Adalia,158,296,297-8.Adana,74,282,296,298-9.Adrianople,39,91,100,103,112,114,121,123,125-6,171-87,207,231-2,261;unique place of, in Ottoman history,139.Afion Kara Hissar,11,290.Aïdin,65,86,158,185-6,191,228,283,286,291;Ottoman absorption of,185,259,274,287.Akbara,69,284.Akridur,284,288-9.Ak Seraï,16,162,187,189,237,284,300.Ak Sheïr,154,187,260,284-5.Ak Tchaï, battle of,188-90.Alaïa,285,289.Albania, Ottoman invasions of,147,159-60,170,183,206,243.Albanian nobility, conversion of, to Islam,76.Albanians, value of, in Ottoman army,159.Alaeddin Kaï Kobad, composition of army of,16-17;connexion with Osmanlis,20-2,264,266,269;fortifies Sivas,246.—— of Karamania,165-7,187-90,288;sons of, set free by Timur after Angora,257.—— pasha (brother of Orkhan),70-2.Alexander of Bulgaria,103,138-9,170.Ali pasha (grand vizier of Bayezid),171-2,199-200,234.Altoluogo,286.Amadeo of Savoy, crusade of,128,130;proselytizing zeal of, aids conquests of Murad,141-2;intervenes to make peace between Venice and Genoa,155;hostility to Theodore Palaeologos,228.Amassia,250,300.Anatoli Hissar,234.Anatolia (seeAsia Minor).Angora,16,68,155,162,188,191,250,259,264,285-6,288;battle of,251-5,262;capture of, by Osmanlis,68,156.Anna of Savoy,91-4,129.Argos, population of, deported to Anatolia,230.Armenia, Little, kingdom of (seeCilicia).Armenians, bravery and massacre of, at Sivas,248.Asia Minor, railways in,11-12;new ethnic elements in,14-15;obscure geographical names in,32;exodus of Greeks to coast of,35;Catalans in,36-8,123,301;importance of Aegaean islands for control of,43;not conquered by early Osmanlis,68-9,300-2;Black Death in,96;Crusaders’ road through,162;Bayezid nominal master of greater part of,191;Timur invades,257-60;Mongol invasions of,270-3,300;Turkish emirates in,277-301.Athens, Osmanlis in,231.Attika, Ottoman invasions of,147,186,205.Ayasoluk,185,283,286,295.Bagdad,244,249,269.Balikesri,66,69,286,291,294.Balkan Christians prefer Ottoman rule to that of Catholics,133,194,240.—— peninsula, distance between cities of,162;Moslem immigration into,196,230-91;Venetian fear of Hungarian hegemony in,207;Ottoman activities cease in,243.Balsa of Albania,159.Baphaeon, battle of,34,45.Bayezid, assassinates Yakub upon his accession,180;marries daughter of Lazar,183;conquers Anatolian emirates,184-91,274;invests Smyrna,185;completes conquest of Bulgaria,195;receives privileges in Constantinople,199;propitiated by Venetians and Genoese,204-5,207;continues subjugation of Albania and Greece,230,243;defeats crusaders at Nicopolis,216-24;invades the Morea,228-32;settles Anatolian Turks in Balkan peninsula, and pushes siege of Constantinople after Nicopolis,230-4;extends conquests to valley of the Euphrates, and comes into contact with Timur,244;defies Timur,246;defeated by Timur at Angora,251-5;taken prisoner and humiliated,253-6;dies at Ak Sheïr,256;arrogance of,181-2,209,227,246,249;origin of nicknameYildirim,188;contemporary western conception of,208;change of character after success,225,235,249,257;claims to greatness as a statesman,235;humble origin of,245,267;wrong tactics at Angora,251-2;discussion of cage story,255-6;durability of conquests of,262.Bayezid, sons of, confusion of western writers concerning identity of,246,252;fate of, after Angora,255;fight for succession,259.Belgrad,162.Bigha, Catalan colony of,123,294,301.Biledjik,11,12,22,33.Black Death,95-6,115.—— Sheep, dynasty of,245.Bogomile heresy,93.Boli,286,292.Borlu,286.Bosnia, Ottoman invasions of,147,184,191.(See alsoTvrtko.)Bosnian nobility, conversion to Islam,75.Bosphorus,32,45,59,233-4,237,260-1.Boucicaut, crusade of,128,236-9;in Nicopolis campaign,212-23;tries to raise ransom at Constantinople,226;crusaders left behind by, save Constantinople,242.Brusa,12,13,22,32,45,46,54,84,122,125,152,185,188,198,225,257,275-6,286-7;captured by the Osmanlis,46-8;place in Ottoman history,125.Buda, John Palaeologos at,130;Nicopolis crusaders at,211.Bulaïr,101,111.Bulgaria, incorporated in Ottoman Empire,195.Bulgarians, early propagation of Islam among,26;refuse to aid Byzantines against Osmanlis,103;first conflict with Osmanlis in Thrace,111-14;make John Palaeologus prisoner, and are attacked by Savoyard crusaders,129-30;struggle against Osmanlis in Thrace,139-40;resist Hungarian attempts to convert them to Catholic faith,141;lose Sofia,161;Ottoman invasion and conquest,171-3,194-5;aid Osmanlis in Karamanian campaign,188;oppressed by Greek patriarchate,195-6.Bunar Hissar,112,139.Burgas,129,142.Burhaneddin of Caesarea,190,287,297.Byzantine architecture, influence of, upon Ottoman,275-6.