on Greek art,123;on Sparta,132,133n.Mahon,34Maine, Sir H.,56,448,449Maisch,42Maitland, F.W.,370n.,371,374Malaria in Italy,90-1Malone,442n.Mallet, E.,353Malthus, cited,26n.,100,273,282-84,352Mandeville,467,468Manley,427-28Marck, W. van der,308Marcus Aurelius,167Margaret of Norway,275Marignano,341Marius,24Marks, Alfred,438n.Marlborough,320Marlowe,411Marvell,421,439n.Mary of England,397---- of Scotland,399Maspero, cited,125n.Mathematics,149Matilda, Countess,206,207Maurice (Emperor),96,115Maurice of Orange,310,313Maximilian I,300Mazarin,415n.Mazdeism,125Medicine, evolution of,127,147sq.;schools of,212Medici, the,225,227,249sq.Megalomania,261Megara,124n.Melville, Andrew,398Menander,118,135Ménard, cited,132Mencius,73-4Mental development in Greece,46Menzel,139n.Mercantile system,460sq.Merchant Adventurers, the,459,466Merimée,3Merovingian Kings, the,187,191Mexico,361Meyer, Ed., on Quirites,9sq.;on Roman land law,12;on Greek taxation,42;on Solon,43n.;on Greek civilisation,64;onager publicus,77n.;on Roman culture,158n.---- Ernst von, cited,150Michel Angelo,254Milan,194,199,206,210,211,218,219,225,241,249Militarism, and democracy,21sq.;Roman,25,55,76;and culture,61,131,153,341;Spartan,131;Saracen,153,154;Turkish,157;Florentine,231;Dutch,318;Swiss,341;English,425Mill, J.S.,58,121Milman,146n.,197Milton,426,431,441,448Mining, Roman,80;Greek,105-6;Brazilian,363;medieval,460Ministerial Government,437,468Mitchell and Caspari,41,42,44n.,136-37Mitford,37,38Mithraism,27,113,165Mommsen, on Quirites,9;on the plebs,10;on Roman land law,12,13;on Roman city life,14n.;on Roman taxation,77;on the Antonines,89;on Roman religion,158,160,162;on antiquity of writing,160n.;on the Celts,190,192Monasteries,167,402-3"Money economy,"80Monk,436Monopolies, trade, and civilisation,59;Athenian,108;Byzantine,117;Dutch,313,315,316,463;English,320,321,323,404,415,459,461sq.;Flemish,296;Papal,223;Portuguese,356,358;Spanish, in Italy,223;Hanseatic,289Montaigne, vii,230Montesquieu, on civil war,25;as sociologist,28n.;on Hannibal,30;on soil and polity,56Montmorency,386Moors. SeeSaracensMorals, Greek,47sq.;Byzantine,118;Frankish,186-87;English,395,433More, Sir T.,403n.,405,408Morgarten,335Morin, F., cited,3n.,118n.,465Morley, Lord, cited,66Mosheim,265-66,434Motley,291;on Celts and Teutons,187,238,300n.,304,307;on the Reformation,238;on Dutch slavery,295;on Spain and Holland,302Mountjoy, Lord,440n.Müller, K.O., cited,130,131n.Mummius,110Murray, Gilbert,129Mysteries, religious,160Mythology, Greek and Roman,124,159sq.Names of abuse,372Nantes, Edict of,321Napier, Capt.,181Naples,195,204n.,211,224,225,249Napoleon,349;Prince, cited,3n.Narses,185n.,188,194National character. SeeRaceNational Debts,312,322,364,450Nationality, notion of,257sq.Navigation Act,318,425,453,463,464Navy, English,294n.,314;Spanish,314;Dutch,314Nerli,227n.Nero,186Netherlands. SeeHollandNeuchâtel,347,349Newman, F.W., cited,9Niebuhr, cited,11n.,108Nöldeke,149n.,151Normandy,376,381Normans,191,211,375North, Dudley,466Norway, structure of,269;political evolution of,268-69,274,277;religion in,268-69;Reformation in,277;population in,282,284,285Oates, Titus,438Odoaker,185,194Odour in races,6Oebly,344Olaf the Lap King,267:Tryggvason,269;St.,269Oligarchy,255Oman, cited,117,118Orange. SeeWilliam ofOrosius, cited,186Ortolan, cited,10n.,11Otté,264n.Otto I,188,189,198,201Overton, R.,424n.Padua,212Pæderasty in Greece,103Painting, Italian,220-21,223,225,288-89Pais, Prof.,15Palermo,225Papacy, and Italian disunion,210,234-35,240sq.,253;and culture,212,227,237;and slavery,215;and trade,223;finance of,223;and art,225,226;and celibacy,235;and Rienzi,246;and Florence,246;and Divine Right,440Paparrigopoulo,36Parliaments,378,380n.,381Parma,216,240n.Parthian empire,113Paterini,220Patricians, the Roman,17Patriotism,258,262,308,406,407;and art,411Patterson, W.R.,36,76Paul,118Paul the Deacon,270Pauw, De,142Pavia,199Pearson, C.H.,74,378,380n.Pecock, Bishop,390Pedro II,366Peele,411,412Peisistratos,42,43-4,137Pelham, Prof., cited,10Pepys,466Pequods, the,433Pericles,46,48,49,105,106,124Perrens, F.T.,181,182,226n.,227n.,249,252n.Persia,113,115,125,156Pertinax,87n.Peru,56,361Perugia,225Petit, cited,101Petronius,166Petty,314,316,427,467Phaleas,104Pheidon,104Philip II,301sq.,309,311,312---- IV,304,359,413Philip of Macedon,50-1Philippus, Lucius Marcus,21Philosophy, Greek,47,113,127,135Phocas,115Phœnicia,127,129,150-51,159n.Physiology and sociology,27n.,71Picton, J.A.,431n.Pignotti,182Pindar,136Piracy, Cilician,110;Algerine,223;Scandinavian,270,272,293,296Pisa,178,205,211,224,225,226,231,237,242,248,252Pitt,323Plato,50,102,109,127Plebs, the Roman,9sq.,15,17sq.,77,163;privileges obtained by,19andn.Pliny the elder,86,91Pluquet,270Plutarch,128,133n.Podestà, the title,240n.Poetry, Greek,126;English during Commonwealth,421,439n.Pöhlmann, R.,183Poisoned weapons, use of,129Politics, definition of,1,468;theories of,52,62,104,233,448Pollock, Sir F.,448Polyandry,101Polybius, cited,103Polytheism and politics,266Pombal, Marquis of,281n.,358,363Pompeius,110Pontalis,292Popish Plot,438Population in Rome,19,24,26,91;in Greece,38sq.,100sq.,111,117,172;in Scandinavia,270,273,329;in Roman Empire,172sq.,194;in Holland,294,327,328-30;in Switzerland,339,348,352sq.;in Portugal,329,358;in Brazil,362;in feudal England,371sq.,388-90;in France,322-23;in Ireland,427;control of,52,53Populus, the Roman,10sq.Portugal, evolution of,355-68;exploration by,221,356sq.;population in,329;finance of,363,364Positivism,366n.Pott, cited,9Poverty in Rome,17,19sq.,76sq.(seeDoles);