A.Alexander, Emperor, expelled Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow,246.Alexander VI, Pope, grant of, in Brazil,168.Antonelli, Cardinal, assumed control of papal Government,322.Andelot, Francis d', a leader of the Huguenots,92.Augsburg, National Council ordered at, by Charles V,467.Austria, invaded Italy,285;established a garrison at Ferrara,290;declaration of war against, demanded by Italians,302,308;relations of with Sardinia, hostile,308;requested by Pius IX to withdraw troops from Italy,311;refused to withdraw troops,311;withdrew troops of her own accord,318.Aquinas, Thomas, teachings of, recommended by Leo XIII,343,407,408,410,412,415,418;a theological writer in the Middle Ages,407,413;canonized by Pope John XXII,408;doctrines of, taught in Umbria,408;doctrines of, as cited by Balmes,409-418;justified disobedience to civil power,411,414;definesde factoGovernments as not being founded on divine law as interpreted by popes,416-418.Auvergne, nobility of, interposed in behalf of the Jesuits,106.B.Balmes, Jesuit writer, condemned Protestantism in answer to Guizot,16,409;died in 1848,409;his arguments based on doctrines of Thomas Aquinas,409-418.Baltimore Councils, decrees of, approved by Leo XIII,399,401, and note.Basel, Council of, denied the infallibility of the popes,436,467,470,482.Bavaria, Duke of, persecuted Protestants,123;Jesuits refused free access to,264;Jesuits enter surreptitiously,264.Benedict XIII, Pope, confirmed decree of Cardinal de Tournon and bull of Clement XI against Jesuits,215.Benedict XIV, Pope, ordered investigation of charges of Portuguese Government against Jesuits,188;issued two bulls condemning Jesuits for idolatrous worship,215.Boniface VIII, Pope, maintained temporal power by oppressive measures,465,469.Bourbon, Anthony de, a Huguenot leader,92.Brazil, Portuguese possession of,168.Brussels, revolution in,278.C.Campion and Parson, Jesuit leaders, visit England and pretend to be Protestants,141.Carroll, Charles, signer of Declaration of Independence, a Catholic,440.Cano, Melchior, his opinion of Loyola,75;his warning,76.Catherine de Medicis, commanded Parliament to ratify letters-patent to Jesuits,102;her treachery to French Huguenots,105;withdrew from Council at Poissy,107;refused to sanction Protestant places of worship.111;conspired with Jesuits to suppress religious worship,112."Catholic Church and Civil Government, The," by Earnshaw, extracts from,457-461;speaks of Leo XIII as "The Christ on Earth,"457."Catholic Emancipation," contest in England about,69.Cavalho, Sebastian (See Pombal).Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, defeated at battle of Novara,312;abdicated crown in behalf of Victor Emmanuel,312.Charles III, of Spain, expelled Jesuits from his dominions,221.Charles V, progress of Jesuits during reign of,81,84;his colonization in South America,168;compelled the assembling of Council of Trent,466;ordered National Council at Augsburg,467;had a common interest with Julius III in union of Church and State,468.Charles IX, of France, controlled by Catherine de Medicis,5.Charles X, of France,273;refused Jesuits control of colleges and schools,273;issued edict to prevent the assembling of Chamber of Deputies,276;driven from the throne,276.China, the failure of Xavier to enter,165;Jesuits worshiped Confucius in,197,206-209;Church investigated conduct of Jesuits in,210-215.Christians, number of, in the world, note, page464.Church and State, united under monarchism,18;separate in United States,18,344,356,358,373,414;separated in Italy,19,334,337;separation of, considered heresy by Jesuits,21;separation of, embodies the American idea,26;union of, insisted upon by Jesuits,29,37;union of, maintained by ignorance of the people,341;separation of, opposed by popes,391;views of Catholic writers upon,431;Charles V and Julius III had common interest in maintaining them united,468.Cisalpines, opposed temporal power and repudiated theUnam Sanctamof Boniface VIII,481.Clement VII, Pope, opposed to National Council at Augsburg and calls Council of Trent,467.Clement XI, Pope, appointed Cardinal De Tournon to investigate Jesuits in China and India,212;confirmed the decrees against Jesuit ceremonies,214.Clement XII, Pope, confirmed bulls of previous popes against Jesuits,215.Clement XIII, Pope, successor to Benedict XIV,189;continued the investigation of Jesuits ordered by Benedict XIV,192;resisted the Parliamentary decree against Jesuits,219;issued anathemas against countries opposed to Jesuits,222;sought the aid of Maria Theresa,223;implored clemency of the sovereigns,223;promised to abolish the Society of Jesuits,224;his death,224.Clement XIV, Pope,225;continued investigation of the Jesuits,226,228-230;suppressed the order of Jesuits,216,227,231,238,241,253,254,394,429,441,465,493;his death by poison,227,233.College of Cardinals, February 