FOOTNOTES:[1]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 122.[2]Cited by George Coffey,Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 3.[3]Coffey, George,op. cit.pp. 6–99.[4]Joyce, Patrick W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 556.[5]Coffey, George,op. cit.p. 2.[6]Coffey, George,New Grange and other Incised Tumuli, p. 62.[7]Coffey, George,The Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 27.[8]O’Donovan, John,Annals of the Four Masters, I., p. 132.[9]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 14.[10]Ginnell, Laurence,Article on the Brehon Laws, in theEncyclopædia Britannica, IV., p. 488.[11]Quoted by Douglas Hyde inA Literary History of Ireland, p. 134.[12]Liber ArdmachanusorBook of Armagh, edited by John Gwynn, p. 9.[13]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 284.[14]Joyce, Patrick W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 402.[15]The Brehon Laws have been edited and translated and published in five volumes with the titleThe Ancient Laws of Ireland.[16]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 403, who cites Petrie’sTara, p. 38.[17]See Chapter IV. for a brief account of the Irish Lay Schools.[18]See underProsody, O’Donovan’sIrish Grammar.[19]See Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 316.[20]Cosmographia Aethici Istri, edited by H. Wuttke, Leipsic, 1854.Cited by Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 404.Cited by Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 11.Cited by Wood-Martin,Pagan Ireland, p. 84.[21]See Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 397.[22]For the geographical distribution of Ogam inscriptions see Coffey, George,Guide to Celtic Antiquities, pp. 101–106.[23]Perhaps the best division of the Irish language into periodsis that given by Eoin MacNeill inIrisleabhar na Gaedhilge, May, 1908.Pre-Ogam, before 300A.D.Ogam, c. 300(?)–700(?)A.D.The Old Irish of the MSS. from 600(?)–1000(?)A.D.Middle Irish, 1000–1500A.D.Modern Irish, 1500–Present Day.During the present study we shall frequently use the words Old Irishto connote the Period including the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries.[24]Quiggin, E. C.,Article on OgaminEncyclopædia Britannica, vol. v., pp. 622–623.[25]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 398–399.[26]MacNeill, Eoin, ArticleIrish Ogam Inscriptionsin theProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, July 1909.[27]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 10.[28]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, Introduction, p. 1.[29]Meyer, Kuno,Ancient Irish Poetry, pp. 8, 9.[30]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Literature Celtique, I., p. 1.[31]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland in the Fifth Century, p. 1.[32]See Introduction to theBook of Armagh, ed. by John Gwynn; also Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, pp. 137–139.[33]Zimmer, Heinrich,Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland, p. 31.[34]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.[35]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. cxxxv.[36]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.[37]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., 112, 138, 190–322, 326, 327, 328.[38]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 439. See illustration.[39]Würzburg Codex, 33 c. 13.[40]Stokes, Whitley,op. cit.I., p. xviii.[41]Roger, M.,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 222.[42]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, in the Fifth Century, p. 1.[43]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 5.[44]De Jubainville H. d’Arbois,Cours de littérature celtique, I., p. 369.[45]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.pp. 5, 6.[46]Gwynn, John,Book of Armagh, f. 22 b. 2; also Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., pp. 357–380.[47]Translated from Latin ofTripartite Life, II., pp. 360–361.[48]Zimmer, H.,Sitzungsberichte der köngl. preuss. Akademie, 1909, p. 562, cited by Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 5.[49]Meyer, Kuno,ibid.[50]Colganus,Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, XI., p. 375, cited by Hauréau, B.,Singularités Historiques et Littéraires, pp. 2, 3.[51]Power, Patrick,Lives of SS. Declan and Mochuda, p. xix.[52]Tacitus,Agricola, Chapter XXIV.[53]Ibid.[54]See Coffey, George,Archæological Evidence for the Intercourse of Gaul with Ireland before the First CenturyinProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1910, pp. 96–106; Greene, Alice S.,Trade Routes of Irelandin herOld Irish World, pp. 63–99.[55]Meyer, Kuno, Article,Gauls in IrelandinEriu, IV., p. 208.[56]Warren, J. B.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.[57]Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, pp. 29–39; Warren, J. B.,op. cit.p. 35.[58]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 32.[59]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.[60]Sigerson, George,op. cit.pp. 45–48.[61]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 39, where St. Jerome is cited.[62]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 8.[63]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 40.[64]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 41.[65]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.; also Warren, F. E.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.[66]Article,Irelandin theCatholic Encyclopædia, VIII., p. 117.[67]Op. cit.VIII., p. 116.[68]MacCaffrey, James, Article,Rome and Ireland: Pre-Patrician Christianity, inIrish Theological Quarterly, I., p. 53.[69]Baeda,Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum, Liber I., Cap. 13.[70]For a discussion of the ancient use of the wordsScotiaandScotsee Skene’sCeltic Scotland, I., Introduction, p. 9.[71]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 212–213.[72]Bury, J. B.,op. cit.p. 217.