jaw hath twelve Muscles which cause it to move; that is to say, six on each side, whereof four serve to close and two to open it.
The first of the Openers is theLatus, which beginning at the top of theSternum, Clavicle, andAcromion, cleaves on the outside to the bottom of the Lower-Jaw-Bone. The second of the Openers is theDigastricus, which takes its rise in a Fissure lying between the Occipital Bone and theApophysis Mastoides, from whence it passeth to the bottom of the Chin on the inside.
The first of the Shutters is theCrotaphitesor Temporal Muscle, which hath its Origine at the bottom, and on the side of theOs Coronale, theOs Parietale, and theOs Petrosum, from whence it is extended till it cleaves to theApophysis Coronoidesof the Lower-Jaw, after having passed above theApophysisof theZygoma: Its Fibres are spread from the Circumference to the Center, and it is covered again with thePericranium, which renders its Wounds very dangerous; so that the least Incisions as can be, ought to be made therein.
The second is thePterygoideusorAliformis Externus, whose rise is in theApophysis Pterygoides, from whence it sets forward till it stick between theCondylusand the Coronal of the Lower-Jaw.
The third is theMasseter, which hath twoSources or Beginnings, and as many Insertions; the first Source thereof is at the Cheek-Knot or Ball of the Cheek, and the second at the lower part of theZygoma. The first Insertion is at the outer Corner of the Jaw, and the second in the middle part, by that means forming the Figure of the Letter X.
The fourth is thePterygoideusorAliformis Internus, which hath its beginning in theApophysis Pterygoides, and is terminated in the inner Corner of the Jaw; so that Mastication or Chewing is perform'd by the means of these four Muscles.
How many Muscles are there in the Face, and which be they?
There are two for the Forehead, call'dFrontal, whose Origine is in the upper part of the Head, from whence they descend by streight Fibres, until they are fasten'd in the Skin of the Forehead near the Eye-Brows, where they are re-united: Their Action or Office is to draw the Skin of the Forehead upward, whereto they stick very close.
There are also two others call'dOccipital, which have their Beginning in the same place with the preceeding, but they descend backward, and cleave to the Skin of the hinder part of the Head, which they draw upward.
There are two Muscles to each Eye-Lid, one whereof is termed theAttollensorElevatorand the other theDepressor. The Elevator takes its rise in the bottom of the Orbit of the Eye, and is fastned by a largeAponeurosisto the edge of the upper Eye-Lid. The Shutter or Depressor, call'd also theOrbicular, hath its Origine in the greatCanthus, or Corner of the Eye, passeth over theEye-Lid upward, and is join'd to the lesser Corner of the same Eye, being extended along its whole Compass.
The Eyes have each six Muscles,viz.fourRectiand twoObliqui; theRectior streight Muscles are theElevator, theDepressor, theAdductor, and theAbductor. The first of these call'dElevator, orSuperbus, draws the Eye upward, as it is pull'd downward by theDepressororHumilis; theAdductororBibitoriusdraws it toward the Nose, and theAbductororIndignaroriustoward the Shoulder: All these small Muscles have their Originals and Insertions in the bottom of the Orbit through which the Optick Nerve passeth, and are terminated in the Corneous Tunicle, by a very largeTendon.
The first of the Oblique ones is term'd theObliquus Major, and the otherObliquus Minor, because they draw the Eye obliquely. These Muscles cause Children to squint when they do not act together. TheObliquus Minoris fasten'd at the outward part of the Orbit near the great Corner, and draws the Eye obliquely toward the Nose: But theObliquus Majoris fixt in the inner part of the Orbit, and ascends along the Bone to the upper part of the great Corner, where its Tendon passeth thro' a small Cartilage nam'dTrochlea, and is inserted in the little Corner with the lesserObliquus Minor, to draw the Eye obliquely toward the lesser Corner.
The Ear, altho' not usually endu'd with any sensible Motion, nevertheless hath four Muscles,viz.one above, and three behind; the first being situated over the Temporal, and fasten'd to the Ear to draw it upward: The three others havetheir beginning in theMammillary Apophysis, and are terminated in the Root of the Ear, to draw it backward.