17, 1878, agreed to maintain protests of Pius IX against Government of Italy,333,336.Cologne, Archbishop of, letter of Leo XIII to, concerning affairs in Germany,355.Coligny, Admiral de, a leader of the Huguenots,92.Condé, Prince of, leader of the Huguenots,92,100,106.Constance, Council of, decreed the extermination of heretics,362;denied the pope's infallibility,436,467,470,482;deposed John XXIII, and elected Martin V pope,476.D.Daurignac, defense of Loyola by,35,37.Declaration of Independence repudiated by biographer of Leo XIII,359;establishes the principle of perfect equality of rights,361;truth of principles of, denied by papal system,419;signed by Charles Carroll, a Catholic,440."Dogmatic Constitution." See Infallibility.E.Elizabeth, Queen of England, efforts to stop Protestantism renewed during reign of,133;preferred the reformed religion,135;accused of being illegitimate,136,146,149;declined to send ambassadors to Council of Trent,136;imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots,136;papal indictment against,136;pronounced guilty of heresy by the pope,137;the pretended authority of Pius V over,137;charged with leading a licentious life,140;declined to marry Philip II,144;was disposed to prefer Roman Catholicism,144;retained thirteen of Mary's counselors,145;first attack upon her crown made by Henry II, of France,145;issued a conciliatory proclamation,146;her proposition rejected by Catholic bishops,149.England, contest in, about "Catholic Emancipation,"69;quarrel between Henry VIII, King of, and pope,130;Henry VIII excommunicated,131;Jesuit spies sent to, by Loyola,131;Magna Chartaof, declared null and void by Innocent III,359;Roman Catholic bishops of, decline to attend coronation of Elizabeth,147;Parliament of, repealed statutes of Mary,148;Catholic bishops of, reject proposition of Elizabeth,149;Radicals of, excommunicated by Pius VII,266.English College, established at Rome, by Jesuits,134.F.Ferdinand IV, of Naples, Jesuit sympathy for,259.Ferdinand VII, of Spain, abolished the Cortes,260;restored the Inquisition,260;death of,262.Ferrara, garrison established at, by Austrians,290.France, Parliament of, compels Jesuits to surrender their constitution,49-50,194,218;universities of, condemn infallibility,70;opposition to Jesuits in,89;Parliament and universities of, oppose Jesuits,96,102,104;Gallican Christians of, oppose Jesuits,90;influences of the Reformation in,92;persecution of Protestants in,92-93;Inquisition in, established by Cardinal Lorraine,94;letters-patent admitting Jesuits to, granted by King of,95;letters-patent admitting Jesuits to, rejected by Parliament,95,102,103,105;Council at Poissy,101,106;Jesuits admitted to Paris conditionally,110;Parliament of, denounced Jesuits,219;Jesuit demand to control education in, refused by Charles X,273;conspiracy of Catherine de Medici and Jesuits to suppress freedom of religious worship in,112;Jesuits refused free access to and surreptitiously enter,264;concordat of Pius VII defeated by Catholics of,265;Democrats of, excommunicated by Pius VII,266;election of Chamber of Deputies of, in 1830,275;the war between Prussia and, a blow at Pius IX,319;Legislative Assembly of, denounced by Pius VI,441.Franchi, Cardinal, death of,344.Francis I, executions for heresy during the reign of,92;refused Jesuits free access to France,264.Francis II, persecution of Protestants by,93;induced by Catherine de Medicis to issue new letters-patent admitting Jesuits to France,103.Franco, P., Catholic writer, on relations of Church to Secular Government,443-456;designates free governments godless,446;denounces Freemasonry,446;declares oaths against the Church not binding,447;asserts supreme authority of the pope,447;says priests must enter politics,449;denies right of religious liberty,449;denounces liberty of the press,451;condemns sovereignty of the people,451;considers liberalism a form of heresy,454;enumerates important propositions of Syllabus of Pius IX, 455;opposes education in public schools,456.G.Gallican Christians in France opposed Jesuits,90.Garibaldi united the Two Sicilies with Sardinia,313;defeated by the French,318.Gladstone, his list of heretical popes,68-69.Germany, the Church in, attacked by Loyola,36,114;influences of Reformation in,73,115,117,128;Roman Catholics and Protestants in harmony in, before entry of the Jesuits,115,127;Jesuits establish colleges in,122;opposition to Jesuits in,263;hatred of Jesuits shared alike by Catholics and Protestants in,265;concordat of Christians of, refused by Pius VII,266;persecution of Protestants in,124;the Illuminati of, excommunicated by Pius VII,266;letter from Leo XIII to Archbishop of Cologne concerning affairs in,355.Gibbons, Cardinal, encyclical of pope to, approving decision of Satolli upon school question,398.Guizot, French historian, replied to by Jesuit writer, Balmes,16,409.Greek