in Greece,39sq.,98;and culture,63;in Scandinavia,272-73;in England,380,395,390,402-403,404,405,434,462-63,467;in Holland,325,330Powell, Prof. York, quoted,279Presbyterianism,398,410,417,444Priesthoods,125,142,160,235,266Printing, effects of,221,226Privateering,319n.,323Procopius,144Procter, Colonel,181,197n.Progress,469sq.;European, factors in,35;nature of,54;in the East,73,180Proletariate, Roman,17,80;Greek,39sq.;Flemish,297;Dutch,315;Italian,244,247sq.;English,380,387,434,467Protection, evocative,135,140,224sq.;283,314,315Provence,219,220Prudentius,35n.Publilius,20Puchta,12Pulszky,398n.Puritanism,343-46,418sq.;430sq.Pym,416Pythagoreanism,190n.Quirinus,9Quirites, the name,9Race, theories of,1sq.,23n.,29,31,60,64,66,123,128sq.,146sq.,158,183,190,193,209,233-34,237,257,271,275-76,300n.,304,307,339,369,378;crosses of,50,148,164,184,271,377;homogeneity in,56,184,339;function of, in politics,70Raleigh,314,466Ranke,182,184n.,198,450n.Rashdall, Dr.,212n.Rationalism, Greek,46;Saracen,155;medieval,220;modern,326,422,447Ratzel,59Ravenna,195,204,212Reade, Winwood, cited,64Reber,123Redskins, civilisation of,361Referendum,351Reformation,221,237;in Italy,237sq.,306;in Spain,238,303,306;in France,238,306;in Germany,192,238,239,305-6,342;in Holland,238,301sq.;in Scandinavia,276sq.;in Switzerland,341sq.;in England,238,395,396-98;in Scotland,398;in Iceland,280Religion in politics,70,177,265sq.;at Rome,17,19n.,159sq.;as substitute for politics,26sq.,397;paralysis of intellect by,61,237;and monarchy,265sq.Rembrandt,327Renaissance,220,225,227,339-40Renan,147Republics, Italian,183-256Republicanism, Portuguese,367-68;English,423,442Reumont, A. von,182Revolutions, South American,366Rhodes,104,140,228Richard II,387,390---- III,394Richards, E.,192n.Richelieu,140,438Rienzi,233,245-46Rilliet,331,334,335Rio-Branco,362n.Robertson, E.W., on Romanheredium,12---- W.,303Rodogast,185Roger II,218Rogers, Prof. Th.,292;and economic interpretation of history,75n.;on trade in sixteenth century,221-22;on Holland,298;on population in medieval England,388-89;on Lollardism,396n.;on enclosures,404;on medieval production of silver,460Rolf,271n.Rome, political evolution of,4,8sq.,16sq.,28sq.,67;early civilisation of,14,15;economic life of,11n.,75sq.;land system of,11sq.;effects of war in,21sq.;bribery in,22;army finance in,25;Pagan, religion of,27,159sq.;and Carthage,30;deterioration of,31sq.,69;barbarian invasion of,57,95-6;slavery in,76;commerce in,76-77;finance in,77sq.,172-73,175;doles in,82;agriculture in,76,79,82sq.;fever in,90sq.;confiscation of Pagan revenues in,90;collapse of,92sq.;Church of,95,96,168-69,204,206,209,212,214sq.,221,234,235,399;and Greece,110sq.,134sq.,158;law of,112,197,205;art and letters in,125,158,165sq.;and Lombards,195;influence of, on Italian cities,204;in thirteenth century,208;under Rienzi,245-46;German conquest of,254Roscoe,182,223,227n.Round, J.H.,378Rousseau,349,449Royal Society,444-46Royalism,299,300,381,394,399,416,436Royer-Collard,2Rubens,327Russia, culture-conditions of,135,139-40;and the Far East,178Rutherford, S.,441Sabines and Romans,9,14,15,16Sacra, Roman,9Sacrifice, human,129St. Gall,346,349Saint-Simon,2n.Salerno,212Salimbene,240n.Salmasius,441n.Salting,294Salvation Army,28n.Salverte, cited,5,56Salvian,35n.,119,214Samber,464n.Sappho,126,136Saracens, and Christendom,69;and Byzantine trade,117;civilisation of,146sq.;and Italy,197,211,212n.;and Sicily,219;and Provence,219Savigny,191,203Savonarola,252Saviour Gods,115,164Scandinavia, prospects of,260-61,285;evolution of,264sq.;histories of,264n.;religion in,266sq.,272;population in,270,273,282sq.;social conditions in,272-73,278;Reformation in,276sq.;separatism in,275-76,278;culture evolution of,278sq.Schaffhausen,338,344,347Schanz,392n.,458Scherer, H., cited,222Schlegel,413Schwegler, cited,10,12,13Schweitzer,264n.,273n.Schwytz,332,333,337,338,344,347Science, evolution of,127,145sq.,281,326,348,444sq.Scotland, intellectual evolution in,61,398,414n.,456;union with England,455-57Sculpture, evolution of,125sq.,135,142,161,162Seebohm,370n.,388Seeley, on decadence,174-75;on small nations,259;on national greatness,261;on Holland,317;on England and Spain,433n.Selim I,222Semites, evolution of,67,146sq.Senate, the Roman,18,87,163Seneca,434Senior, N., cited,65Separatism,132,209,231-32,275,276,298,335,422Servius Tullius,15,16Sexes, equality of,61,142,143,150Sextus Empiricus,100Sforza,225,249Shaftesbury, First Earl,437sq.---- Third Earl, cited,5-6,281n.,449Shakespeare,405-7Sheep farming,403,404Sherborne, Bishop,449Shipping, Dutch,313,314,315,329;French,315;English,370,402,458,464;Irish,453Shuckburgh, cited,29,31,77Sicily, taxation of by Rome,31;and Saracens,219;literature of,219;revenue of,224;medieval invasions of,241sq.;Parliament in,381Sidney, Algernon,439,442,443Siena,220,225Silk manufacture,116,120,218,255Silver, Greek production of,105-6;medieval production of,460Simon de Montfort,378,381,382Simonides,136Sismondi,182,350;on the Merovingians,187;on the tenth century,189,197;on the Lombards,195,198;on feudalism,202;on Italian Republics,205n.;on Provence,220n.;on Papal rule,223;on despotism and letters,230;on Gaultier,245;on Italian proletariate,247;on the Medici,249;on national egoism,259n.Sixtus V,223Slave-trade, Portuguese,356;English,374,407Slavery, and civilisation,62-63,176-77;Roman,23-24,76,81,94,110,112-13;Greek,39andnote,43,101,110,133andnote;Christian,118sq.,213sq.;Brazilian,362,363,365;Scandinavian,273,274;Dutch,293,295;Portuguese,356,358;Swiss,332;English,370-74,380,388,418;decline of,213sq.Slavs,115,117,264Smith, Adam,59n.,215,324,382,464,465,467Snobbery, national,261-62"Social contract,"349,448Socialism,352Sociology, course of,60,147;in seventeenth century,316Socrates,46,102,127Soleure,337,338,344,345,