There are also three Muscles in the inner part of the Ear, whereof the external belonging to theMalleusor Hammer lies under the exterior part of the Bony Passage which reacheth from the Ear to the Palate of the Mouth, being fixt in a very oblique Sinuosity which is made immediately above the Bone that bears the Furrow, into which is let the Skin of theTympanumor Drum. The internal Muscle lies hid in a Bony Semi-Canal, in theOs Petrosum; one part of which Semi-Canal is without the Drum, and clos'd on the top with a Passage that leads from the Ear into the Palate. But the other part within the Drum advanceth to theFenestra Ovalis, and is inserted in the hinder part of the Handle of theMalleus. The Muscle of theStapesor Stirrup is also hid in a Bony Tube, almost at the bottom of the Drum, and fixt in the Head of theStapes.
The Nose hath seven Muscles, that is to say, one common and six proper; the common constitutes part of the orbicular Muscle of the Lips, and draws the Nose downward with the Lip. Of the six proper Muscles of the Nose, four serve to dilate it, being situated on the outside, and two to contract it, which are placed in the inside.
The two first Dilatators of a Pyramidal Figure, take their rise in the Suture of the Forehead, and are fasten'd by a large Filament to theAlæof the Nose. The two other Dilatators resembling a Myrtle-Leaf have their Source inthe Bone of the Nose, and are inserted in the middle of theAla.
The two Restrictors are Membranous, beginning in the internal part of the Bone of the Nose and adhering to the innerAlaof the Nostril.
The Lips have thirteen Muscles,viz.eight proper, and five common: Of the proper there are four for the Upper-Lip, and as many for the Lower: with two common for each, and the odd one.
The first of the proper of the Upper-Lip bears the Name of theIncisivus, its Origine being in the Jaw, in the place of the Incisive Teeth and its Insertion is in the Upper-Lip.
The second is theTriangulis, Antagonist to the former; its Rise is on the outside, at the bottom of the Lower-Jaw; and it is implanted in the Upper-Lip, near the Corner of the Mouth.
The third being theQuadratus, springs from the bottom of the Chin before, and cleaves to the edge of the Lower-Lip.
The fourth is theCaninus, Antagonist to theQuadratus, beginning in the Upper-Jaw-Bone and being terminated in the Lower-Lip near the Corner of the Mouth.
The first of the common is theZygomaticus, the Origine whereof is in theZygomaand its Insertion in the Corner of the Mouth, to draw it toward the Ears; so that it is the Muscle which acts when we laugh.
The second of the common is theBuccinatoror Trumpeter, which is swell'd when one sounds a Trumpet. It hath its rise at the Root of the Molar Teeth of both the Jaws, and is extended quite round about the Lips.
The odd Muscle, or the thirteenth in number, is theOrbicular, which makes aSphincterround about the Lips to close or shut them up.
TheUvulaor Palate of the Mouth hath four Muscles, whereof the two first are thePeristaphylini Externi, taking their rise from the Upper-Jaw, above the Left Molar Tooth, and being ty'd to the Palate by a thinTendon.
The two others are thePeristaphylini Interni, which have their beginning in theApophysis Pterygoideson the inside, and likewise stick to the Palate.
The Tongue, altho' all over Musculous and Fibrous, yet doth not cease to have its peculiar Muscles, which are eight in Number.
The first of these is call'dGenioglossus, taking its rise in the lower part of the Chin, from whence it is extended till it cleave to the Root of the Tongue before, to cause it to go out of the Mouth.
The second is term'dStyloglossus, its Rise being in theApophysis Styloides, from whence it passeth to the side above the Tongue, to lift it up.
The third bearing the Name ofBasiglossus, commenceth in theBasisor Root of theOs Hyoides, and thence insinuates it self into the Root of the Tongue, to draw it back to the bottom of the Mouth.
The fourth is theCeratoglossus, deriving its Original from the Horn of theOs Hyoides, and cleaving to the side of the Tongue to draw it on one side: The Action of these Muscles of both sides together, causeth an Orbicular Motion in the Tongue. To these some add a fifthPair of Muscles, call'dMyloglossus, which serves to draw it obliquely upward.
