AAa, lava,241Acadian coal field,354Accretion hypothesis,304Acidic rocks,249Adelsberg grotto,47Adirondacks,309,316Africa,357Agassiz, Lake,67,111,435Agates,251Alabama,317,360Alaska,85,138,140,378Aletsch glacier,121Algæ,51,52Algonkian era,306,310Allegheny Mountains,90,224,326,403Alluvial cones,98Alluvium,62Alps,118,121,141,210,211,212,223,229,349,427,443Amazon River,175Ammonites,294,367,380,382Amphibians,364,383Amphicyon,413Amygdules,250Andes,236,279Angle of repose,25Antarctic continent,294Antecedent streams,209Antelope,413Anthracite,281Anticlinal folds,203,209Ants,20Apennine Mountains,399Appalachia,317,351,358Appalachian coal field,356Appalachian deformation,358Appalachian Mountains,211,214,218,292Aquifer,44Aragonite,296Arch$aelig;opteryx,393Archean era,305Arenaceous rocks,9Argillaceous rocks,9Arizona,32,75,145,151,154,220,229,249,257,371,390Arkansas,337,356,373Arkose,186,282,370Artesian wells,44Arthropods,322Artiodactyls,411Assiniboine, Mount,34Atlas Mountains,399Atmosphere,304,305Atolls,191,193Augite,274Austin, Tex.,71Australia,190,357Avalanches,26BBad Lands,397,398Baltic Sea,170,171,199Barite,287Barrier Reefs,191,192Basal conglomerate,173,184Basalt,249Baselevel,80,83Basic rocks,249Basin deposits,103Bay bars,164Beaches,162,164Bears,413Bedding planes,5Belemnites,382Belt Mountains,309Bergschrund,121,135,137Bermudas,148Birds,392Bison,413Bitter Root Mountains,272Black Hills,309,371Blastoids,339Blastosphere,311Block mountains,222,226Blowholes,159Blue Ridge,309,316Bomb, volcanic,256Bonneville, Lake,107,438Bosses,270Bowlders, erratic,420of weathering,28Brachiopods,323,333,343,364,380Brazil,18,236Breccia,218,255,264British Columbia,373,378Bronze stage,443,448Bryozoans,333Bunker Hill,422CCalamites,361,367Calcareous rocks,9Calciferous series,327Calcite,296Caldera,239California,24,99,136,152,158,159,170,197,224,256,262,287,357,360,371,400Great Valley of,101,199,372,396Cambrian period,315glaciation in,358life of,319Camels,412Canada,28,35,67,69,90,182,198,200,213,218,267,307,309,316,336,354,357,432,437Cape Breton Island,198Cape Cod,152Carbonated springs,261Carbonates, formation of,12Carboniferous period,350life of,361Carnivores,413Cascade Mountains,90,400Cats,413Catskill Mountains,342Caucasus Mountains,399Caverns,45,241Cenozoic era,394Centipedes,333Cephalopods,324,333,339,344,367,380Ceratites,380Ceratosaurus,385Chain coral,339,343Chalcopyrite,287Chalk,9,374,375Chalybeate springs,52Champlain subsidence,437Charleston earthquake,233Chazy series,327Chelan, Lake,141Chemung series,341,342Chesapeake Bay,169,170,197Chicago,146,198,436Chile,235China,28,151Christmas Island,194,248Cincinnati anticline,329,356Cirques,135Clinton series,335Coal,352,370,375Coal Measures,351Coast Range,101,372,399Coastal plain, Atlantic,183Cœlenterates,320Coke,271Colorado,18,29,33,37,153,233,266,271,334Colorado plateaus,357,403Colorado River,30,75,140,154,223,307,313,317Columbia lavas,400Columnar structure,253Concretions,49Cones, alluvial,98volcanic,257Conglomerate,9,173Congo River,175Conifers,377Connecticut,370valley,403Contemporaneous lava sheets,248,268Continental delta,175,183Continental shelf,183Continents,188Contours,69Copper,287,310Coquina,177Coral reefs,188Corals, ancient,321,332,338,379Cordaites,363Cordilleran ice field,425Corniferous series,341Coves,161Crabs,379Crandall volcano,263,400Crater Lake,259Creodonts,413Cretaceous period,372Crinoids,332,363,379Crocodiles,384Cross bedding,65,182Crustacea,322,332,363,379Crustal movements,195Cumberland plateau,90Cup corals,338Cycads,377,378Cycle of erosion,84,185,292Cystoids,321,332,367DDalmatia,170Darwin’s theory of coral reefs,191Dead Sea,221,279Death Gulch,264Deep-sea deposits,187Deer,413Deflation,152Deformation,279Delaware River,197,403Deltas,108,111,197of Ganges,109of Indus,110of Mississippi,109,197Denudation,57Denver,398Desert,15,55Devitrification,257Devonian period,316,341Dicotyls,377,404Digitigrade,406Dikes,244,265Dinosaurs,385Dinothere,410Diorite,274Dip,202Dip fault,225Diplodocus,286Dipnoans,346Discina,324Dismal Swamp,106Dogs,413Dragon flies,364Drift,18,113,416bowlders of,420englacial,125extent of,425pebbles of,114,420stratified,423thickness of,429Driftless area,438Drowned valleys,197Drumlins,421Duluth,436Dunes,147Dust falls,145EEarth, age of,292,298,302interior of,276Earthquakes,224,233causes of,233,237Charleston,233distribution of,236geological effects of,234India,235Japan,237New Madrid,236Earthworms,20,21Echinoderms,321,332,333,343,363Edentates,441Egypt,93Electric Peak,269Elephants,410Elevation, effects of,85movements of,197Eocene epoch,395Epicontinental seas,318Erratics,133,420Eskers,424Etna,248,402Europe, Pleistocene ice sheet of,427Eurypterids,333,339,363,367Evolution,300,447FFaceted pebbles,113,114,420Falls of the Ohio,343Fan folds,205Fault scarps,219Faults,217Faunas,299Feldspar,9,10,42Ferns,361Finger lakes,432Fire clay,353Fishes,334,339,345,364,405Fissure eruptions,242Fissure springs,44Fjords,139,142Flint,18,375Flood plains,85,93Floods,54Floras,299Florida,46,163,177,178,188,396Flow lines,252Fluorite,287Folded mountains,210Folds,201,208Foliation,283Foraminifera,187,374Forests, Carboniferous,354,361Cretaceous,377,378Devonian,343Tertiary,404Fort Wayne,436Fossils,177,296Fractures,215Fragmental rocks,8France,167,171cave men of,445Fringing reefs,190Frogs,383Frost,15Fundy, Bay of,182GGabbro,274Ganges,58,109,197Ganoids,347Garnet,281Gases, volcanic,244Gastropods,324Gastrula,311Geneva, Lake,71Geodes,49Geological time, divisions of,295Geology, definition of,1,3departments of,4Georgia,