71.Greece, conquests of Osmanlis in,171,186,228-30,232.Gul Hissar,69,288-9.Gumuldjina,112.Guzel Hissar,283,286.Hadji Ilbeki,123-4.Halicarnassus,288,300.Hamid,86,157,165-6,187,284-5,289.Hedwig of Hungary, becomes Queen of Poland,192.Henry IV of England, not at Nicopolis,214;turns from crusades to efforts for English crown,233;receives Manuel Palaeologus,241;wants to help to save Constantinople,242;tries to convert Timur to Christianity,259.Hungarians, first conflict with Osmanlis,122-4;aid of, solicited by John Palaeologus,128-30;urged by Gregory XI to fight Osmanlis,136-7;attack Bulgarians,and are driven back,141;attack Venice,154;border nobles co-operate with Serbians at Kossova,170.Hungary, first Ottoman raid into,183-4;first battle of Osmanlis on soil of,191;separation of crown of, from Poland,192;interest of, in checking progress of Osmanlis,203-4;hegemony of, in Balkans feared by Venice,207;Ottoman invasion of, after Nicopolis,224.Hunyadi,194.Ibn Batutah,69,277-80.Ishtiman,142,160-2.Islamic state, theocratic conception of,72-3.—— teaching, concrete results of,75.Ispahan,259.Istip,158,160-2.Italians, city ideal of,14.Jagello of Lithuania, converted and becomes Ladislas of Poland,192.Janina,159.Janissaries, institution of,80,117-21;number of, in early Ottoman history,118-19,253;rôle of, in early history not important,119-20,173.Jean de Nevers,210,212,218,223,225-8.Jeanne d’Arc,106,209.Jews, cruelty of Tartars to, at Brusa,267.Kaffa,165,264,291.Kaouïa, Ottoman absorption of,69.Karamania,165-7,187-90,259,274,285,289-90,300-2.Karamanlis, power of, in fifteenth century,190,290,301-2.Kara Khalil Tchenderli,112.—— Yuluk,190.—— Yussuf,244-5.Karasi,66,69,257,286,291,294.Kastemuni,191,259,291-2,297.Kastriota, George,170.Kavalla,146,161.Keraïtes,14.Keredek, Ottoman absorption of,69.Kermasti,68,292.Kermian,156,166,188,271,274,284,285,292-3.Khaïreddin,146,159.Kharesmians,17.Kharesm, distinct from Khorassan,19.Kharput,190,244.Khorassan,19,25,244,264.Kirk Kilissé,112,139.Kir Sheïr,250.Koësé, Michail,52,76.Konia,6,11,13,16,166-7,187,189,260,270-2,274,284,290-300.Kossova, battle of,174-8,203-4;regarded as victory by Bosnians, Italians and French,178.Kustendil,140,143,173.Kutayia,12,22,34,156-7,166-7,188,257-8,284,292.Lalashahin,111,114,123-4,126,142-3.Laodicea,287.Lazar, election of,148;tributary to Murad,149;increases tribute after fall of Nish,162;sends contingent to Murad for Anatolian campaign,166;dies at Kossova,177.Lemnos,269.Louis of Hungary, defeated by Osmanlis,124;attacks Bulgarians,141;prejudices Christians of Balkans against Catholic faith by attempts of forcible conversion,141,194;ignored by Tvrtko of Bosnia,168-9;death, and contest over succession of,192.Lulé Burgas,112.Macedonia, Ottoman conquest of,145-9,158-9.Macedonians, uncertainty of, regarding nationality,144.Maeander River, caution concerning identity of,294.Magnesia,258.Malkhatun, wife of Osman,23-4,27,275.Mamelukes, in Asia Minor,282,293,300-1.Marash,279,293.Maritza, battle of,122-4,144.Marko,52,76.Marmora, Ottoman absorption of,69.Marriage, reason for abandonment of, by Ottoman sultans,183,256.Mary of Hungary, marries Sigismund,193.Matthew, patriarch,243.Megalopolis, battle of,230.Menteshe,158,185-6,191,259,274,283,287-8,289,294,297,300;emir of, invades Rhodes,43-4.Messembria,139.Mézières, Philippe de, agitation of, for crusade,160,203.Michael Asan, conflict with Byzantines,59;repudiates Serbian marriage