I. THE LEGENDARY PERIOD1219—Soleiman Shah, with 50,000 nomad Turkish families, settles in neighbourhood of Erzindjian.1224—Soleiman Shah is drowned in the Euphrates. Ertogrul and Dundar, two of his sons, settle near Angora.1230-40—Ertogrul establishes himself in the valley of the Kara Su, north-west of Kutayia.1259—Osman is born at Sugut.1289—Ertogrul dies.Osman captures Karadja Hissar and Biledjik.1290—Osman kills his uncle Dundar.1290-9—Osman, having extended his possessions westward, founds an emirate, and takes up his residence at Yeni Sheïr.II. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE FIRST CENTURY OF OTTOMAN HISTORY1299—Osman, Turkish emir in the valley of the Kara Su, makes Yeni Sheïr, between Brusa and Nicaea, his residence.1301—Osman defeats the Byzantine heterarch Muzalon at Baphaeon, near Nicomedia.1308—Kalolimni, island in the Sea of Marmora, is occupied. Ak Hissar and Tricocca are captured.1317—Investment of Brusa begins.1326—Brusa surrenders. Osman hears the news on his death-bed at Yeni Sheïr.1329—Byzantines under Andronicus III are defeated at Pelecanon (Maltepé).Nicaea surrenders.1333—Alaeddin pasha, brother of Orkhan and first vizier, dies.Death of Bahadur Khan removes the Mongol menace.1337 or 1338—Nicomedia surrenders.1338—Karasi, first of the Turkish emirates to be absorbed, is incorporated in Orkhan’s state.c.1338—Osmanlis reach the Bosphorus at Haïdar Pasha.1343—Empress Anna makes overtures to Orkhan for aid against Cantacuzenos.1345—Orkhan accepts proposal of alliance with Cantacuzenos.First Osmanlis cross to Europe to fight for Cantacuzenos against Anna.1346—Orkhan marries Theodora, granddaughter of the Bulgarian czar and daughter of Cantacuzenos, who is besieging Constantinople with Ottoman aid.1348—The ‘Black Death’ ravages Europe.1349—Cantacuzenos calls again upon Orkhan for aid. Twenty thousand Ottoman horsemen are sent to help in preventing Salonika from falling into Serbian hands.c.1351—First convention between Orkhan and the Genoese.1353—Soleiman pasha, Orkhan’s elder son, in response to the third appeal of Cantacuzenos for Ottoman aid, brings an army into Thrace, helps in the recapture of Adrianople, and defeats the Serbians at Demotika. For this aid, a fortress on the European shore of the Dardanelles, probably Tzympe, is given to Orkhan.1354—An earthquake, which damaged the walls of Gallipoli, enables the Osmanlis of Soleiman pasha to capture the city. Orkhan refuses to give up Gallipoli, breaks with Cantacuzenos, and orders the Osmanlis in the Hellespont to extend their conquest in the direction of Constantinople.c. 1357—Demotika and Tchorlu are captured for the first time by the Osmanlis under Soleiman pasha.1358—Soleiman pasha dies from the fall of a horse at Bulaïr.1359—Orkhan dies, and is succeeded by Murad.1360-1—Conquest of Thrace.1361—Second serious ‘Black Death’ plague in Europe.c.1362—Murad creates corps of ‘janissaries’.1362 (1363)—John V Palaeologos binds himself by treaty to recognize Murad’s conquests in Thrace, and to give him military aid against the Turkish emirs of Asia Minor.1363—Serbian and Hungarian crusaders are defeated on the banks of the Maritza.Murad takes up his residence in Demotika.1365—Ragusa makes commercial treaty with Osmanlis, promising tribute.1366—Adrianople becomes the first capital of the Ottoman Empire.Amadeo of Savoy’s crusade; captures Gallipoli, but soon abandons it again.1369—Capture of Yamboli forces Sisman of Bulgaria to become, like the Byzantine Emperor, a vassal of Murad.1371—Battle of Samakov gives the Osmanlis control of the passes into the Plain of Sofia.Battle of Cernomen opens up Macedonia to the Ottoman conquest.1372—Moslem colonization of Macedonia, at Drama, Kavalla, Serres, and Veles, gives the Osmanlis a position of preponderance in the Balkan peninsula.1373—John Palaeologos, failing to receive aid from the West, becomes Ottoman vassal.1374—Unsuccessful conspiracy of Manuel to recover Serres causes Ottoman siege of Salonika.1379—John and Manuel agree to increase their tribute of gold and soldiers, and to surrender Philadelphia, the last Byzantine possession in Asia, for Ottoman aid in ousting Andronicus IV from Constantinople.1384—Osmanlis aid Thomas in besieging Janina.1385—First Ottoman invasion of Albania.Battle of Savra destroys Balsa’s power.Osmanlis occupy Sofia.1386—Osmanlis capture Croia and Scutari, but return these fortresses to prince of Zenta.The fall of Nish makes Lazar of Serbia Ottoman vassal.1387—Genoa concludes formal treaty with Murad.Murad, with army containing Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian contingents, defeats Alaeddin of Karamania at Konia, but has to withdraw without tangible results.1388—Venice concludes commercial treaty with Murad.1388—Osmanlis are defeated by Serbians and Bosnians at Plochnik, thus preventing invasion of Bosnia.League of Serbians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Wallachians, and Albanians formed against the Osmanlis.First Ottoman army enters Greece upon invitation of Theodore Palaeologos to fight against the Franks.1389—Osmanlis destroy Serbian independence at Kossova.Murad is assassinated on the battle-field. Bayezid succeeds to the throne, and has his brother Yakub strangled.BAYEZID (1389-1403).1387—Bayezid marries sister of Stephen, son of Lazar, and makes Serbians his allies.1390—First Ottoman naval expedition makes raid on Chios, Negropont, and Attika.First Ottoman raids into Hungary.1391—Second invasion of Karamania, followed by siege of Konia, results in cession by Alaeddin of north-western portion of Karamania.First Ottoman siege of Constantinople.1392—First defensive campaign against Sigismund is fought in Bulgaria. Hearing that Timurtash had been defeated by Karamanlis, Bayezid transports army to Asia, and destroys Alaeddin’s army at Ak Tchaï. The Osmanlis are now the dominant race in Asia Minor.1394—Osmanlis first appear in the Adriatic at the mouth of the Boyana.1395—Bayezid summons Ottoman vassals to his court at Serres.Ottoman siege of Constantinople becomes pressing.1396—Crusade of Western chivalry, co-operating with Sigismund of Hungary, meets with disaster at Nicopolis in Bulgaria.Ottoman invaders of Wallachia are defeated at Rovine, but in raids into Hungary Peterwardein is burned, and sixteen thousand Styrians carried off into captivity.1397—First Ottoman invasion of Greece. In the Peloponnesus, Argos is taken by assault.After defeat at Megalopolis, Theodore becomes Ottoman vassal.1397-9—Movement of Moslem Anatolian population into the Balkan peninsula.1398—Osmanlis and Serbians make destructive raid on Bosnia.1400—Timur captures and destroys Sivas.1402—Timur defeats and makes prisoner Bayezid at Angora, overruns Asia Minor, occupies Brusa, and takes Smyrna from the Christians by storm.1403—Timur withdraws to Samarkand.Bayezid, still a prisoner, dies on the homeward march at Ak Sheïr. His sons dispute the succession.III. PROGRESS OF OTTOMAN CONQUEST UNDER THE FIRST FOUR SOVEREIGNSOsman(1299-1326)1299—Osman, local chieftain at Sugut, has extended his conquests from the valley of the Kara Su westward to Yeni Sheïr.1308—Kalolimni, island in the Sea of Marmora, becomes first Ottoman maritime possession.Ak Hissar, at the entrance to plain of Nicomedia, and Tricocca, which ensured land communication between Nicaea and Nicomedia, are captured.1308-16—Sovereignty is extended over the peninsula between the Gulf of Nicomedia and