413Charlemagne,188,189,191,192,267,295Charles I of England,410,414sq.,426,443---- II of England,319,320,437,438,442,443,451---- III of Spain,363---- IV,246---- V,300,301,302,304,309n.,311Charleton, W.,444n.Chasles, Ph., cited,74Chastity, barbaric,184Chaucer,384,386Chemistry,149,150Chievres,302Child, Sir J.,316,458,462,463n.,464,467Chilperic,186China, polity of,56,57,59-60,67,73,180,260;secret societies of,26n.Chinese and Europeans, repulsions of,6Chivalier,294n.Chivalry,383Christian II,276---- III,277Christianity, conditions of success of,27,114-15,165;effects of,28;and progress,34-5,179,205,272,431;and Roman Empire,95,96,97,265;and heresy,97,115,168,300,303,344;spread of,112,114-15;and infanticide,117-18;and slavery,118sq.,214sq.,372-73;and culture,142,144,168,280;and Islam,149,157;in Gaul,167;and morals,186,210,272,431,434;and Italian disunion,210;in Scandinavia,265sq.,272,274;and fish eating,293;in modern Holland and Belgium,307;strife of sects in,422Chrysostom,118Church in politics,96,145,152,168-69,198,203,206,210,223,234,235,265,274,377,391Cicero, on Roman politics,20-21;on manumission,215Cimabue,220Cincinnatus,12,19City States,29,38sq.,52,53,124,179,198,202sq.,209sq.,286sq.,295Civilisation and superstition,46;modern, roots of,169Civilisations, primary and secondary,55sq.Clans, Highland,11,67Clarendon,437,451Class degradation, effects of,62,68,372;relations in England,376,379;as political factor,70Classes, strife of, in Rome,17sq.;in Greece,38,45;in Florence,229sq.;in Flanders,296-97;in Switzerland,336,350;in England,393-94,405Claudian,167Claudius II,185Clémenceau,271Cleomenes,51,104Clientes, Roman,11Climate and race,193,361Cloacæ, the Roman,14Clothaire,186Clovis,187Coal civilisations,79,88,365,366Coinage, alleged debasement of, by Solon,41;Roman debasement of,175;Papal debasement of,223;debasement of, by Henry VIII,397.SeecurrencyColbert,140,315,445,446,461,464,465Cologne,288Colonies, Greek,39,48,100;and culture,63n.;Roman,86;Scandinavian,271;Dutch,312Comines,391Comitia, Roman,9sq.Commerce, Roman,76-7,80;Athenian,99,108;Greek, under Roman Empire,113;Byzantine,117;Italian,211,218-19,221,256,383;Danish,273;Norwegian,284;Medieval,288;Dutch,297,310sq.;Portuguese,357sq.;Anglo-Saxon,370;English,380,393,404,459;Irish,453;Spanish,461;and civilisation,70,99,104,109,113,205,211,221,287,315,457,458;and war,297,460Compass, the,205Competition of societies,58,70Comte, A.,2n.,4Conrad the Salic,203Conradin,241Conservatism and isolation,56,144;Chinese,60;Egyptian,125;and militarism,132-33;English,424Constantine,27n.,114,117,215Constantinople, evolution of,116sq.Consuls and Italian cities,198,203,207Corinth,105,110,131n.Corporations, religious,160,235,377Cox, Sir G., cited,66,161Creed politics,405,415,424Creighton, Bishop,401n.Cremona,216Crete, polity of,59n.,131-32,133Crichton and Wheaton,264n.,272,273,275Cromer, Lord, discussed,177sq.Cromwell, Oliver, 318, 417-21, 424-33, 453;Richard,436;Thomas,395Crusades, effects of,69;and slavery,214,296;and civilisation,383Culture, Greek,46sq.;and the sexes,61;importance of diffusion of,62Culture-contacts, effects of,57,63;conditions of success of,57,58;and Greek civilisation,64,122;in Christendom,69,150;in Japan,69,70;in modern Europe,138sq.;and Saracen civilisation,146;and Roman civilisation,158,163,164;and post-Roman civilisation,189,193;and medieval Italy,211,219,254;and England,212n.;and Scandinavia,279;and Holland,326;and Renaissance,340;and England,375Cunningham, Dr., on Greek civilisation,36,129;on Roman expansion,67;on Roman wars,76n.,78n.;on Roman decline,93-4;on Athenian expenditure,106n.;on Greeks and Phœnicians,129,150;on Black Death,388;on the Tudors,402;on Puritanism,433;on the mercantile system,466Curiæ, the Roman,8sq.,203Currency, Roman,80,175;Byzantine,96;Dutch,311Curtius, E.,130Cybele, cult of,163Dahn, F., cited,188n.Danby,442Dändliker,331,339n.Dante,213,217,226,233,240n.Daremberg, Dr., cited,147-48Darien Company,456Daru,255n.D'Aubigné,430-31David, J.,292Davies,291Davis, Sir J.,67---- H.W. C.,378"Death," political,33-4,59Decay, social,22,25,32,59,69,170sq.;socio-physiological,186;socio-psychological,61,112,141,280,411-13Defoe,413Dekker,406n.De la Chambre,445Delacourt,313Delaunay, cited,10,11Della Torre,241Democracy, Roman,19sq.;Greek,38sq.,46sq.;French,72;American,38n.,365,366;Scandinavian,276,278;Flemish,300;Dutch,306,310,311;English,388,414sq.;Italian,209sq.,225;Swiss,350sq.;conditions of success of,52;and intellectual life,139Demosthenes,50,105,136Denmark, structure of,265;political evolution of,268,271,273,273-74;religion in,268;slavery in,273,274;commerce of,273;Reformation in,276-77;culture of,280-81Dennis, G.,185Denton, Rev. W.,385Descartes,326,446Despotism, and food supply,55-6;as political factor,70;and art,135sq.,166,220,224sq.;and culture,141,153,224sq.;and decadence,173;in Holland,299;in Portugal,357-58;spirit of,455Deutsch, cited,149n.,157n.De Witt,291,317,319,324Dicæarchus,105Dierauer,331,334Diocletian,96,113,175Dionysos, cult of,164Diophanes,81"Divine Right,"440sq.Doge, the title,204n.Dogma and intellect,61Doles, Roman,26,82,87;Byzantine,116Domesday Book,371,376Domitian,166Dorians,130sq.Dozy, cited,154n.,155n.Drama, Greek,126-27,135;French,140;Elizabethan,140,406,409-13;Roman,165;Spanish,359,413Draper,34,56,67Drogheda, siege of,427-30Droysen,135n.,148n.Droz, E., cited,3n.Druidism,266Drunkenness, English,463,467;Scandinavian,278Dryden,439,442Duccio,220Duffy, Miss,182Dunham,187,195,197n.,264n.Dureau de la Malle,24,91Dussieux,465Earle, Prof.,385East Indies,312,324Ecclesia, Athenian,41Economic causation, ix,71;Roman,75sq.;Greek,98sq.,133sq.;Italian and other,212,215sq.,221;Scandinavian,270,277;Dutch,293,295,306,313sq.,324;Portuguese,359-60;Brazilian,366;English,397,411,412Education and democracy,63;Greek,123,126;Saracen,153,154n.;Italian,231,247n.;