[73]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 323.[74]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, pp. 243–251.[75]Plummer, Carolus,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., Intro., 129–188.[76]Hyde, Douglas,op. cit.pp. 134–135.[77]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., 137.[78]Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88, 89, contains a copy ofCatalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora.[79]Article onMonasticismsigned E. C. B. (E. C. Butler) in theEncyclopædia Britannica, XVIII., p. 687.[80]Ibid.[81]Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 93.[82]Bund, Willis,Celtic Church in Wales, 1897, cited by G. P. Huddleston in Article onIrish Monasticismin theCatholic Encylopædia, X., p. 473.[83]See Bibliography,Sources—Rules.[84]See Bibliography,Lives of Irish Saints.[85]Warren, F. E.,The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, pp. 54–55.[86]Catholic Encyclopædia,op. cit.[87]Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, published in Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88–89.[88]Bury, J. B.,op. cit.p. 39seq.Healy, John,op. cit.p. 93.[89]Plummer, Charles,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, p. cxxiv.[90]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.p. cxxv.[91]Ibid.[92]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxxvi.[93]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 199.[94]Joyce,Social History of Ireland, I., 322.[95]Todd, W. H.,op. cit.p. 99; Healy, J.op. cit.pp. 107–108.[96]Stokes, Whitley,Felire of Aengus, p. 118.[97]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 323.[98]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.[99]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 61.[100]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 321.[101]Op. cit.I., 323.[102]Nolan, Thomas,Irish Universities and Culture, p. 11.[103]Conyngham, D. P.,Lives of Irish Saints and Martyrs, pp. 537–544.[104]Murray, Rev. L. P., Article inLouth Archæological Journal, I., pp. 22–36.[105]InProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, VI., p. 106seq.cited by Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16.[106]White,Apologia, p. 24 cited by Nolan, P.,op. cit.p. 18.[107]Stokes, Margaret,Three Months in the Forests of France,p. 254–5.[108]Green, J. R.,The Making of England, pp. 277–8.[109]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 290–303.[110]Todd, W. H.,Wars of the Gael and Gall, Rolls Series, p. 39.[111]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 49.[112]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.[113]Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, 77seq.[114]Edmonds, Columba, Article inGlories of Ireland, p. 21.[115]Especially Skene, W.,Historians of Scotland, VI., p. xlix.Also inCeltic Scotland, III.[116]Warren, F. E.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 14.[117]See, however, Green, J. R.,The Making of England, p. 276seq.; Brooke, Stopford,History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chap. I., II., III.; alsoCambridge History of English Literature, I., Chap. II., pp. 13, 14, 15, 16.[118]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16.[119]Warren, F. E.,ibid.; Sandys,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 442; Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 12.[120]Warren, F. E.,ibid.; Roger,op. cit.400; also Hauck, Albert,Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, I., pp. 282seq.[121]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16; Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in Apennines, pp. 96–97.[122]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 3.[123]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.pp. 63–64; also Haddan and Stubbs’Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents of Great Britain and Ireland, I., p. 152.[124]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 3.[125]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 350.[126]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Bohn’s Edition, pp. 371–2.[127]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 350.[128]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxxiii.[129]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236–237.[130]Catholic Encyclopædia, III., p. 404.[131]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Book III., Bohn’s Ed.; Bede,op. cit.Book III., 26–28, Book IV., 12, 21, 23;Plummer’s Edition cited by Roger,op. cit.823–4.[132]Roger,ibid.[133]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236, 237.[134]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 460.[135]Green, J. R.,The Making of England, p. 276.[136]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 342.[137]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.See table opposite p. 342.[138]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 342, 343; Skene, W.,Celtic Scotland, II., pp. 61, 62. The monastic organization here described applies especially to Iona, but may be considered as typical not only of Columban monasteries but of Irish monasteries in general.[139]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 365; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 98.[140]Skene, Wm.,Celtic Scotland, II., p. 44.[141]Skene, Wm.,op. cit.p. 42.[142]SeeAnnals of the Four Masters, I., pp. 399, 410, 420, 442, 458, 470.[143]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 389.[144]Ancient Laws of Ireland, V., p. 123.[145]Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 16.[146]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 381.[147]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 104.[148]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 381.[149]Todd, W. H.,op. cit.p. 160.[150]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 104, 105.[151]Healy, John,ibid.; Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxiv.[152]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., 13, 15, 29.[153]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 318, 382.[154]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 378, 379, 380.[155]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., pp. 33, 39.[156]The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St. Paul, Minnesota, entitled “The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality” whose thesis is cited here.[157]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 382.[158]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 94; Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. 236.[159]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. xcviii.[160]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 365.[161]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 24, 143.[162]Concannon, Helen,The Life of St. Columban, p. 145.[163]Stokes, W.,op. cit.p. 236; Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 357–361.[164]Reeves, Wm.,ibid.; Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 94–96.[165]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 17.[166]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 17; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I. l. 409.[167]See Bibliography,Rules.[168]Op. cit. Lives of Saints.[169]Columbanus,Regula Monachorum, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, p. 68.[170]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae, p. 348.[171]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 69.[172]Ibid.[173]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 355.[174]Concannon, Helen,ibid.[175]Ibid.[176]McAlister, R. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice, p. 63.[177]The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some givesix, othersseven; the Bangor usage waseight. See notes by R. I. Best onTractate on the Canonical Hoursedited from theLebor BreccinMiscellany to Kuno Meyer.[178]See Concannon, Helen,op. cit.pp. 58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.[179]MacAlister, R. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, p. 63.[180]See aboveMeans of Support.[181]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 75.[182]Healy, J.,op. cit.p. 104.[183]Published in Skene’sCeltic Scotland, II., p. 509.[184]Adamnan,Vita S. Columbae, Reeves Edition, p. 9.[185]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–483 forGlosses on Psalms; O’Hanlon, John,Lives of Irish Saints, VI., p. 286 for story of St. Columba.[186]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 20, 22, 36, 43, 49.[187]Reeves, W.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.[188]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 103.[189]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.pp. 186–191.[190]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.[191]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.[192]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.[193]For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G.,Bards of the Gael and Gall; Meyer, Kuno,Old Irish Poetry; Hull, Eleanor,Poem Book of the Gael.[194]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 102, 103.[195]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 102.[196]Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’sIrish Writers, pp. i., ii. Also cited in ArticleDr. Johnson and IrelandinIrish Monthly, XLVI., 538, p. 211.[197]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., 408.[198]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 241.[199]Hull, Eleanor,Text Book of Irish Literature, I., 189.[200]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 418, 419.[201]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs, I., p. 78.[202]O’Donovan, John,Tribes and Customs of Hy Many, pp. 79, 167.[203]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 417.[204]See alsoCatalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 285–402, 530–535;The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature, edited by R. I. Best, pp. 1–307.[205]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 103, 107.[206]Op. cit., pp. 79–80.[207]Meyer, Kuno,Old Irish Poetry. See several examples; alsoThesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., pp. 290, 293, 294, 296.[208]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., 384.[209]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 419; Hull, E.,op. cit.I., 189.[210]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 417.[211]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs, I., 92.MS. Materials, p. 50.[212]The Irish wordfithchealis usually translatedchess.[213]Ancient Laws of Ireland, II., 349. Also pp. 153, 1616.[214]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 426. ForFosterage, see II., p. 14.[215]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 426.[216]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 132.[217]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 211.[218]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore.[219]Plummer, C.,op. cit.I., p. cxv.; Joyce,op. cit.I., 440, p. 251.[220]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 10.[221]Op. cit.pp. 24, 25.[222]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,La Civilization des Celtes, p. 109.[223]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 14; Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de,Les Moines d’Occident, IV., p. 62.[224]For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford,History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chapters i., ii., iii. AlsoCambridge History of English Literature, I., pp. 13–16.[225]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 410.[226]Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, II., p. 137.[227]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints, line 4128.[228]Plummer, C.,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.