the Black Sea, almost up to the Bosphorus.1317—Fortresses are erected near gates of Brusa.1326—Brusa surrenders.Orkhan(1326-59)1329—Occupies Nicaea.1330-8—Conquest of shores of Gulf of Nicomedia up to Scutari on the Bosphorus.1334-8—Conquest of emirate of Karasi.1337-8—Occupies Nicomedia.c.1339—Acquires Mikhalitch, Ulubad, and Kermasti.1353—Cantacuzenos cedes fortress on European shore of Hellespont.1354—Gallipoli is occupied.1354-8—The Osmanlis occupy the Thracian, Chersonese, and the European shore of the Sea of Marmora as far as Rodosto. Demotika is captured, and Constantinople cut off from Adrianople by the occupation of Tchorlu.Murad(1359-89)1360—Captures Angora and suppresses independence of village chieftains between Eski Sheïr and Angora.1360-1—Conquers Thrace from the Maritza River to the Black Sea, including Adrianople.1361—Lalashahin captures Philippopolis.c.1362—Creation of the corps of janissaries.1362 or 1363—John V Palaeologos binds himself by treaty to recognize Murad’s conquest of Thrace, and to give him military aid against the emirs of Asia Minor.1366-9—Conquest of Maritza Valley up to the Rhodope Mountains, and of Bulgaria, up to the main Balkan range.1370-1—Occupies the fortresses and passes in the Rhodope and Rilo ranges.1371-2—Conquers Macedonia up to the Vardar River.c.1376—Portion of emirate of Kermian, including Kutayia is annexed asdotof the emir’s daughter, in marriage arranged with Bayezid.1377—Emir of Hamid sells to Murad territories between Tekke, Kermian, and Karamania. The acquisition of Ak Sheïr brings the Osmanlis to the frontier of Karamania.1378—Conquers Tekke, except Adalia and Alaya.1380—Conquers Macedonia, west of the Vardar. Prilep and Monastir become Ottoman frontier fortresses.1385—Occupies Okhrida.Plain of Sofia and upper valley of the Struma River are conquered.1386—Valleys of the Morava and Nisava are conquered, and Nish falls.1388—Invasion of northern Bulgaria reduces Sisman to more humiliating vassalage. The Osmanlis retain the fortresses of Shuman and Nicopolis.Bayezid(1389-1403)1391—Captures Adalia, first Ottoman seaport on the Mediterranean.Ak Sheïr and Ak Seraï ceded by Karamania.1393—Bulgaria, to the Danube, becomes Ottoman territory.1393-5—Conquers Samsun, Caesarea, and Sivas, and annexes emirate of Kastemuni.1397—Conquers Thessaly, Doris, Locris, and the north-eastern corner of the Peloponnesus.1398-9—Gradually occupies Southern Albania and a part of Epirus.IV. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF RULERSByzantine Empire[799]The PalaeologiAndronicus II(the Old), 1282-1328.Michael IX(co-emperor), 1295-1320.Andronicus III(the Young), 1328-41, by whose second wife, Anna of Savoy, was bornJohn V, 1341-01, whose three sons were:Andronicus IV(co-emperor), 1355-?Manuel II, 1391-1425.Theodore, despot of the Morea, 1359-.The son of Andronicus IV wasJohn VII(co-emperor), 1399-1403.The CantacuzeniJohn VI, regent, 1341-7, co-emperor, 1347-55, two of whose daughters married Orkhan and John V, and whose son wasMatthew, co-emperor, 1355-6.HungaryLouis the Great, 1342-82 (King of Poland, 1370-82).His two daughters were:Hedwig, to whom fell the crown of Poland, and who married Jagello of Lithuania, who became King of Poland under the Christian name of Ladislas V.Mary, to whom fell the crown of Hungary, 1382-92.Mary marriedSigismundof Luxemburg in 1386, who became sole ruler of Hungary after Mary’s death, and, later, Holy Roman Emperor.Holy Roman EmpireHouse of LuxemburgCharles IV(I as King of Bohemia), 1355-78.His two sons were:Wenceslaus, who succeeded to the imperial crown on the death of his father and was deposed in 1400;andSigismund, King of Hungary, who was elected emperor in 1410.FrancePhilippe IV,le Bel, 1285-1314, and his sonsLouis X,Philippe V, andCharles IV, last of the Capetians. 1314-28.Philippe VI Valois, 1328-50.Jean, 1350-64.Charles V, 1365-80.Charles VI, 1380-1422.Philippe de Bourgogne, son of King Jean, and father of Jean de Nevers, and Louis d’Orléans, second son of Charles V, were vying with each other for the control of their insane nephew and brother, Charles VI, during the reign of Bayezid.EnglandEdward I, 1270-1307.Edward II, 1307-27.Edward III, 1327-77(took the title of King of France in 1339).Richard III, 1377-99.Deposed in 1399, and succeeded byHenry IV(of Lancaster).V. THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY IN BYZANTINE HISTORY1300—The emir of Menteshe invades Rhodes.1301—First Byzantine defeat at hands of Osmanlis at Baphaeon.1302—Michael IX takes command of Slavic mercenaries in Asia Minor: they force him to allow their return to Europe.Roger de Flor arrives at Constantinople with eight thousand Catalans, and is married to a niece of Andronicus.1303—Catalans sack the island of Chios.1305—Death of Ghazan Khan frustrates Byzantine hopes of a Mongol attack upon the emirs of Asia Minor.Catalans compel the emir of Karamania to lift the siege of Philadelphia, but quarrel with Greeks and Slavic mercenaries. Roger exacts title of ‘Caesar’ from Andronicus, and is later assassinated by Michael IX at Adrianople.1306-9—Catalan ‘Grand Company’ forms state at Gallipoli.1310—Catalans leave for Greece, and set up military democracy in Athens.The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem capture Rhodes.1311—The emir of Menteshe fails in attempt to recapture Rhodes.1311-14—Turkish freebooter Halil defies the Emperor in the Thracian Chersonese, and is finally defeated with the help of the Serbians.1317—Brusa, Nicaea, and Nicomaedia begin to be menaced.1326—Brusa falls. Andronicus III, on his wedding trip from Constantinople to Demotika, is set upon and wounded by raiding Turks.1327-8—Andronicus III plots to oust his grandfather, who, in turn, invites Serbians to attack young Andronicus in the rear; young Andronicus besieges army of his grandfather and Serbians at Serres, and captures Salonika. Old Andronicus calls upon Bulgarians, but before their aid arrives, young Andronicus succeeds in entering Constantinople and deposing his grandfather.1329—Andronicus III is defeated at Pelecanon by Orkhan in an attempt to relieve Nicaea. Nicaea surrenders.Andronicus III, at Phocaea, tries to incite emirs of Aïdin and Sarukhan to attack Orkhan.1333—Turks of Sarukhan make a raid on Macedonia, while their vessels enter the Sea of Marmora and seize Rodosto.1334—Andronicus is compelled to send army to save Salonika from raiding Turks.1336—Andronicus asks Turkish emirs to help him in siege of Genoese at Phocaea.1337 or 1338—Nicomedia and the last Byzantine possessions in north-western corner of Asia Minor are conquered by the Osmanlis.1340—Stephen Dushan crosses the Vardar, captures Serres, and crowns himself there as ‘master of almost all the Roman Empire’.1341—After death of Andronicus III, Cantacuzenos crowns himself at Demotika.1342—Civil war between Cantacuzenos and widow and son of Andronicus III, during which both sides make overtures to Osmanlis, Serbians, and Bulgarians.1345—Cantacuzenos receives aid from Orkhan, and pays for it by marrying his daughter to the Ottoman emir.1347—Dushan crowns himself Emperor of Constantinople. Agreement between John Cantacuzenos and John Palaeologos to share Byzantine throne.Black Death plague reaches Constantinople.1349—Cantacuzenos calls Osmanlis into Europe again to save Salonika from the Serbians.1349-53—Civil war between Cantacuzenos and Palaeologos.Palaeologos flees to Tenedos.1353—The Osmanlis, who