—— emperor, glamour of title in Western Europe,241.Byzantines, civil dynastic strife among,35,47-9,57-61,91-4,98-105,149-54,197-200,237-9,259;first contact with Osmanlis,34;receive aid from Catalans,37-40;seek aid of Genoese and Serbians, against Turks,41;menaced again by western schemes of conquest,42;lose Bithynia to Osmanlis,45-9;defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon,59-61;weakness of opposition of, to Orkhan,106;abasement of, before Murad,122;fail to cooperate with other Balkan Christians against Osmanlis,123,139;make treaty with Genoese,162;reduced to city state of Constantinople,232-4,242-3;aided by Boucicaut’s crusade,236-9,242;fail to take advantage of defeat of Bayezid by Timur, and help Ottoman armies in retreat to Europe,261.Caesarea,16,190,248,272,284,287,300.Callixtus, patriarch,101-3,144.Cantacuzenos, Helen,94.——, Irene,91,94,103.——, John, wounded by Turks,48;at battle of Pelecanon,60;prevents marriage alliance between Orkhan and Dushan,90;usurps imperial purple,91;marries daughter to Orkhan,93;forces widow of Andronicus III to recognize him as co-emperor, and marries daughter to John Palaeologus,93-4;asks aid of Orkhan against Dushan,98;dynastic war with John Palaeologus, in which Osmanlis help him,99-102;forced to abdicate, and becomes monk,103;character of,104-5;responsibility for introducing Osmanlis into Europe,92-5,97-100,102-3,105-10;grand-daughter of, in harem of Bayezid,230.——, Matthew, turns against father,98;Patriarch Callixtus refuses to consecrate as co-emperor,101-2;forced by John Palaeologus to abdicate,103.——, Theodora, wife of Orkhan,93-4,98,107.Catalans, aid Byzantines in Asia Minor,37-8;form state at Gallipoli,39;go to Thessaly,40;sack Chios,43;mercenaries of Cantacuzenos,103;remnants of, at Bigha,123,301.Cattaro,134.Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor),138.—— of Durazzo,192.—— VI of France, rejoices over death of Murad,178;opposes Bayezid,202,208-9,233;insanity of,202,209,242;receives Manuel Palaeologus,241;Timur proposes to share world with,249;misinformed about origin and power of Osmanlis,208-9,274.—— Thopia, lord of Durazzo,159.Chios,43,163,186,205.Chivalry, last effort of, in crusade against Bayezid,211-14,217-20,222-4,225-8.Christians in Ottoman Empire, civil status of,77-8.Cilicia,13,271,282,293,298-9,300.Constantine, Bulgarian prince of Kustendil,140,143,173.Constantinople,11,12,13,14,17,24,36,41,79,91,100,121,125,148-9,162,196-200,205-7,232-4,235-9,241-3,259-60.Corfu, Venetians alarmed about safety of,243.Croia,160.Crusaders, road of, to Jerusalem,162.Crusades, end of,13,14,203;perversion of, in 14th century,143.——, Nicopolis the last,203.Cypriotes, join league against Murad,163;fighting Genoese,239;relations with Rhodes and Anatolian emirates,285,290,295,297,299-300.Damascus,240,250,279,287.Dardanelles,22,128,261,291,293;‘question’ of,152,203,237.Demotika,48,57,90,91,99,100,105,112,114,121,125,150.Despina, daughter of Lazar, marries Bayezid,183;disgraced by Timur,256.Djagataï,244.Djenghiz Khan,13,16,26,41,53,74,243-4,256,264,270.Dobrotich,140,170.Drama,146,158,161.Durazzo,159,162,201-2,206.Dushan, Stephen,86-90,94,98-9,143,201.Edebali, Sheik,23-4,27.Egherdir,284,288.Elbassan,159.Emir, confused by contemporary western writers with Murad,213;transcribed into ‘admiral’,163.Enos,114,123.Ephesus,258-9,283.Epiros, Ottoman invasion of,159.Ertogrul, father of Osman,20-2,28,263-4,267.Erzerum,20,266,270,288,300.Erzindjian,20,246,248,259,266,270,272,288,293,300.Eski Baba,112.—— Sheïr,11,12,22,32,290.Evrenos, general of Murad,112,143,146.——, general of Osman,48,76.—— of Yanitza,171,228,230.Famagusta,239,298.Flor, Roger de,37-9,43.Fratricide, Ottoman legal sanction of,180-1.Gallipoli,39,41,100-3,111,129,221.Genoese, aid Michael IX,41;supposed to have instigated Turkish attack on Rhodes,44;help Osmanlis,97-8,100,107,165;fight with Venetians for Tenedos,152-5;make treaty with Byzantines in 1386,162;make treaty with Osmanlis in 1385, and join league against them in 1386,163;fail to aid Nicopolis crusade,207;under protection of France,236;encourage Timur to attack Bayezid,249;help Ottoman army to cross to Europe after Angora,261;wars with Venetians,96-7,152-5,262;at Kaffa,294.Ghazan Khan,26,36-7.Grand vizier, origin of office,