Aargau,338,346,349Abbott, Dr. E.,37,106n.Abderrahmān I,154---- III,153Abdy, Prof.,201,373Abortion in Greece,102,117Abyssinia,179Academy, the French,444n.,445Achaian League,51Adams and Cunningham,331,351n.Adrian IV,235Æschines,50Æschylus,136Aetius,96,185Ætolian League,51Ager publicus,77Agis,51,104Agrarian distress,403-5Agriculture,88;Egyptian,56;Roman,76,79,82sq.,94;Greek,99,108,117;Feudal,202;Italian,221;Dutch,328;English,88,348n.,403;Scandinavian,270,283;Swiss,347,348Alaric,185Alba Longa,14Alboin,188,194Albuquerque,358Alcibiades,46,50Alcuin,189Alexander the Great, empire of,111---- of Parma,307,309,310Alexandria,133,134Alfonso de Sousa,362Alfred,370n.,375Algiers, French.57n.,156-7,177Alkman,132Allen, C.-F.,264n.Almohades, the,155Almoravides, the,155Althusius,441Alva,308Amalfi,194,204Ambrose,194Amphictyonic Councils,53Amsterdam,315;bank of,324Anabaptism,306,307Anarchism,424Anastasius,96n.Anaxagoras,46Anglo-Saxons,275,369-76Anne,468Anskar,267Antioch,133Antonines,89,113,117,166,167Antony, franchise policy of,4n.Antwerp,308,310,311,313Anund Jakob,267,272Anytus,50Appenzell,337,338,344,347Apuleius,167Aquinas, Thomas,118n.,212,235,440Arab character,146sq.Architecture,150,151,192,205,220Arianism,97,168Aribert,206Ariosto,230Aristocracy, Roman,17,21,22sq.,29-30,78;and culture,62,166;and politics,70;Greek,42,49,98,109;Feudal,200,202,209;Italian,236,245,255;English,288,376,379,385,390sq.,396,403,410;Dutch,306;Scandinavian,275,276,277,281;Portuguese,355;Swiss,336,348;French,391,415n.,461Aristotle,50,127,448sq.;on militarism,45;on slavery,98,133n.;on Sparta,101n.;on population,102;on education,126;and Aquinas,212Aristophanes,50,135Armada,308,311,314,399,408Arminianism,310Arnold of Brescia,235,246Arnold, M.,434Arnold, W.T.,78Artaxerxes,113Art, evocation of,63,122,134,150,159,220,327,409;in Athens,48-49,106;in medieval Italy,220-21,225;in Holland,327;in Portugal,359;in England,409Arteveldt, J. van,299Ashley, Prof.,379n.,394Asia Minor,55,123Associations, religious,113,115Assyria,135Aston, Sir A.,428Astronomy,149,150,151Athaulf,186Athens, variety of stock in,16;social problem in,40,107;reforms of Solon in,40sq.,99;morals in,47-48,50;superstition and ignorance in,45sq.;art and letters in,48-49,106,124;imports of,84;commerce of,99;buildings of,105;silver mines of,105-6;citizenship of,124;retrogression of,134Attila,185,191Attraction and repulsion in politics,5-7,23,28,202,207,210,257sq.,299,369,377,386,460;modes of,70Augustine,34,118n.,168,261Augustus,81,83,164Australian aborigines,128Aurelian,87n.,184,185Autocracy. SeeDespotismandTyrannyAvitus, St.,187Babylonia,68Bacchic mysteries,164Bacon,461Bagaudæ, the,175Bagehot, cited,23n.,57n.Bain, R.N.,264n.,277n.Balfour, A.J.,72n.,171sq.,180n.Ball, John,390Banking,218,435Barante,292Barneveldt,310,318Barros,359Basle,338,344,346,348Bayle,326Beaconsfield,72Becker, cited,9Becket,377"Beggars," Confederacy of,306Beghards,305Behn, Aphra,442n.Belgium,260,307Belisarius,96,184,191,194Bent, J.T.,181Bentham,449Berbers,154n.,155Berlin, University of,139Berne,336,337,338,343,344,345,346,349Bertrand, A., cited,64Bibliolatry,152,154,157,396,405,410Bijns, Anna,326Bikélas, cited,143,144Bishops and Italian cities,198,206Black Death,380,384,386,387,388Blackstone,449Blake,420Blok, P.J.,292,296Blossius of Cumæ,81Boccaccio,226Bodin,449Boeckh,37,41,107,108,109Boissier, cited,159n.,162Bolingbroke,437Bologna,205,208,211,212Bordier,334,335Borghini,217Borgia, Cesare,233,253Botta, cited,229n.Boulting,195n.,196,202n.Boyle,447n.Brazil,317,361-68;population in,362;prospects of,366-67Brethren of the Common Lot,305Bribery in Rome,22Britain, economic basis of,59,79Browning, O.,181Bruce,308Bruges,297Brun,336Brunehild,186Brussels,297Brutus,79Bryce, cited,4,58,189n.,199,201Buchanan,441Buckingham,415Buckle, on national character,1n.,4;on Montesquieu,28n.;on food and life conditions,55;on Spanish fanaticism,155,304;on climate and civilisation,361;on Magna Carta,392;on Delolme,392;on Divine Right,440n.;on Anne,468n.Bullion delusion,80,464sq.Burckhardt,182;as sociologist,36;on Greek happiness,47;on Sparta,130;on Spain and Italy,230,233n.Burghley,400,406,407Burke,453---- U.R., cited,119,169,191,192Burnet,438,439Burrows, Prof.,123Bursian, C.,65Burton, Hill,11,414n.,456Bury,38;on Roman Empire,34n.;on Solon,43;on Christian disunion,97n.;on Heraclius,116n.;on Greek Art,122n.;on the Dorians,130-31;on Byzantine superstition,145n.;on Roman currency,175n.Busch,392n.Butler, W.F.,181,196,197n.,206,211Byzantium,34,93,95,96,114sq.,143sq.,152,186Cade, Jack,388,406Cæsar, franchise policy of,4n.;revenue policy of,73;policy of doles of,82;policy in Campania of,91;and Corinth,110Calderon,359,413Calvin,301,343,344,398,435Calvinism,306,310,326,344,396n.,398Camden,398,407Camoens,359Cantù,181Capitalism, in antiquity,86,104,108;in Florence,218,248sq.;in Holland,316,318,324;in America,365;in England,393,403,434-35,462Caracalla,4,175Carlyle,264n.,419,429-30Carmagnola,249Carrel, A.,436n.,437n.,444n.Carthage,28n.,30,86Castruccio Castracani,243,255Cathari,220Cato,32Cats,307,326Catullus,165,166Celibacy, Sacerdotal,235Celts,187,190,192,258,279,375,378Chancery, Court of,432Chapman,412,