had been helping Cantacuzenos against Palaeologos, capture Gallipoli, and invade Thrace.1354—Cantacuzenos, having vainly appealed to the Pope, Venice, Bulgaria, and Serbia to aid him against the Osmanlis, is deposed by popular revolution in Constantinople, and becomes a monk.John Palaeologos recalled from exile.1355—Dushan dies on his way to attack Constantinople.1354-8—Palaeologos succeeds finally in subduing Cantacuzenos’ son Matthew.1358—While Osmanlis are advancing in Thrace, John V, at command of Orkhan, is besieging Phocaea.1361—Adrianople and Philippopolis captured by the Osmanlis.1363—John V signs treaty of vassalage to Murad.1366—John V journeys to Buda to enlist aid of Louis of Hungary, and on return journey is made prisoner by Sisman in Bulgaria.1373—John V, seeing that his visit to Rome and his appeals to western princes are of no avail, recognizes Murad as his suzerain, promises to do military service in Murad’s army, and gives his son Manuel as hostage.Thrace and Macedonia are practically lost, and the Byzantine Empire has become merely the city state of Constantinople.1374—As the result of a rebellion undertaken by Andronicus together with the son of Murad against the two fathers, John V consents to deprive his son Andronicus of his sight, and shuts him up in the Tower of Anemas.1375-89—Civil war between John and Manuel and Andronicus,in which Venice, Genoa, and Osmanlis play a decisive part. John and Manuel purchase Ottoman aid at the price of giving up Philadelphia, the last Byzantine possession in Asia Minor.1391—Manuel, serving as vassal in Ottoman army, is threatened with loss of eyes, if Emperor John does not demolish the towers on the walls of Constantinople, which he has rebuilt. He obeys and dies soon after. Manuel escapes from Brusa upon learning of his father’s death. His flight is followed by the first Ottoman siege of Constantinople.1396—Bayezid contemplates taking Constantinople by assault, but is deterred by arrival of crusaders in Hungary.1397—Siege of Constantinople is renewed, after Nicopolis.1399—Crusade of Boucicaut helps Byzantines temporarily.1400-2—Manuel, having made peace with his nephew John, sails for Italy and spends two years in fruitless endeavour to get aid from western princes.1401—John makes treaty to give up Constantinople, if Bayezid should win from Timur.1402—After Bayezid’s defeat at Angora, Manuel returns to Constantinople.John is banished to Lemnos, and Ottoman colonists expelled from Constantinople. Overtures are made to Timur.1403—Manuel recognizes Soleiman as successor of Bayezid, and renews treaty with him.VI. RELATIONS BETWEEN VENICE AND GENOA AND THE LEVANT FROM 1300 TO 14031328—Venetian sovereignty of Negropont is menaced by Turkish pirates.1344—Venice aids Cyprus and Rhodes in the capture of Smyrna.1345-50—Dushan negotiates frequently with Venice for aid in capturing Constantinople.1351-3—War between Venice and Genoa. Sea power of Genoa is broken at battle of Lojera. Genoese are assisted by Orkhan.1355—Matteo Venier and Marino Faleri warn the Senate that the Byzantine Empire must inevitably become the booty of the Osmanlis, unless Venice gets ahead of them.1361—Venetian Senate make overtures to John V for alliance against Murad, but withdraw when they see the rapid success of Murad’s campaign in Thrace.1370-1—Venice and Greece are engaged in a struggle for economic supremacy in Cyprus.1375—John V gives Tenedos to the Venetians. The Genoese come into conflict with the Venetians over economic privileges at Constantinople.1379-81—Venice and Genoa go to war over the question of Tenedos and the Byzantine succession to the throne. In the Peace of Turin, it is provided that Tenedos remain unfortified, and that Andronicus IV be recognized the heir to John V.1386—Genoese make treaty with Byzantines.1387—Genoese make commercial treaty with Osmanlis.1388—Venetians make commercial treaty with Osmanlis.1389—Venice and Genoa renew treaties with Bayezid.1393—Venice decides to treat with Sigismund of Hungary for defensive alliance against Osmanlis.1396—Venetian aid in Nicopolis crusade is half-hearted.1397—Venice urges Genoese of Pera not to treat with Bayezid, and makes accord with Genoa to aid Byzantines.1401—Venice and Genoa engaged in another sea struggle for supremacy in the Levant.1402—Both Venetians and Genoese aid Osmanlis, fleeing from Timur after Angora, to cross into Europe. They renew their treaties with Osmanlis, recognizing Soleiman as Bayezid’s successor.VII. THE POPES AND THE MOSLEM MENACE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY1306—Clement V exhorts the Venetians to co-operate with Charles de Valois in the reconquest of Constantinople.1307—Clement V urges Charles II of Naples to re-conquer Constantinople, but his interest is diverted by a project of a crusade to support Cyprus and Cilician Armenia against the Egyptians.1309—Papal court transferred from Rome to Avignon.1310—Clement V encourages Knights of St. John to drive both Greeks and Turks out of Rhodes.1327—John XXII does not respond to appeal of Andronicus II to aid Byzantium against the Turks.1333—Similar unsuccessful overture is made by Andronicus III.1334—Papal effort to form crusade against Turks results in the capture of Smyrna.1347—Marquis de Montferrat, heir to the Latin Emperors, makes agreement with Clement VI to conquer Constantinople.At the same time appeals are received at Rome from Cantacuzenos for union of western princes against Osmanlis.1349, 1350, 1353—Cantacuzenos makes three more overtures to Clement VI and Innocent VI.1352—Inhabitants of Philadelphia appeal to Pope for aid, promising return to Roman communion.1363—Urban V on Holy Friday gives the cross to several princes of the Occident.1366—Urged by Urban, Amadeo of Savoy sails for the crusade against the Osmanlis. He spends his efforts in releasing John V from the Bulgarians, and abandons the Byzantines when they refuse to return to the Roman Church. Urban writes to Louis of Hungary to put off his crusade until the union of the Churches is accomplished.Urban V denounces the traffic of the Italian Republics with Moslems.1369—Emperor John V, at Rome, abjures errors of Orthodox Church, and receives from Pope letters, recommending that Christian princes come to his aid.1371—Gregory XI makes appeal to Christian nations to co-operate with Genoa in saving the last Christians of the Holy Land.1372—Gregory urges Louis of Hungary to resist the Osmanlis before they advance farther into Europe, and orders a crusade to be preached in Hungary, Poland, and Dalmatia.1373—Gregory, receiving the last envoy from John V, bursts into tears, and says that he will save Constantinople, if only the Byzantine Emperor will cause his people to renounce their heresies and return to the Roman Church.1378—The Great Schism.1388—Urban VI sends two armed galleys for the defence of Constantinople, but is unsuccessful in raising crusade.1391—Boniface IX stirs up trouble between Latin and Greek Christians in the Balkan peninsula.1398 and 1399—Boniface IX orders crusade to be preached throughout Christendom for the defence of Constantinople.1399—Boucicaut, the only one to respond, goes to the aid of Constantinople.1402—Smyrna is lost to Timur.1403—The strife between rival Popes, Benedict XIII and Boniface IX, makes impossible a papal effort to take advantage of the civil strife between the sons of Bayezid, after Timur’s abandonment of his conquests in Asia Minor.