[229]Todd, J. H.,Life of St. Patrick. SeeCatalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, printed on pp. 88, 89.[230]Book of Leinster, p. 373;Lebor Brec, p. 23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley,Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series, 1880.[231]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 24.[232]Petrie, George,Christian Inscriptions, II., p. xiv.[233]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 413.[234]Plummer, C.,op. cit.I., xiv.[235]EpistolasinMonumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistola III.;Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi, I., p. 231.[236]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Bk. III., Chap. xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.[237]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 530–532.[238]Petrie, George,Round Towers, p. 355. O’Curry, E.,Manners & C., p. 38.[239]Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 219–223.[240]Published inEriu, VIII. text, p. 67, translation p. 74.[241]Hyde, Douglas,op. cit.p. 221.[242]Roger, M. L.,Enseignement des lettres classiques, p. 410.[243]Moran, Patrick,op. cit.p. 253.[244]Quoted from Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 32.[245]Bede,op. cit.Book V., Chap. IX., X.[246]Bede,op. cit.III., vii.[247]Bede,op. cit.IV., ii.[248]See Migne’sPatrologia Latina, Tomus 89, col. 3.[249]Zimmer,op. cit.p. 42.[250]Meyer,Learning in Ireland, p. 13.[251]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 412.[252]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 272, 273.[253]Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 388, 1907.[254]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 314.[255]Published in Migne,Patrologia Latina, Tomus, 142;Alcuini Epistola, 3; Ussher,Sylloge:Epistola 18.[256]Dictionary of National Biography, Article onColchuby T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp. 259, 260.[257]Dictionary of National Biography, XI.,loc. cit.pp. 259, 260.[258]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 272–273.[259]Plummer, Charles,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.; Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 440.[260]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, p. 173.[261]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 437.[262]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, I., p. 149; Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 435.[263]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Chapter xxvii., Bohn’s Ed.[264]Stokes, Whitley,op. cit.p. 172.[265]See Joyce. P. W.,op. cit.I., 439 for illustration of alphabet engraved on a large stone in Kilmakedar in Co. Kerry.[266]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxv.[267]See Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–481.[268]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 482–484.[269]Coffey, George,Guide to Celtic Antiquities of the Christian Period, see illustration, p. 99.[270]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 438.[271]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., p. 567; Zimmer, H.,Glossae Hiberniae, p. 69, Note 7.[272]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.I., p. 516.[273]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.p. 440.[274]Book of Leinster, p. 135;RawlinsonMS. B. 502, p. 77, edited by Kuno Meyer;Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252, edited and translated by Thomas Olden; cited byRevue Celtique, V., p. 192.[275]Macalister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise. See Map on Plate I., opposite p. 12.[276]Traube, Ludwig,O Roma Nobilis, p. 58.[277]Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, pp. 41–42.[278]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., p. xix., and for Glosses seeop. cit.II.,pp. 49–232.[279]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 430–431.[280]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 432.[281]See Macalister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, p. 65, for a collection of these fragmentary marginalia.[282]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 483.[283]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, Preface, lviii.[284]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., p. 89.[285]Sullivan, Sir Edward,The Book of Kells, p. 24.[286]Sullivan, Sir Edward,op. cit.p. 25.[287]Or the juice of “green skinned holly,” Meyer, Kuno,Ancient Irish Poetry, p. 87.[288]Keller, Ferdinand,Ulster Journal of Archæology, Old Series, VIII., p. 222.[289]Stokes, Margaret,Early Christian Ireland, Article ix.[290]See Abbot’sReproduction of the Book of Kells, Plate xxxiv.; also reproduced in Sir Arthur Sullivan’sThe Book of Kells.[291]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 480, illustration i., 481.[292]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 477–478.[293]See Chapter III.; alsoFour Masters, I., passim.[294]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, Preface, pp. xxi.–xxii.[295]Sandys, J. E.,Companion of Latin Studies, Article onPalaeographyby Sir Edward Maude Thompson, pp. 780–781.[296]Keller, F.,Ulster Journal of Archæology, O.S. VIII., p. 223.[297]Keller, F.,Bilder und Schriftzuge, Zurich, 1851, English translationUlster Journal of Archæology, VIII., pp. 210–291.
[1]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 122.
[2]Cited by George Coffey,Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 3.
[3]Coffey, George,op. cit.pp. 6–99.
[4]Joyce, Patrick W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 556.
[5]Coffey, George,op. cit.p. 2.
[6]Coffey, George,New Grange and other Incised Tumuli, p. 62.
[7]Coffey, George,The Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 27.
[8]O’Donovan, John,Annals of the Four Masters, I., p. 132.
[9]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 14.
[10]Ginnell, Laurence,Article on the Brehon Laws, in theEncyclopædia Britannica, IV., p. 488.