What is the Action of theOs Hyoidesin the Throat, and how many Muscles hath it?
The use of theOs Hyoidesis to consolidate the Root of the Tongue; and it hath five Muscles on each side, which keep it as it were hung up.
The first of these, call'd theGeniohyoideushath its beginning in the Chin on the inside, and adheres to the top of theOs Hyoides, which it draws upward.
The second is theMylohyoideus, whose Origine is in the inner side of the Jaw, from whence it cleaves side-ways to the Root of theOs Hyoides, which it draws upward, and to one side.
The third is theStylohyoideus, which after it hath taken its rise in theApophysis Styloides, is fasten'd to the Horn of theOs Hyoides, to draw it toward the side.
The fourth is theCoracohyoideus, which springing up from theApophysis Coracoidesof theOmoplata, cleaves to the Root and side of theOs Hyoides, to draw it downward and to the side.
The fifth is theSternomohyoideus, that hath its beginning in the Bone of theSternumon the inside and is inserted in the Root of theOs Hyoides, which it draws downward.
How many Muscles hath theLarynx?
There are fourteen,viz.four Common, and ten Proper. The first Pair of the Common is theSternothyroideusorBronchycus, which proceeding from the inside, and the top of theSternum, ascends along the Cartilages of the Wind-Pipe, and is terminated in the bottom of theScutiformisor Buckler-like Cartilage, which it draws downward. The second is theHyothyroideus, which ariseth from the Root of theOs Hyoides, and is inserted in that of theScutiforme. This Muscle serves to lift up theLarynx, as also to dilate the bottom of theScutiformis, and to close its top.
The first Pair of the Proper is theCricothyroideus Anticus, which deriving its Original from the hinder and upper part of theCricoides, or Ring-like Cartilage, is fixt in the upper and lateral part of theScutiformis, to close or shut it up.
The second is theThyroides.
The third is theCricoarytenoideus Lateralis, which proceeds from the side of theCricoideswithin, and is fasten'd to the bottom and side of theArytenoides, which it removes to dilate the Mouth of theLarynx.
The fourth is theThyroarytenoideus, whicharisingfrom the fore-part on the inside of theScutiformis, is terminated on the side of theArytenoides, to close the Orifice of theLarynx.
The fifth is theArytenoideus, which having its Source in that place where theCricoidesis united to theArytenoidesis inserted in its upper and lateral part, to close theLarynx.
How many Muscles hath thePharynx?
It hath seven, the first whereof is theOesophagieus, which takes its rise from the side of theScutiformisor Buckler-like Cartilage, and passing behind theOesophagusor Gullet, is fasten'd to the other side of the Cartilage. It thrusts the Meat down by locking up thePharynxas aSphincter.
The second namedStylopharingæus, springs from within the AcuteApophysisof theOs Sphenoides, orCuneiforme, and is inserted obliquelyin the side of thePharynx, which it dilates by drawing it upward.
The third, call'dSphenopharyngæus, proceeds from theApophysis Styliformis, and is terminated in the side of thePharynx, which it dilates by drawing its sides.
The fourth Pair is theCephalopharyngæuswhich ariseth from the articulation of the Head with the firstVertebra, and closeth theLarynx.
How many Muscles are there in the Neck, and which be they?
There are four Muscles in the Neck on each side,viz.two Flexors, and two Extensors. TheFlexorsare theScalenusand theRectusorLongus; and the Extenders are theSpinatusand theTransversalis.
TheScalenusorTriangularishath two remote Sources,viz.one in the first Rib, and the other in the Clavicle, and is fasten'd to the third and fourthVertebraof the Neck.
TheRectusorLongusbegins in the side of the four upperVertebra'sof the Back, and is join'd to the upperVertebra'sof the Neck, and the hinder part of the Head.
TheSpinatushath its Origine in the fourth and fifth upperVertebra'sof the Back, and is fasten'd to all the six lowerVertebra'sof the Neck.
TheTransversalissprings forth out of the upperVertebra'sof the Back, and cleaves to the Extremity of the fourVertebra'sof the Neck.