1219—Soleiman Shah, with 50,000 nomad Turkish families, settles in neighbourhood of Erzindjian.
1224—Soleiman Shah is drowned in the Euphrates. Ertogrul and Dundar, two of his sons, settle near Angora.
1230-40—Ertogrul establishes himself in the valley of the Kara Su, north-west of Kutayia.
1259—Osman is born at Sugut.
1289—Ertogrul dies.
Osman captures Karadja Hissar and Biledjik.
1290—Osman kills his uncle Dundar.
1290-9—Osman, having extended his possessions westward, founds an emirate, and takes up his residence at Yeni Sheïr.
1299—Osman, Turkish emir in the valley of the Kara Su, makes Yeni Sheïr, between Brusa and Nicaea, his residence.
1301—Osman defeats the Byzantine heterarch Muzalon at Baphaeon, near Nicomedia.
1308—Kalolimni, island in the Sea of Marmora, is occupied. Ak Hissar and Tricocca are captured.
1317—Investment of Brusa begins.
1326—Brusa surrenders. Osman hears the news on his death-bed at Yeni Sheïr.
1329—Byzantines under Andronicus III are defeated at Pelecanon (Maltepé).
Nicaea surrenders.
1333—Alaeddin pasha, brother of Orkhan and first vizier, dies.
Death of Bahadur Khan removes the Mongol menace.
1337 or 1338—Nicomedia surrenders.
1338—Karasi, first of the Turkish emirates to be absorbed, is incorporated in Orkhan’s state.
c.1338—Osmanlis reach the Bosphorus at Haïdar Pasha.
1343—Empress Anna makes overtures to Orkhan for aid against Cantacuzenos.
1345—Orkhan accepts proposal of alliance with Cantacuzenos.
First Osmanlis cross to Europe to fight for Cantacuzenos against Anna.
1346—Orkhan marries Theodora, granddaughter of the Bulgarian czar and daughter of Cantacuzenos, who is besieging Constantinople with Ottoman aid.
1348—The ‘Black Death’ ravages Europe.
1349—Cantacuzenos calls again upon Orkhan for aid. Twenty thousand Ottoman horsemen are sent to help in preventing Salonika from falling into Serbian hands.
c.1351—First convention between Orkhan and the Genoese.
1353—Soleiman pasha, Orkhan’s elder son, in response to the third appeal of Cantacuzenos for Ottoman aid, brings an army into Thrace, helps in the recapture of Adrianople, and defeats the Serbians at Demotika. For this aid, a fortress on the European shore of the Dardanelles, probably Tzympe, is given to Orkhan.
1354—An earthquake, which damaged the walls of Gallipoli, enables the Osmanlis of Soleiman pasha to capture the city. Orkhan refuses to give up Gallipoli, breaks with Cantacuzenos, and orders the Osmanlis in the Hellespont to extend their conquest in the direction of Constantinople.
c. 1357—Demotika and Tchorlu are captured for the first time by the Osmanlis under Soleiman pasha.
1358—Soleiman pasha dies from the fall of a horse at Bulaïr.
1359—Orkhan dies, and is succeeded by Murad.
1360-1—Conquest of Thrace.
1361—Second serious ‘Black Death’ plague in Europe.
c.1362—Murad creates corps of ‘janissaries’.
1362 (1363)—John V Palaeologos binds himself by treaty to recognize Murad’s conquests in Thrace, and to give him military aid against the Turkish emirs of Asia Minor.
1363—Serbian and Hungarian crusaders are defeated on the banks of the Maritza.
Murad takes up his residence in Demotika.
1365—Ragusa makes commercial treaty with Osmanlis, promising tribute.
1366—Adrianople becomes the first capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Amadeo of Savoy’s crusade; captures Gallipoli, but soon abandons it again.
1369—Capture of Yamboli forces Sisman of Bulgaria to become, like the Byzantine Emperor, a vassal of Murad.
1371—Battle of Samakov gives the Osmanlis control of the passes into the Plain of Sofia.
Battle of Cernomen opens up Macedonia to the Ottoman conquest.
1372—Moslem colonization of Macedonia, at Drama, Kavalla, Serres, and Veles, gives the Osmanlis a position of preponderance in the Balkan peninsula.
1373—John Palaeologos, failing to receive aid from the West, becomes Ottoman vassal.
1374—Unsuccessful conspiracy of Manuel to recover Serres causes Ottoman siege of Salonika.
1379—John and Manuel agree to increase their tribute of gold and soldiers, and to surrender Philadelphia, the last Byzantine possession in Asia, for Ottoman aid in ousting Andronicus IV from Constantinople.
1384—Osmanlis aid Thomas in besieging Janina.
1385—First Ottoman invasion of Albania.
Battle of Savra destroys Balsa’s power.
Osmanlis occupy Sofia.
1386—Osmanlis capture Croia and Scutari, but return these fortresses to prince of Zenta.
The fall of Nish makes Lazar of Serbia Ottoman vassal.
1387—Genoa concludes formal treaty with Murad.
Murad, with army containing Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian contingents, defeats Alaeddin of Karamania at Konia, but has to withdraw without tangible results.
1388—Venice concludes commercial treaty with Murad.
1388—Osmanlis are defeated by Serbians and Bosnians at Plochnik, thus preventing invasion of Bosnia.
League of Serbians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Wallachians, and Albanians formed against the Osmanlis.
First Ottoman army enters Greece upon invitation of Theodore Palaeologos to fight against the Franks.
1389—Osmanlis destroy Serbian independence at Kossova.
Murad is assassinated on the battle-field. Bayezid succeeds to the throne, and has his brother Yakub strangled.
1387—Bayezid marries sister of Stephen, son of Lazar, and makes Serbians his allies.
1390—First Ottoman naval expedition makes raid on Chios, Negropont, and Attika.
First Ottoman raids into Hungary.
1391—Second invasion of Karamania, followed by siege of Konia, results in cession by Alaeddin of north-western portion of Karamania.
First Ottoman siege of Constantinople.
1392—First defensive campaign against Sigismund is fought in Bulgaria. Hearing that Timurtash had been defeated by Karamanlis, Bayezid transports army to Asia, and destroys Alaeddin’s army at Ak Tchaï. The Osmanlis are now the dominant race in Asia Minor.
1394—Osmanlis first appear in the Adriatic at the mouth of the Boyana.
1395—Bayezid summons Ottoman vassals to his court at Serres.
Ottoman siege of Constantinople becomes pressing.
1396—Crusade of Western chivalry, co-operating with Sigismund of Hungary, meets with disaster at Nicopolis in Bulgaria.
Ottoman invaders of Wallachia are defeated at Rovine, but in raids into Hungary Peterwardein is burned, and sixteen thousand Styrians carried off into captivity.
1397—First Ottoman invasion of Greece. In the Peloponnesus, Argos is taken by assault.
After defeat at Megalopolis, Theodore becomes Ottoman vassal.
1397-9—Movement of Moslem Anatolian population into the Balkan peninsula.