[11]Quoted by Douglas Hyde inA Literary History of Ireland, p. 134.
[12]Liber ArdmachanusorBook of Armagh, edited by John Gwynn, p. 9.
[13]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 284.
[14]Joyce, Patrick W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 402.
[15]The Brehon Laws have been edited and translated and published in five volumes with the titleThe Ancient Laws of Ireland.
[16]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 403, who cites Petrie’sTara, p. 38.
[17]See Chapter IV. for a brief account of the Irish Lay Schools.
[18]See underProsody, O’Donovan’sIrish Grammar.
[19]See Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 316.
[20]Cosmographia Aethici Istri, edited by H. Wuttke, Leipsic, 1854.Cited by Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 404.Cited by Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 11.Cited by Wood-Martin,Pagan Ireland, p. 84.
[21]See Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 397.
[22]For the geographical distribution of Ogam inscriptions see Coffey, George,Guide to Celtic Antiquities, pp. 101–106.
[23]Perhaps the best division of the Irish language into periodsis that given by Eoin MacNeill inIrisleabhar na Gaedhilge, May, 1908.Pre-Ogam, before 300A.D.Ogam, c. 300(?)–700(?)A.D.The Old Irish of the MSS. from 600(?)–1000(?)A.D.Middle Irish, 1000–1500A.D.Modern Irish, 1500–Present Day.During the present study we shall frequently use the words Old Irishto connote the Period including the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries.
[24]Quiggin, E. C.,Article on OgaminEncyclopædia Britannica, vol. v., pp. 622–623.
[25]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 398–399.
[26]MacNeill, Eoin, ArticleIrish Ogam Inscriptionsin theProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, July 1909.
[27]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 10.
[28]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, Introduction, p. 1.
[29]Meyer, Kuno,Ancient Irish Poetry, pp. 8, 9.
[30]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Literature Celtique, I., p. 1.
[31]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland in the Fifth Century, p. 1.
[32]See Introduction to theBook of Armagh, ed. by John Gwynn; also Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, pp. 137–139.
[33]Zimmer, Heinrich,Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland, p. 31.
[34]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.
[35]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. cxxxv.
[36]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.
[37]Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., 112, 138, 190–322, 326, 327, 328.
[38]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 439. See illustration.
[39]Würzburg Codex, 33 c. 13.
[40]Stokes, Whitley,op. cit.I., p. xviii.
[41]Roger, M.,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 222.
[42]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, in the Fifth Century, p. 1.
[43]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 5.
[44]De Jubainville H. d’Arbois,Cours de littérature celtique, I., p. 369.
[45]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.pp. 5, 6.
[46]Gwynn, John,Book of Armagh, f. 22 b. 2; also Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., pp. 357–380.
[47]Translated from Latin ofTripartite Life, II., pp. 360–361.
[48]Zimmer, H.,Sitzungsberichte der köngl. preuss. Akademie, 1909, p. 562, cited by Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 5.
[49]Meyer, Kuno,ibid.
[50]Colganus,Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, XI., p. 375, cited by Hauréau, B.,Singularités Historiques et Littéraires, pp. 2, 3.
[51]Power, Patrick,Lives of SS. Declan and Mochuda, p. xix.
[52]Tacitus,Agricola, Chapter XXIV.
[53]Ibid.
[54]See Coffey, George,Archæological Evidence for the Intercourse of Gaul with Ireland before the First CenturyinProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1910, pp. 96–106; Greene, Alice S.,Trade Routes of Irelandin herOld Irish World, pp. 63–99.
[55]Meyer, Kuno, Article,Gauls in IrelandinEriu, IV., p. 208.
[56]Warren, J. B.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.
[57]Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, pp. 29–39; Warren, J. B.,op. cit.p. 35.
[58]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 32.
[59]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.
[60]Sigerson, George,op. cit.pp. 45–48.
[61]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 39, where St. Jerome is cited.
[62]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 8.
[63]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 40.
[64]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 41.
[65]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.; also Warren, F. E.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.
[66]Article,Irelandin theCatholic Encyclopædia, VIII., p. 117.
[67]Op. cit.VIII., p. 116.
[68]MacCaffrey, James, Article,Rome and Ireland: Pre-Patrician Christianity, inIrish Theological Quarterly, I., p. 53.
[69]Baeda,Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum, Liber I., Cap. 13.