alliance,87.Midia,139.Mikhalitch, conquered by Osmanlis,68;Nicopolis prisoners at,225,294;Timur’s army reaches,257;emirate of,294.Miletus,294,295.Mircea of Wallachia, promises to co-operate with Lazar against Osmanlis,170;defeated by Osmanlis, and helps Bayezid against Hungarians,192;negotiates with Bayezid to desert crusaders,214;withdraws from Nicopolis during battle,221;defeats invading Ottoman army,224.Modon,230,240,243.Mohammed I, becomes undisputed Ottoman sultan,262;building activity of,275-6;Karamanians not dependent upon,301.—— II (the Conqueror), legislation of,72-3,195;desire of, to connect origin of family with Byzantine imperial family,265.—— Sultan, grandson of Timur,251-2.Monastir,158-9,195.Mongols, invasion of Asia Minor,13,16,17,36-7,300;attempts of Christian missionaries to convert,14,26;connexion with Byzantines,36-7,41,65;exposure of women symbol of conquest among,256.Morea,170-1,228-32,240,243.Mughla,294,295.Murad, first European conquests,111-15;creates corps of janissaries,117-20;decides to build Ottoman empire in Balkan peninsula, and makes Adrianople his capital,125;extension of conquests in Bulgaria,138-43,159-61;conquers Macedonia,145-9,158-9;extends sovereignty in Asia Minor,155-8,274;treaties with Ragusa, Venice, and Genoa,126-7,163-4;first conflict with Karamania,165-7;reaches Danube by further conquests in Bulgaria,172;destroys Serbian independence, and is killed, in battle of Kossova,175-7;method of assimilating Balkan Christians,115-21;policy in empire-building,125;organization of conquered territories,147-9;policy in Byzantine dynastic quarrels,149-55;anxious not to alarm Venice,160;kindness to non-combatants,167;policy towards Serbian league,171;character of,178-9;confused with Bayezid by western travellers and writers,208-13;contemporary western conception of,208.Musalla, highest mountain in Balkan peninsula,143.Mytilene,163,205.Nagy Olosz, battle of,191.Nauplia,230.Nazlu,284,289,295.Nicaea,12,13,32,45-6,54,84,111,185,257,275;captured by the Osmanlis,56-7,61-3;emirate of,295.Nicomedia,11,12,13,32,45-6,54,84,111,185;captured by the Osmanlis,63-4.Nicopolis,172-3,193-4,196;crusade and battle of,203,206,208-24;identification of,215;significance of battle of,262;ransom of prisoners taken at,225-8.Nilufer, wife of Orkhan,25,62.Nish,158,161-2,183-4.Okhrida,159.Orkhan, first battles of,46;adds Nicaea and Nicomedia to his emirate,56-7,61-4;defeats Byzantines at Pelecanon,60-1;completes conquest of Bithynia,64;invades and annexes portions of neighbouring emirates,66-8,291-2,294;invited by Cantacuzenos to aid him against Anna, and receives Cantacuzenos’s daughter as bride,92-4;invited again by Cantacuzenos into Europe to aid him against John Palaeologus,98-9;first conquests in Europe,100-6;has Byzantines at his mercy,107-8;Ottoman historians unsatisfactory in accounts of reign of,65;contemporary statements as to power of,69-70;legislation of,70-3;policy of towards Christians,75-80;organization of army of,81-4;death of, and estimate of his character,109;extent of emirate of,301-2.Orsova,215.Orthodox Christians, animosity against Catholics and unwillingness for reunion of Churches,128,132-4,141,194.