1398—Osmanlis and Serbians make destructive raid on Bosnia.
1400—Timur captures and destroys Sivas.
1402—Timur defeats and makes prisoner Bayezid at Angora, overruns Asia Minor, occupies Brusa, and takes Smyrna from the Christians by storm.
1403—Timur withdraws to Samarkand.
Bayezid, still a prisoner, dies on the homeward march at Ak Sheïr. His sons dispute the succession.
1299—Osman, local chieftain at Sugut, has extended his conquests from the valley of the Kara Su westward to Yeni Sheïr.
1308—Kalolimni, island in the Sea of Marmora, becomes first Ottoman maritime possession.
Ak Hissar, at the entrance to plain of Nicomedia, and Tricocca, which ensured land communication between Nicaea and Nicomedia, are captured.
1308-16—Sovereignty is extended over the peninsula between the Gulf of Nicomedia and the Black Sea, almost up to the Bosphorus.
1317—Fortresses are erected near gates of Brusa.
1326—Brusa surrenders.
1329—Occupies Nicaea.
1330-8—Conquest of shores of Gulf of Nicomedia up to Scutari on the Bosphorus.
1334-8—Conquest of emirate of Karasi.
1337-8—Occupies Nicomedia.
c.1339—Acquires Mikhalitch, Ulubad, and Kermasti.
1353—Cantacuzenos cedes fortress on European shore of Hellespont.
1354—Gallipoli is occupied.
1354-8—The Osmanlis occupy the Thracian, Chersonese, and the European shore of the Sea of Marmora as far as Rodosto. Demotika is captured, and Constantinople cut off from Adrianople by the occupation of Tchorlu.
1360—Captures Angora and suppresses independence of village chieftains between Eski Sheïr and Angora.
1360-1—Conquers Thrace from the Maritza River to the Black Sea, including Adrianople.
1361—Lalashahin captures Philippopolis.
c.1362—Creation of the corps of janissaries.
1362 or 1363—John V Palaeologos binds himself by treaty to recognize Murad’s conquest of Thrace, and to give him military aid against the emirs of Asia Minor.
1366-9—Conquest of Maritza Valley up to the Rhodope Mountains, and of Bulgaria, up to the main Balkan range.
1370-1—Occupies the fortresses and passes in the Rhodope and Rilo ranges.
1371-2—Conquers Macedonia up to the Vardar River.
c.1376—Portion of emirate of Kermian, including Kutayia is annexed asdotof the emir’s daughter, in marriage arranged with Bayezid.
1377—Emir of Hamid sells to Murad territories between Tekke, Kermian, and Karamania. The acquisition of Ak Sheïr brings the Osmanlis to the frontier of Karamania.
1378—Conquers Tekke, except Adalia and Alaya.
1380—Conquers Macedonia, west of the Vardar. Prilep and Monastir become Ottoman frontier fortresses.
1385—Occupies Okhrida.
Plain of Sofia and upper valley of the Struma River are conquered.
1386—Valleys of the Morava and Nisava are conquered, and Nish falls.
1388—Invasion of northern Bulgaria reduces Sisman to more humiliating vassalage. The Osmanlis retain the fortresses of Shuman and Nicopolis.
1391—Captures Adalia, first Ottoman seaport on the Mediterranean.
Ak Sheïr and Ak Seraï ceded by Karamania.
1393—Bulgaria, to the Danube, becomes Ottoman territory.
1393-5—Conquers Samsun, Caesarea, and Sivas, and annexes emirate of Kastemuni.
1397—Conquers Thessaly, Doris, Locris, and the north-eastern corner of the Peloponnesus.
1398-9—Gradually occupies Southern Albania and a part of Epirus.
Andronicus II(the Old), 1282-1328.
Michael IX(co-emperor), 1295-1320.
Andronicus III(the Young), 1328-41, by whose second wife, Anna of Savoy, was born
John V, 1341-01, whose three sons were:
Andronicus IV(co-emperor), 1355-?
Manuel II, 1391-1425.
Theodore, despot of the Morea, 1359-.
The son of Andronicus IV was
John VII(co-emperor), 1399-1403.
John VI, regent, 1341-7, co-emperor, 1347-55, two of whose daughters married Orkhan and John V, and whose son was
Matthew, co-emperor, 1355-6.
Louis the Great, 1342-82 (King of Poland, 1370-82).
His two daughters were:
Hedwig, to whom fell the crown of Poland, and who married Jagello of Lithuania, who became King of Poland under the Christian name of Ladislas V.
Mary, to whom fell the crown of Hungary, 1382-92.
Mary married
Sigismundof Luxemburg in 1386, who became sole ruler of Hungary after Mary’s death, and, later, Holy Roman Emperor.
Charles IV(I as King of Bohemia), 1355-78.
His two sons were:
Wenceslaus, who succeeded to the imperial crown on the death of his father and was deposed in 1400;
andSigismund, King of Hungary, who was elected emperor in 1410.
Philippe IV,le Bel, 1285-1314, and his sons
Louis X,Philippe V, andCharles IV, last of the Capetians. 1314-28.
Philippe VI Valois, 1328-50.
Jean, 1350-64.
Charles V, 1365-80.
Charles VI, 1380-1422.
Philippe de Bourgogne, son of King Jean, and father of Jean de Nevers, and Louis d’Orléans, second son of Charles V, were vying with each other for the control of their insane nephew and brother, Charles VI, during the reign of Bayezid.
Edward I, 1270-1307.
Edward II, 1307-27.
Edward III, 1327-77
(took the title of King of France in 1339).
Richard III, 1377-99.
Deposed in 1399, and succeeded by
Henry IV(of Lancaster).
1300—The emir of Menteshe invades Rhodes.
1301—First Byzantine defeat at hands of Osmanlis at Baphaeon.
1302—Michael IX takes command of Slavic mercenaries in Asia Minor: they force him to allow their return to Europe.
Roger de Flor arrives at Constantinople with eight thousand Catalans, and is married to a niece of Andronicus.
1303—Catalans sack the island of Chios.
1305—Death of Ghazan Khan frustrates Byzantine hopes of a Mongol attack upon the emirs of Asia Minor.
Catalans compel the emir of Karamania to lift the siege of Philadelphia, but quarrel with Greeks and Slavic mercenaries. Roger exacts title of ‘Caesar’ from Andronicus, and is later assassinated by Michael IX at Adrianople.
1306-9—Catalan ‘Grand Company’ forms state at Gallipoli.
1310—Catalans leave for Greece, and set up military democracy in Athens.
The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem capture Rhodes.
1311—The emir of Menteshe fails in attempt to recapture Rhodes.
1311-14—Turkish freebooter Halil defies the Emperor in the Thracian Chersonese, and is finally defeated with the help of the Serbians.
1317—Brusa, Nicaea, and Nicomaedia begin to be menaced.
1326—Brusa falls. Andronicus III, on his wedding trip from Constantinople to Demotika, is set upon and wounded by raiding Turks.
1327-8—Andronicus III plots to oust his grandfather, who, in turn, invites Serbians to attack young Andronicus in the rear; young Andronicus besieges army of his grandfather and Serbians at Serres, and captures Salonika. Old Andronicus calls upon Bulgarians, but before their aid arrives, young Andronicus succeeds in entering Constantinople and deposing his grandfather.
1329—Andronicus III is defeated at Pelecanon by Orkhan in an attempt to relieve Nicaea. Nicaea surrenders.
Andronicus III, at Phocaea, tries to incite emirs of Aïdin and Sarukhan to attack Orkhan.