[70]For a discussion of the ancient use of the wordsScotiaandScotsee Skene’sCeltic Scotland, I., Introduction, p. 9.
[71]Bury, J. B.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 212–213.
[72]Bury, J. B.,op. cit.p. 217.
[73]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 323.
[74]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, pp. 243–251.
[75]Plummer, Carolus,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., Intro., 129–188.
[76]Hyde, Douglas,op. cit.pp. 134–135.
[77]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., 137.
[78]Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88, 89, contains a copy ofCatalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora.
[79]Article onMonasticismsigned E. C. B. (E. C. Butler) in theEncyclopædia Britannica, XVIII., p. 687.
[80]Ibid.
[81]Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 93.
[82]Bund, Willis,Celtic Church in Wales, 1897, cited by G. P. Huddleston in Article onIrish Monasticismin theCatholic Encylopædia, X., p. 473.
[83]See Bibliography,Sources—Rules.
[84]See Bibliography,Lives of Irish Saints.
[85]Warren, F. E.,The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, pp. 54–55.
[86]Catholic Encyclopædia,op. cit.
[87]Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, published in Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88–89.
[88]Bury, J. B.,op. cit.p. 39seq.Healy, John,op. cit.p. 93.
[89]Plummer, Charles,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, p. cxxiv.
[90]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.p. cxxv.
[91]Ibid.
[92]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxxvi.
[93]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 199.
[94]Joyce,Social History of Ireland, I., 322.
[95]Todd, W. H.,op. cit.p. 99; Healy, J.op. cit.pp. 107–108.
[96]Stokes, Whitley,Felire of Aengus, p. 118.
[97]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 323.
[98]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.
[99]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 61.
[100]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 321.
[101]Op. cit.I., 323.
[102]Nolan, Thomas,Irish Universities and Culture, p. 11.
[103]Conyngham, D. P.,Lives of Irish Saints and Martyrs, pp. 537–544.
[104]Murray, Rev. L. P., Article inLouth Archæological Journal, I., pp. 22–36.
[105]InProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, VI., p. 106seq.cited by Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16.
[106]White,Apologia, p. 24 cited by Nolan, P.,op. cit.p. 18.
[107]Stokes, Margaret,Three Months in the Forests of France,p. 254–5.
[108]Green, J. R.,The Making of England, pp. 277–8.
[109]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 290–303.
[110]Todd, W. H.,Wars of the Gael and Gall, Rolls Series, p. 39.
[111]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 49.
[112]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.
[113]Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, 77seq.
[114]Edmonds, Columba, Article inGlories of Ireland, p. 21.
[115]Especially Skene, W.,Historians of Scotland, VI., p. xlix.Also inCeltic Scotland, III.
[116]Warren, F. E.,Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 14.
[117]See, however, Green, J. R.,The Making of England, p. 276seq.; Brooke, Stopford,History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chap. I., II., III.; alsoCambridge History of English Literature, I., Chap. II., pp. 13, 14, 15, 16.
[118]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16.
[119]Warren, F. E.,ibid.; Sandys,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 442; Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 12.
[120]Warren, F. E.,ibid.; Roger,op. cit.400; also Hauck, Albert,Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, I., pp. 282seq.
[121]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 16; Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in Apennines, pp. 96–97.
[122]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 3.
[123]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.pp. 63–64; also Haddan and Stubbs’Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents of Great Britain and Ireland, I., p. 152.
[124]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 3.
[125]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 350.
[126]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Bohn’s Edition, pp. 371–2.
[127]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 350.
[128]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxxiii.
[129]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236–237.
[130]Catholic Encyclopædia, III., p. 404.
[131]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Book III., Bohn’s Ed.; Bede,op. cit.Book III., 26–28, Book IV., 12, 21, 23;Plummer’s Edition cited by Roger,op. cit.823–4.
[132]Roger,ibid.
[133]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236, 237.
[134]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 460.
[135]Green, J. R.,The Making of England, p. 276.
[136]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 342.
[137]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.See table opposite p. 342.
[138]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 342, 343; Skene, W.,Celtic Scotland, II., pp. 61, 62. The monastic organization here described applies especially to Iona, but may be considered as typical not only of Columban monasteries but of Irish monasteries in general.
[139]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 365; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 98.
[140]Skene, Wm.,Celtic Scotland, II., p. 44.
[141]Skene, Wm.,op. cit.p. 42.
[142]SeeAnnals of the Four Masters, I., pp. 399, 410, 420, 442, 458, 470.
[143]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 389.