How many Muscles are there in the Breast, and which be they?
The Breast hath fifty seven Muscles, that is to say, thirty that serve to dilate it, twenty six whose Office is to contract it, and theDiaphragmor Midriff, which partakes of both Actions.
The thirty which dilate the Breast are equally plac'd to the number of Fifteen,viz.theSubclavius, theSerratus Major Anticus, the twoSerrati Postici, and the eleven externalIntercostals.
The twenty six which contract the Breast are likewise equally rank'd to the Number of thirteen on each side,viz.theTriangularis, theSacrolumbus, and eleven internalIntercostals.
TheSubclaviantakes up the whole space between the Clavicle and the first Rib: Its Original being in the internal and lower part of theClavicula, and its insertion in the upper part of the first Rib.
TheSerratus Majoris a large Muscle having seven or eight Indentings or Jaggs. It takes its rise in the interior Basis of theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade, and its Jaggings are inserted inthe five lower true Ribs, as also in the two upper spurious Ribs.
TheSerratus Posticus Superior, begins with a largeAponeurosisin theApophysesof the three lowerVertebræof the Neck, and of the first of those of the Back; then passing under theRhomboid, it is join'd obliquely by four Indentings to the four upper Ribs.
TheSerratus Posticus Inferior, commences in like manner with a largeAponeurosisin theApophysesof the three lowerVertebra'sof the Back, and of the first of those of the Loins, and is afterwards fasten'd by four Digitations to the four lower Ribs.
The elevenExternal IntercostalMuscles are situated in the spaces between the twelve Ribs passing obliquely and on the outside from the back part to the fore part. They take their rise below the Upper Rib, and have their Insertion above the lower Rib.
TheTriangularisis the first of those that contract the Breast, and possesseth the inward part of theSternum: Its Original is in its lower part, and its Insertion in the top of the Cartilages of the two upper Ribs.
TheSacrolumbushath its Source in the hinder part of theOs Sacrum, as also in theVertebra'sof the Loins, and ascending from thence, insinuates it self into the hinder part of the Ribs, to every one of which it imparts twoTendons, one whereof sticks on the outside, and the other on the inside. This Muscle is fleshy within, and fibrous without.
The ElevenInternal Intercostals, contrary to the External, derive their Original from thetop of every lower Rib, and ascend obliquely from the back-part to the fore-part, till they are join'd to the lower Lip of every upper Rib: Thus these Internal Muscles, with the External, form, by the opposition of their Fibres, a Figure resembling aBurgundianCross.
The Diaphragm or Midriff is esteem'd as the fifty seventh Muscle of the Breast, and serves as well for its dilatation as contraction. It separates theThoraxor Chest from the lower Belly, and is tied circularly to all the Extremities of the Bastard Ribs, immediately under theXiphoides, or Sword-like Cartilage.
Modern Anatomists have discover'd that the Diaphragm is compos'd of two Muscles,viz.one Upper, and the other Lower; so that the Upper cleaves to the Extremities of the Spurious Ribs, and is terminated in a flatTendonin the middle, which hath been always taken for its Nervous part. The Lower begins with two Productions, the longest whereof being on the right side, ariseth from the three upperVertebra'sof the Loins, and the other on the Left from the twoVertebra'sof the Back, till it is lost in theAponeurosisof the Upper Muscle.
How many Muscles are there in the Back and the Loins, and which be they?
There are three in each side,viz.one for Flection, and the other for Extension.
TheTriangularisis theFlexor, taking its rise in the hinder part of the Rib of theOs Ilion, and the inner part of theOs Sacrum, in passing from whence it is joined to the last of theBastard Ribs, and to the transverse Productions of theVertebra'sof the Loins.
TheExtensorsare theSacer, and theSemi-spinatus, which make the Waste streight, and are so interwoven along the Back-Bone, that one would imagine that there were as many Pairs of Muscles asVertebra's, affordingTendonsto all.
TheSacersprings from behind theOs Sacrum, as also from the hinder and upper Extremity of theOs Ilium, and is inserted in the Spines of theVertebra'sof the Loins and Back.