1333—Turks of Sarukhan make a raid on Macedonia, while their vessels enter the Sea of Marmora and seize Rodosto.
1334—Andronicus is compelled to send army to save Salonika from raiding Turks.
1336—Andronicus asks Turkish emirs to help him in siege of Genoese at Phocaea.
1337 or 1338—Nicomedia and the last Byzantine possessions in north-western corner of Asia Minor are conquered by the Osmanlis.
1340—Stephen Dushan crosses the Vardar, captures Serres, and crowns himself there as ‘master of almost all the Roman Empire’.
1341—After death of Andronicus III, Cantacuzenos crowns himself at Demotika.
1342—Civil war between Cantacuzenos and widow and son of Andronicus III, during which both sides make overtures to Osmanlis, Serbians, and Bulgarians.
1345—Cantacuzenos receives aid from Orkhan, and pays for it by marrying his daughter to the Ottoman emir.
1347—Dushan crowns himself Emperor of Constantinople. Agreement between John Cantacuzenos and John Palaeologos to share Byzantine throne.
Black Death plague reaches Constantinople.
1349—Cantacuzenos calls Osmanlis into Europe again to save Salonika from the Serbians.
1349-53—Civil war between Cantacuzenos and Palaeologos.
Palaeologos flees to Tenedos.
1353—The Osmanlis, who had been helping Cantacuzenos against Palaeologos, capture Gallipoli, and invade Thrace.
1354—Cantacuzenos, having vainly appealed to the Pope, Venice, Bulgaria, and Serbia to aid him against the Osmanlis, is deposed by popular revolution in Constantinople, and becomes a monk.
John Palaeologos recalled from exile.
1355—Dushan dies on his way to attack Constantinople.
1354-8—Palaeologos succeeds finally in subduing Cantacuzenos’ son Matthew.
1358—While Osmanlis are advancing in Thrace, John V, at command of Orkhan, is besieging Phocaea.
1361—Adrianople and Philippopolis captured by the Osmanlis.
1363—John V signs treaty of vassalage to Murad.
1366—John V journeys to Buda to enlist aid of Louis of Hungary, and on return journey is made prisoner by Sisman in Bulgaria.
1373—John V, seeing that his visit to Rome and his appeals to western princes are of no avail, recognizes Murad as his suzerain, promises to do military service in Murad’s army, and gives his son Manuel as hostage.
Thrace and Macedonia are practically lost, and the Byzantine Empire has become merely the city state of Constantinople.
1374—As the result of a rebellion undertaken by Andronicus together with the son of Murad against the two fathers, John V consents to deprive his son Andronicus of his sight, and shuts him up in the Tower of Anemas.
1375-89—Civil war between John and Manuel and Andronicus,in which Venice, Genoa, and Osmanlis play a decisive part. John and Manuel purchase Ottoman aid at the price of giving up Philadelphia, the last Byzantine possession in Asia Minor.
1391—Manuel, serving as vassal in Ottoman army, is threatened with loss of eyes, if Emperor John does not demolish the towers on the walls of Constantinople, which he has rebuilt. He obeys and dies soon after. Manuel escapes from Brusa upon learning of his father’s death. His flight is followed by the first Ottoman siege of Constantinople.
1396—Bayezid contemplates taking Constantinople by assault, but is deterred by arrival of crusaders in Hungary.
1397—Siege of Constantinople is renewed, after Nicopolis.
1399—Crusade of Boucicaut helps Byzantines temporarily.
1400-2—Manuel, having made peace with his nephew John, sails for Italy and spends two years in fruitless endeavour to get aid from western princes.
1401—John makes treaty to give up Constantinople, if Bayezid should win from Timur.
1402—After Bayezid’s defeat at Angora, Manuel returns to Constantinople.
John is banished to Lemnos, and Ottoman colonists expelled from Constantinople. Overtures are made to Timur.
1403—Manuel recognizes Soleiman as successor of Bayezid, and renews treaty with him.
1328—Venetian sovereignty of Negropont is menaced by Turkish pirates.
1344—Venice aids Cyprus and Rhodes in the capture of Smyrna.
1345-50—Dushan negotiates frequently with Venice for aid in capturing Constantinople.
1351-3—War between Venice and Genoa. Sea power of Genoa is broken at battle of Lojera. Genoese are assisted by Orkhan.
1355—Matteo Venier and Marino Faleri warn the Senate that the Byzantine Empire must inevitably become the booty of the Osmanlis, unless Venice gets ahead of them.
1361—Venetian Senate make overtures to John V for alliance against Murad, but withdraw when they see the rapid success of Murad’s campaign in Thrace.
1370-1—Venice and Greece are engaged in a struggle for economic supremacy in Cyprus.
1375—John V gives Tenedos to the Venetians. The Genoese come into conflict with the Venetians over economic privileges at Constantinople.
1379-81—Venice and Genoa go to war over the question of Tenedos and the Byzantine succession to the throne. In the Peace of Turin, it is provided that Tenedos remain unfortified, and that Andronicus IV be recognized the heir to John V.
1386—Genoese make treaty with Byzantines.
1387—Genoese make commercial treaty with Osmanlis.
1388—Venetians make commercial treaty with Osmanlis.
1389—Venice and Genoa renew treaties with Bayezid.
1393—Venice decides to treat with Sigismund of Hungary for defensive alliance against Osmanlis.
1396—Venetian aid in Nicopolis crusade is half-hearted.
1397—Venice urges Genoese of Pera not to treat with Bayezid, and makes accord with Genoa to aid Byzantines.
1401—Venice and Genoa engaged in another sea struggle for supremacy in the Levant.
1402—Both Venetians and Genoese aid Osmanlis, fleeing from Timur after Angora, to cross into Europe. They renew their treaties with Osmanlis, recognizing Soleiman as Bayezid’s successor.
1306—Clement V exhorts the Venetians to co-operate with Charles de Valois in the reconquest of Constantinople.
1307—Clement V urges Charles II of Naples to re-conquer Constantinople, but his interest is diverted by a project of a crusade to support Cyprus and Cilician Armenia against the Egyptians.
1309—Papal court transferred from Rome to Avignon.
1310—Clement V encourages Knights of St. John to drive both Greeks and Turks out of Rhodes.
1327—John XXII does not respond to appeal of Andronicus II to aid Byzantium against the Turks.
1333—Similar unsuccessful overture is made by Andronicus III.
1334—Papal effort to form crusade against Turks results in the capture of Smyrna.
1347—Marquis de Montferrat, heir to the Latin Emperors, makes agreement with Clement VI to conquer Constantinople.
At the same time appeals are received at Rome from Cantacuzenos for union of western princes against Osmanlis.
1349, 1350, 1353—Cantacuzenos makes three more overtures to Clement VI and Innocent VI.
1352—Inhabitants of Philadelphia appeal to Pope for aid, promising return to Roman communion.
1363—Urban V on Holy Friday gives the cross to several princes of the Occident.
1366—Urged by Urban, Amadeo of Savoy sails for the crusade against the Osmanlis. He spends his efforts in releasing John V from the Bulgarians, and abandons the Byzantines when they refuse to return to the Roman Church. Urban writes to Louis of Hungary to put off his crusade until the union of the Churches is accomplished.
Urban V denounces the traffic of the Italian Republics with Moslems.
1369—Emperor John V, at Rome, abjures errors of Orthodox Church, and receives from Pope letters, recommending that Christian princes come to his aid.
1371—Gregory XI makes appeal to Christian nations to co-operate with Genoa in saving the last Christians of the Holy Land.