[144]Ancient Laws of Ireland, V., p. 123.
[145]Todd, W. H.,Life of St. Patrick, p. 16.
[146]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 381.
[147]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 104.
[148]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 381.
[149]Todd, W. H.,op. cit.p. 160.
[150]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 104, 105.
[151]Healy, John,ibid.; Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxiv.
[152]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., 13, 15, 29.
[153]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 318, 382.
[154]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 378, 379, 380.
[155]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., pp. 33, 39.
[156]The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St. Paul, Minnesota, entitled “The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality” whose thesis is cited here.
[157]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 382.
[158]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 94; Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. 236.
[159]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. xcviii.
[160]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 365.
[161]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 24, 143.
[162]Concannon, Helen,The Life of St. Columban, p. 145.
[163]Stokes, W.,op. cit.p. 236; Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 357–361.
[164]Reeves, Wm.,ibid.; Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 94–96.
[165]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 17.
[166]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 17; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I. l. 409.
[167]See Bibliography,Rules.
[168]Op. cit. Lives of Saints.
[169]Columbanus,Regula Monachorum, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, p. 68.
[170]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae, p. 348.
[171]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 69.
[172]Ibid.
[173]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.p. 355.
[174]Concannon, Helen,ibid.
[175]Ibid.
[176]McAlister, R. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice, p. 63.
[177]The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some givesix, othersseven; the Bangor usage waseight. See notes by R. I. Best onTractate on the Canonical Hoursedited from theLebor BreccinMiscellany to Kuno Meyer.
[178]See Concannon, Helen,op. cit.pp. 58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.
[179]MacAlister, R. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, p. 63.
[180]See aboveMeans of Support.
[181]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 75.
[182]Healy, J.,op. cit.p. 104.
[183]Published in Skene’sCeltic Scotland, II., p. 509.
[184]Adamnan,Vita S. Columbae, Reeves Edition, p. 9.
[185]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–483 forGlosses on Psalms; O’Hanlon, John,Lives of Irish Saints, VI., p. 286 for story of St. Columba.
[186]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 20, 22, 36, 43, 49.
[187]Reeves, W.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.
[188]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 103.
[189]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.pp. 186–191.
[190]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.
[191]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.
[192]Reeves, Wm.,op. cit.pp. 343, 344.
[193]For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G.,Bards of the Gael and Gall; Meyer, Kuno,Old Irish Poetry; Hull, Eleanor,Poem Book of the Gael.
[194]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 102, 103.
[195]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 102.
[196]Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’sIrish Writers, pp. i., ii. Also cited in ArticleDr. Johnson and IrelandinIrish Monthly, XLVI., 538, p. 211.
[197]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., 408.
[198]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 241.
[199]Hull, Eleanor,Text Book of Irish Literature, I., 189.
[200]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 418, 419.
[201]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs, I., p. 78.
[202]O’Donovan, John,Tribes and Customs of Hy Many, pp. 79, 167.
[203]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 417.
[204]See alsoCatalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 285–402, 530–535;The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature, edited by R. I. Best, pp. 1–307.
[205]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 103, 107.
[206]Op. cit., pp. 79–80.
[207]Meyer, Kuno,Old Irish Poetry. See several examples; alsoThesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., pp. 290, 293, 294, 296.
[208]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., 384.
[209]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 419; Hull, E.,op. cit.I., 189.
[210]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 417.
[211]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs, I., 92.MS. Materials, p. 50.
[212]The Irish wordfithchealis usually translatedchess.
[213]Ancient Laws of Ireland, II., 349. Also pp. 153, 1616.
[214]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 426. ForFosterage, see II., p. 14.
[215]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 418, 426.
[216]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 132.
[217]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 211.
[218]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore.
[219]Plummer, C.,op. cit.I., p. cxv.; Joyce,op. cit.I., 440, p. 251.
[220]Concannon, Helen,op. cit.p. 10.
[221]Op. cit.pp. 24, 25.
[222]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,La Civilization des Celtes, p. 109.
[223]Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 14; Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de,Les Moines d’Occident, IV., p. 62.
[224]For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford,History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chapters i., ii., iii. AlsoCambridge History of English Literature, I., pp. 13–16.
[225]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 410.
[226]Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, II., p. 137.
[227]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints, line 4128.
[228]Plummer, C.,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.
[229]Todd, J. H.,Life of St. Patrick. SeeCatalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, printed on pp. 88, 89.