—— Church, loses hold on Levantine Christians,49;oppresses Bulgarians,195-6.Orthography, oriental,5-6.Osman, birth of,22;conversion, marriage, and dream of,23-9;principality of, in 1300,32;first battle with Byzantines,34;conquests of, from Byzantines,45-9;legends concerning power and character of,50-2,263-76;reincarnation of early khalifs,52;elected as chief of tribe,55;army of,81;parentage of,263-5,267;relation of with Anatolian Turkish emirs,17,44-5,273-4,300-2;error of attributing coinage to,51.Osmandjik,265,291.Osmanli, connotation of this word,29,50,78,80-1.Osmanlis, originate on border of Bithynia,19,25,28,30-2;complete conquest of Bithynia,62-4,80;become a distinct race,78-81;first invasion of Europe,100;advance into Thrace,101;conquer Thrace,121-6,149;conquer Bulgaria,139,143,149,160-1,171-3,193-6;conquer Macedonia,144,149,158-9,183;conquer Servia,161-2,173-8,182;conquer Thessaly,147,228-30,232;invade Albania,147,159-60,183,206,243;invade Attika,147,186,205;invade Bosnia,147,184;invade Hungary,183-4,191,224;invade Wallachia,192,224;invade the Morea,171,228-30,232;conquests of, in Greece,171,186,228-30,232;absorb Anatolian Turkish emirates,66-9,155-8,185-7,190-1,274;invade Karamania,165-7,187-90,290;besiege Constantinople,198-9,232-4,236;naval raids of,186,205;first cross the Danube,191-2;first cross the Vardar,147;contemporary western misconception of their character,216-17,247;composite blood of,115-17,126;character of,74-5;distinct from other Anatolian Turks,19,28,31,78-9,115,126,217,228,283;tolerance of,74,81,115,179;rule of, preferred by Balkan Christians to that of Catholics,133,141,194-5;not raiders, but colonists,149,186;not feared by Europe until they appeared in Thrace,111.Ottoman architecture, Byzantine influence in,275-6.—— army, organization of,81-4;Christian elements in,166,173,184,187-8,217,252.—— ceremonial of holding ambassadors’ arms in audience with Sultan,178.—— historians, unsatisfactory accounts of reign of Orkhan,65.—— history, lacks early sources,17,265.—— legislation, beginning of,71-3.—— navy, beginning of,186;weakness in reign of Bayezid,205-6,234,237-8.Palaeologos, Andronicus II, looks to Mongols and Catalans for aid against Turks,35-7;bestows title of Caesar on Roger de Flor,39;menaced by Mongols, Venice, and French princes,41-2;civil strife with grandson,48,57-9;refuses to co-operate in crusade planned by Marino Sanudo,49;seeks aid of papacy against Turks,85.——, Andronicus III, set upon by Turks on wedding journey,48;captures Salonika,58;deposes grandfather,59;defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon, and abandons Nicaea,59-61;invites aid of Anatolian emirs in siege of Phocaea,65-6,86;makes overtures to John XXII,85;marries sister to Czar Michael of Bulgaria,87;on death-bed entrusts empress and son and heir to care of Cantacuzenos,91;assassinates brother,181.——, Andronicus IV, charged with suggesting to Bulgarians that they keep his father prisoner,128;rebels against father, and is imprisoned,149-51;escapes, imprisons father and brothers, and gives Tenedos to Genoese,153;treaty with Genoese,163.——, John V (I), under guardianship of Cantacuzenos,91;forced to marry daughter of Cantacuzenos, and to accept father-in-law as co-emperor,94;exiled by Cantacuzenos to Tenedos,99;returns from exile, and forces John and Matthew Cantacuzenos to abdicate,103;at the mercy of Orkhan,106-8;unpopularity of, with Byzantines,115;treaties of, with Murad,122,128,136;fails to send aid to Balkan crusaders at Maritza,122;tries to get aid from Venetians against Osmanlis,128;goes to Buda to seek aid from Louis of Hungary, and is made prisoner by Bulgarians,128-9;release secured by Amadeo of Savoy, and promises to submit to Roman Church,129-30;