1372—Gregory urges Louis of Hungary to resist the Osmanlis before they advance farther into Europe, and orders a crusade to be preached in Hungary, Poland, and Dalmatia.
1373—Gregory, receiving the last envoy from John V, bursts into tears, and says that he will save Constantinople, if only the Byzantine Emperor will cause his people to renounce their heresies and return to the Roman Church.
1378—The Great Schism.
1388—Urban VI sends two armed galleys for the defence of Constantinople, but is unsuccessful in raising crusade.
1391—Boniface IX stirs up trouble between Latin and Greek Christians in the Balkan peninsula.
1398 and 1399—Boniface IX orders crusade to be preached throughout Christendom for the defence of Constantinople.
1399—Boucicaut, the only one to respond, goes to the aid of Constantinople.
1402—Smyrna is lost to Timur.
1403—The strife between rival Popes, Benedict XIII and Boniface IX, makes impossible a papal effort to take advantage of the civil strife between the sons of Bayezid, after Timur’s abandonment of his conquests in Asia Minor.
NOTE
TheClassified Bibliography contains only the names of authors. Following the classification, the books and editions are given in detail under the authors’ names in alphabetical order.
I shall be grateful for corrections and amplifications. The work on this bibliography has been done largely in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and I have been handicapped by the lack of a complete catalogue.
No attempt whatever has been made to follow a definite system of spelling of Oriental and Slavic names, for arbitrary changes in spelling on my part would confuse the reader who desires to find in a library catalogue the authors given. I have retained the spelling (except in rare instances where there were divergencies in different editions of the same book) of the author’s name as given by himself or by his editor or publisher. As far as the letter ‘G’, I have made the spelling conform to that of the General Catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale. Beyond ‘G’, there is, as yet, no norm.
Bibliographers of Printed Books.
Apponyi; Auboyneau; Boecler; Chevalier; Dherbelot de Molainville; Eichhorn; Fabricius; Fevret; Fitzclarence; Fraehn; Franke; Hadji Khalfa; Halle; Houtsma et al.; Oesterly; Omont; Pogodin; Potthast; Welter; Zenker.
Bibliographers of Oriental MSS.
Ahlwardt; Ali Hilmi; Apponyi; Auboyneau; Blochet; Browne; Cusa; De Goeje; De Jong; Derenbourg; Dorn; Dozy; Fevret; Flügel; Hadji Khalfa; Karamianz; Lampros; Pertsch; Rieu; Rosen; Schéfer; Slane; Smirnow; Sprenger; Welter.
Numismatists.
Blau; Djevdet; Engel; Friedländer; Ghalib; Karabacek; Lane-Poole; Lavoix; Makrisi; Pinder; Schlumberger; Serrure; Stickel.
Chronographers.
Aladdin Ali; Arabantinos; Assemanus; Hadji Khalfa; Knaus; Loeb; Mas Latrie; Mullach; Müller; Muralt; Rasmussen; Strzygowski; Wüstenfeld;Chronicon Breve(in Ducas).
Collections of Contemporary Records.
Ottoman: Feridun, Collection of.
The class="c">The authenticity of the documents in this collection cannot be definitely established.
Byzantine: Dieterich; Miklositch; Müller; Predelli; Sathas.
Hungarian,Slavic, andRagusan: Daničić; Fejér; Gelčić; Jorga; Ljubić; Makusev; Miklositch; Miltitz; Müller; Noradounghian; Racki; Safařík (Schaffarik); Sathas; Thallóczy; Theiner; Wenzel. (See also underKossovaandNicopolis.)
Venetian: Alberi; Brown; Fejér; Jorga; Ljubić; Makusev; Miklositch; Minotto; Müller; Noiret; Noradounghian; Predelli; Racki; Romanin; Rymer; Safařík; Sathas; Testa; Thomas.
Papal(Avignon and Rome): Baluze; Bosquet; Dudik; Jorga; Romanin; Theiner; Werunski.
The literature about the individual popes, and the collections of documents published, registers, letters, etc., are so numerous, that I cannot include even a selection here. The reader is referred to Chevalier’sRépertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Âge, where, under each pope, will be found the most complete and most recent bibliographical references.
Genoese(including Pera Colony): Belgrano; Jorga; Miklositch; Müller; Noradounghian; Olivieri; Predelli; Testa.
Other Italian Cities: Jorga; Müller.
French: Boislisle; Bongars; Bouchon; Charrière; Delaville Leroulx; Dorez; Garnier; Jorga; Kunstmann; Leuridan; Lot; Molinier; Moranvillé; Potansque; Raimboult; Roncière; Tarbé.
English: Rymer.
Contemporary Chronicles.
Byzantine: Cantacuzenos; Nicephoros Gregoras; Pachymeres; Panaretos (for Trebizond).
Catalan: Moncada; Muntaner. (See alsoFrenzel.)
French: Enguerran de Monstrelet; Eustache des Champs; Froissart; Gilles; Marche; Nangis; Ursins; Wavrin; Anon.: Cronicorum Karoli Sexti; Chronique du duc Loys de Bourbon; Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis; Chronique des quatre premiers Valois; Livre des faicts de Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut; Relation de la Croisade de Nicopolis (serviteur de Gui de Blois). (See also under the Editors: Bellaguet; Géraud; Godefroy; Kervyn de Lettenhove; Lacabane; Lemaitre.)
Hebrew: Joseph ben Joshua.
Morea: Chronique de Morée; Breve Chronicon (see Ducas).
Oriental: Aboulpharadji; Hayton.
Rumanian: Urechi.
Savoy: Anon. Anciennes Chroniques.
Servian: Abbey of Tronosho; Chronicle of Pek.
Venice: Bonincontrius; Caroldo; Guazzo; Villani (3).
Venetian Archives (History and Guides to).
Alberi; Baschet; Cecchetti; Mas Latrie; Toderini.
The archives for the fourteenth century are listed in the Alphabetical Bibliography.
Travellers and Geographers. (Those in italics are contemporary or nearly contemporary.)
Asia Minor:Abulfeda; Ainsworth; Baedeker;Belon;Bergeron;Bertrandon de la Broquière; Bruun; Busbecq; Chardin; Cholet; Cuinet; Edrisi; Evlia Tchelebi; Fresne-Canaye; Ghillebert de Launoy; Hadji Khalfa; Hellert; Houzeau; Huart; Huber;Ibn Batutah; Macarius;Mandeville;Marco Polo; Michelant; Mostras; Naumann;Nicolay; Ortellius; Ramsay; Rennell; Sarre;Schiltberger; Seiff;Shehabeddin; Sidi Ali Ibn Hussein; Tavernier; Tchihatcheff; Texeira; Texier; Trémeaux; Vivien de St. Martin.
Ibn Batutah is the best contemporary authority.
Constantinople and Balkan Peninsula:Abulfeda; Baedeker; Belgrano;Belon;Bergeron; Boué; Bruun; Busbecq;Clavijo; Hadji Khalfa; Hammer; Hellert; Huber; Jireček; Macarius; Manutio; Miklositch; Mostras;Nicolay; Olivieri; Ortellius; Sathas;Schiltberger; Sefert; Sidi Ali Ibn Hussein; Tafel; Tozer.
Clavijo is the best contemporary authority for Constantinople in the latter part of the reign of Bayezid.
I have listed only those whose works I have referred to, or who seem to me to have intimate, direct bearing on the subject. Many others, however, could be consulted to advantage.SeePotthast,Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi, ii. 1734-5.
Seljuk Historians.
Ahmed Ibn Yusuf; Houtsma (editor); Ibn-Bibi; Mirkhond (Mirkhwand).