[230]Book of Leinster, p. 373;Lebor Brec, p. 23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley,Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series, 1880.
[231]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 24.
[232]Petrie, George,Christian Inscriptions, II., p. xiv.
[233]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 413.
[234]Plummer, C.,op. cit.I., xiv.
[235]EpistolasinMonumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistola III.;Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi, I., p. 231.
[236]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Bk. III., Chap. xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.
[237]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 530–532.
[238]Petrie, George,Round Towers, p. 355. O’Curry, E.,Manners & C., p. 38.
[239]Moran, Patrick,Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 219–223.
[240]Published inEriu, VIII. text, p. 67, translation p. 74.
[241]Hyde, Douglas,op. cit.p. 221.
[242]Roger, M. L.,Enseignement des lettres classiques, p. 410.
[243]Moran, Patrick,op. cit.p. 253.
[244]Quoted from Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 32.
[245]Bede,op. cit.Book V., Chap. IX., X.
[246]Bede,op. cit.III., vii.
[247]Bede,op. cit.IV., ii.
[248]See Migne’sPatrologia Latina, Tomus 89, col. 3.
[249]Zimmer,op. cit.p. 42.
[250]Meyer,Learning in Ireland, p. 13.
[251]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 412.
[252]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 272, 273.
[253]Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 388, 1907.
[254]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 314.
[255]Published in Migne,Patrologia Latina, Tomus, 142;Alcuini Epistola, 3; Ussher,Sylloge:Epistola 18.
[256]Dictionary of National Biography, Article onColchuby T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp. 259, 260.
[257]Dictionary of National Biography, XI.,loc. cit.pp. 259, 260.
[258]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 272–273.
[259]Plummer, Charles,Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.; Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., p. 440.
[260]Stokes, Whitley,Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, p. 173.
[261]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 437.
[262]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, I., p. 149; Healy, John,Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 435.
[263]Bede,Ecclesiastical History of England, Chapter xxvii., Bohn’s Ed.
[264]Stokes, Whitley,op. cit.p. 172.
[265]See Joyce. P. W.,op. cit.I., 439 for illustration of alphabet engraved on a large stone in Kilmakedar in Co. Kerry.
[266]Plummer, Charles,op. cit.I., p. cxv.
[267]See Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–481.
[268]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 482–484.
[269]Coffey, George,Guide to Celtic Antiquities of the Christian Period, see illustration, p. 99.
[270]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 438.
[271]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., p. 567; Zimmer, H.,Glossae Hiberniae, p. 69, Note 7.
[272]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.I., p. 516.
[273]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.p. 440.
[274]Book of Leinster, p. 135;RawlinsonMS. B. 502, p. 77, edited by Kuno Meyer;Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252, edited and translated by Thomas Olden; cited byRevue Celtique, V., p. 192.
[275]Macalister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise. See Map on Plate I., opposite p. 12.
[276]Traube, Ludwig,O Roma Nobilis, p. 58.
[277]Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, pp. 41–42.
[278]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., p. xix., and for Glosses seeop. cit.II.,pp. 49–232.
[279]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 430–431.
[280]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 432.
[281]See Macalister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, p. 65, for a collection of these fragmentary marginalia.
[282]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 483.
[283]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, Preface, lviii.
[284]Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., p. 89.
[285]Sullivan, Sir Edward,The Book of Kells, p. 24.
[286]Sullivan, Sir Edward,op. cit.p. 25.
[287]Or the juice of “green skinned holly,” Meyer, Kuno,Ancient Irish Poetry, p. 87.
[288]Keller, Ferdinand,Ulster Journal of Archæology, Old Series, VIII., p. 222.
[289]Stokes, Margaret,Early Christian Ireland, Article ix.
[290]See Abbot’sReproduction of the Book of Kells, Plate xxxiv.; also reproduced in Sir Arthur Sullivan’sThe Book of Kells.
[291]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 480, illustration i., 481.
[292]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 477–478.
[293]See Chapter III.; alsoFour Masters, I., passim.
[294]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, Preface, pp. xxi.–xxii.
[295]Sandys, J. E.,Companion of Latin Studies, Article onPalaeographyby Sir Edward Maude Thompson, pp. 780–781.
[296]Keller, F.,Ulster Journal of Archæology, O.S. VIII., p. 223.
[297]Keller, F.,Bilder und Schriftzuge, Zurich, 1851, English translationUlster Journal of Archæology, VIII., pp. 210–291.