Church, number of members of in the world, note, page464.Gregory VII, Pope, maintained temporal power by oppressive measures,465,469.Gregory XVI, Pope, elected 1831,282;no personal enmity to,282;requested Louis Philippe, of France, to send army to Italy to punish Catholics,284;relied upon pledges of the Holy Alliance,284;request of, to Louis Philippe, declined,284;invited the Emperor of Austria to invade Italy,285,289;his encyclical letter announcing his pontifical policy,286,403;claimed infallibility,288;re-established pontifical authority under Austrian protection,290;died 1846,291.H.Henry, King of Navarre (Henry IV), a leader of the Huguenots,92;represented Huguenots and Protestant sentiment at Council of Poissy,106.Henry II, of France, opposed the Reformation,92;executions for heresy during reign of,92;granted letters-patent to Jesuits to enter Paris,95;attacked the right of Elizabeth to the crown,145.Henry VIII, of England, his quarrel with the pope,130;visited his vengeance upon both Protestants and Catholics,143."Holy Alliance," the, and Pius VII,249-271;met at Verona,261;combinations arising from, maintained the Netherland's Government,278;organized to suppress the right of self-government,280,350;relied upon by Gregory XVI,284;relations of to Pius IX,296;looked upon with disfavor in France,284.Huss, John, burned,428.I.India, idolatrous worship of Jesuits in,196-206;Jesuit converts in,202;Jesuit baptisms in, in 1737,203.Infallibility, doctrine of, declared by Conciliar Decree, called "Dogmatic Constitution," in 1870,19,321,427,428,471,478;dictated by Pius IX,68,321,427,480;the consummation of the Jesuit plan,19;rejected by Italian people,20;Jesuit arguments on,21-23;condemned by universities in France and Spain,70;opposed by Gallican Church,89;claimed by Gregory XVI,288;Jesuit interpretation of,354;interpretation of Leo XIII of,354;struggle between Church and papacy about,428;decree of, the proudest Jesuit triumph since their restoration,428;defined by Catholic writer,430;decree of, not passed unanimously,433,480;never recognized as a dogma of religious faith,435;denied by Councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel,436,467,470,482;results to be expected from,438-439;incompatible with American citizenship,456;divided the Church into rival factions of Cisalpines andUltramontanes,481.Innocent III, Pope, declared Magna Charta of England null and void,359;instructed the faithful to exterminate heretics,362;maintained temporal power by oppressive measures,465,469;dictated decrees of Lateran Council,480.Innocent X, Pope, his questions to Congregation of the Propaganda concerning Jesuit idolatrous worship,210;his decree against Jesuits,211.Isabella, of Spain, proclaimed a liberal constitution,262.Italy, revolution in, 1870,19;abolished temporal power,19,22,24,464;separated Church from State,19,334,337;established constitutional form of government,19;Jesuits driven from,19,309,337,393;Carbonari of, excommunicated by Pius VII,266;revolutions in,282-294;invaded by Austrians,285;Austrian garrison established at Ferrara,290;people of, demand Pius IX to declare war against Austria,302;kingdom of, formed by Victor Emmanuel,313;Austrian armies withdrawn from,318;unification of, established,323,329;capital of, established at Rome,329;freedom of belief fundamental principle of government of,348;aid of Americans sought by papacy to secure restoration of temporal power in,348;form of government of, condemned by Leo XIII,378;law of Umbria condemned by Cardinal Pecci (Leo XIII),376.J.Jane, Princess, espouses Jesuit cause at Saragossa,81.Japan, visited by Francis Xavier,162-165.Jerome, burned,428.Jesuits, the, founded by Loyola,32,49;the enemies of civil and religious liberty,28,439;consider the separation of Church and State heresy,21;insist that Church and State shall be united,29,37;opposed to intellectual progress,49;monarchists,66;general of, has absolute authority,38,40,45,47,48,51-62;general of, equal to God,32,40,51,55,57,58,59,70,71,72;authority of general superior to pope,72;efforts of, to restore temporal power,24,27,28;expelled from Rome by Pius IX,19,309,337,393;in the United States,25,29;intrigues of, at Saragossa, Spain,76-83;opposed at Toledo, Spain,84;entered Portugal,86;established college at Coimbra,86;acquired immense wealth,86;opposed in France,89;resisted by Gallican Christians,90;letters-patent granted to, by Henry II,95;opposed by University of Paris,96;driven out of Paris,96,220;established colleges at Clermont and Pamiers,99-100;at Council of Trent,108,469;admitted to Paris conditionally,110;conspired to suppress freedom of religious worship in France,112;exerted their influence in Germany through the schools,120;established colleges in Germany,122;persecuted Protestants in Germany,123-124;sent as spies against Henry VIII,131;visited Scotland and Ireland,132;