TheSemi-spinatushath its Source in the Spines of theOs Sacrum, and is join'd to all the transverse Productions of theVertebra'sfrom the Back to the Neck, being exactly situated between theSacerand theSacrolumbus.
How many Muscles are there in the lower Belly, and which be they?
There are generally ten, five on each side, that is to say, twoObliqui, one ascending, and the other descending; oneTransversus, oneRectus, and two Pyramidal, of which last, nevertheless, there is sometimes only one, and sometimes none at all.
TheObliquus Descendens, which is the first, hath its Original by digitation in the sixth and seventh of the true Ribs, in all the spurious Ribs, and in the transverseApophysesof theVertebra'sof the Loins, and comes near to theSerratus Major Anticusof the Breast; from whence it proceeds to the external Rib of theOs Ilion, and is terminated by a largeAponeurosisin theLinea AlbaorWhite Line, which separates the Muscles that are on each side of theAbdomenor lower Belly.
TheObliquus Ascendensariseth from its Source in the upper part of theOs Pubis, and in the Ridge of the Hip-Bone, till it cleaves to theApophysesof theVertebra'sof the Loins in the Extremities of all the Ribs, and in theXiphoidesor Sword-like Cartilage, and is terminated in the White Line by a largeAponeurosis.
TheRectusbeing situated between theAponeurosesof theObliquus, takes its rise in the Cartilages of the Ribs, in theXiphoidesand theSternum, and enters into theOs Pubis, having many nervous parts to corroborate it in its length.
TheTransversushaving its beginning in the transverseApophysesof theVertebra'sof the Loins, is fasten'd to the internal Rib of theOs Ilium, and within the Cartilages of the lower Ribs, and is terminated by a largeAponeurosisin theLinea Alba, passing over theRectus, and sticking to thePeritonæum.
The Oblique Muscles, and the Transverse, have Holes toward the Groin, to give Passage to the Spermatick Vessels of Men, and to a roundligamentof theMatrixin Women; so that Ruptures or Burstenness happen through these parts in both Sexes, although the Holes of these three Muscles are not situated one over-against another.
The Pyramidal, so named by reason of its Figure, is situated in the lowerTendonof theRectus, its Origine being in the upper and external part of theOs Pubis; but it is terminated in the White Line, three Fingers breadth above thePubes, and sometimes even in the Navel itself. These Muscles are not found in all Bodies for there are sometimes two, sometimes only one, and sometimes none.
The use of the Muscles of the lower Belly is to compress all the contain'd parts, in order to assist them in expelling the Excrements.
How many Muscles are there in the Testicles?
They have each of them one, call'dCremaster; this Muscle takes its rise from the Ligaments of theOs Pubis, and by the dilatation of its Tendon covers the Testicle, which it draws upward.
How many Muscles hath thePenis?
It hath two Pair,viz.theErectoresorDirectores, and theDilatantes: TheErectoresarise from the internal part of theOs Ischion, under the beginning of theCorpora Cavernosa, where they are inserted, and retake their Fibres in their Membranes. TheDilatantesorAcceleratoreshave their Source in theSphincterof theAnusand slipping from thence obliquely under theUreter, are join'd to the Membrane of the Nervous Bodies.
How many Muscles are there in theClitoris?
It hath two Erectors which spring forth from the Protuberance of theOs Ischion, and are inserted in the Nervous Bodies of theClitoris. There are also two others suppos'd to be its Elevators, which proceed from theSphincterof theAnus, and are terminated in theClitoris.
How many Muscles are there in theAnus?
There are three,viz.theSphincter, and twoLevatores. TheSphincteris two Fingers broad, to open and close theRectum. This Muscle being double, is fasten'd in the fore-part to thePenisin Men, and to the Neck of theMatrixin Women, as also behind to theCoccyx, and laterally to the Ligaments of theOs Sacrum, and the Hips.
The twoLevatoresarise from the inner and lateral part of theOs Ischion, and are fasten'd to theSphincterof theAnus, to lift it up after the expulsion of the Excrements.
TheBladderhath also aSphincterMuscle to open and shut its Orifice.