Early Arabic, Persian, and Armenian Historians.
Ahmed Ibn Yusuf; Ahmed Ibn Yahia; Hayton; Ibn al Tiktaka; Ibn Khaldun; Khondemir; Makrisi; Mirkhond (Mirkhwand); Mohammed-en-Nesawi; Reshideddin; Texeira; Anon.Derbend Namé.
Ottoman Historians and Chroniclers.
Abdul Aziz; Ahmed Jaudat; Alaeddin Ali (Ibn Kadi Said); Ali (Mustafa Ibn Ahmed); Ashik-pasha-zadé (Ahmed Ibn Yahia); Atha; Ayas Pasha; Djelaleddin, Mustapha; Djemaleddin; Djemaleddin-al-Kifty; Djevad bey, Ahmed; Fehmi; Feridun, Collection of; Geropoldi, Antonio (trans.); HadjiKhalfa; Hezarfenn, Hussein; Ibn Ali Mohammed Al-Biwy; Idris, Mevlana (of Bitlis); Kheirullah; Kourbaddinmakky; Mohammed Ferid bey; Moukhlis Abderrahman; Mustafa; Nedim; Neshri; Nichandji pasha Mehmet; Said; Seadeddin; Tahir-Zade; Anon.Mira-ari-tarikh.
No authenticated Ottoman records exist for the fourteenth century. The nearest writers to events are Ashik-pasha-zadé, Idris, Mouklis Abderrahman and Neshri. The historian enjoying the greatest reputation for authority is Seadeddin.
Western writers on Ottoman Empire before 1600.
Adelman; Aenaeus Sylvius; Alhard; Aretinus (Leonardo Bruni); Augustinus Caelius; Aventinus; Bertellus; Boecler; Bongars; Busbequius; Cambini; Camerarius; Campana; Cervarius; Chytraeus; Clavijo; Corregiaio; Cousin (Cognatus); Crusius; Cuspianus; Donado da Lezze; Drechsler; Egnatius; Foglietta; Foscarini; Geuffraeus; Giorgievitz; Giovio; Gycaud (ed.); Hoeniger; Konstantynowicz; Lonicerus; Menavino; Montalbanus; Pfeiffer; Podesta; Postellus; Ramus; Reusner; Richer; Sabellicus; Sansovino; Schiltberger; Secundinus; Spandugino; Traut; Anon.Series Imp. Turc.andTractatus de ritu et moribus Turc.
Most of the early western books are in Latin, but the authors are Greek, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Austrian, and Polish. The majority of them are as early as, if not earlier than, the first Ottoman chroniclers.
Clavijo and Schiltberger are contemporary and eye-witness authorities for the reign of Bayezid. Konstantynowicz’s book claims to be the memoirs of a janissary in the reign of Murad II.
Busbequius, Donado da Lezze, Geuffraeus, Giorgievitz, Menavino, Spandugino, and the author ofTractatus de ritugained their information first-hand from living in Turkey.
General Western Ottoman Historians(seventeenth and eighteenth centuries).
Cantemir (a Rumanian); De la Porte; Du Verdier; Febvre; Formanti; Gibbon; Knolles; Mignot; Ohsson; Petits de la Croix; Ricaut; Sagredo; Schulz; Servi; Vanel.
General Western Ottoman Historians(nineteenth century).
Castellan; Collas; Creasy; Dräseke; Ebeling; Errante; Fehmi (a Turk); Ganem (a Syrian); Hammer; Hertzberg; Jonquière; Jorga; Jouannin; La Garde de Dieu; Lamartine; Lane-Poole; Lavallée; Lüdemann; Rambaud; Salaberry, de; Wirth; Wüstenfeld; Zinkeisen.
Hammer and Zinkeisen wrote the exhaustive and authoritative histories of the nineteenth century. The splendid work of Professor Jorga, of the University of Bucarest, belongs to our own twentieth century, and is the most important contribution of contemporary scholarship to the history of the Balkan peninsula under Ottoman domination. But none of these three authoritative historians pays particular attention to the actual foundation of the Ottoman Empire. Dräseke and Rambaud have only touched upon the problems involved in reconstructing the fourteenth century period.
Mongol and Tartar History.
Aboul-Ghazi-Bahadour; Bonaparte; Bretschneider; Cahun; Chavannes; Dorn; Erdmann; Guignes; Hammer; Hirth; Howorth; Khondemir; Mohammed en Newasi; Reshideddin; Vambéry; Wolff.
Byzantine Empire and Frankish and Italian Greece.
Ameilhon; Arabantinos; Berger de Xivrey; Byzantine Historians (see underAlphabetical Bibliography, on p. 367); Curtius; Djelal; Ducange; Finlay; Florinsky; Gibbon; Gregorovius; Hammer; Hase; Hertzberg; Hody; Hopf; Kampouroglou; Karamzin; Lampros; Lüdemann; Migne; Miller; Moncada; Moniferratos; Mullach; Müller; Muntaner; Niebuhr; Paparregopoulos; Parisot; Rodd; Sathas; Stritter; Tafel; Tozer. (See alsoSlavs of Balkan Peninsula.)
Collections of Byzantine writers.
Bonn (Niebuhr); Migne; Paris (Louvre) and Venice.
Historians and Chroniclers of Rumania.
Cantemir; Costin; Hasdeu; Miller; Picot; Urechi; Xénopol.
Costin and Urechi are nearest the events.
Slavs of Balkan Peninsula.
Borchgrave; Daničić; Dlugosz; Drinov; Engel; Florinsky; Guérin-Songeon; Jireček; Kállay; Kanitz; Konstantynowicz; Miller; Orbini; Pray; Pučić; Raić; Ranke; Safařík (Schaffarik); Thallóczy. (See also underKossovaandNicopolis.)
No contemporary writers.
Hungary(including biographers of Sigismund).
Acsady; Aschbach; Beckmann; Bonfinius; Engel; Fessler; Furnhaber; Fvaknói; Kern; Kupelwieser; Levec; Maélath; Maurer; Pór; Pray; Sambucus; Schoenherr; Schwandtner; Szálay; Szentkláráy; Szilagyi; Theiner; Thurocz; Vambéry; Wenzel. (See also underKossovaandNicopolis.)
Venice.
Agostini; Barbaro; Bembo; Berchet; Bonincontrius; Caresino; Caroldo; Cicogna; Dandolo; Daru; Guazzo; Hazlitt; Hodgson; Mas Latrie; Romanin; Sanuto; Sismondi; Villani; Anon.Cronica Dolfina.
Genoa.
Belgrano; Canale; Giustiniani; Sauli; Sismondi; Stella.
Other Italian cities.
Cambiano; Datta; Gattaro; Guichenon; Müller; Sismondi; Anon.Anciennes Chroniques de SavoyeandMonumenta Pisana.
Collections of Italian writers.
Muratori; Tartini.
Rhodes.
Bosio; Caoursin; Vertot.
Cyprus.
Bustron; Macairas; Mas Latrie.
Papal Archives, Guide to Brom.
Papal relations and Crusades against Turks.
Baluze; Bernino; Boislisle; Bongars; Bosio; Bosquet; Caoursin; Cribellus; Datta; Delaville Leroulx; Dozy; Dräseke; Eubel; Jorga; Kunstmann; Lardito; Lot; Le Quien; Mas Latrie; Mézières; Molinier; Paris; Petrarca; Postansque; Raimboult; Raynaldus; Sanudo; Stewart; Theiner; Thomas; Torez; Wylie.
Seenote aboveunderCollections of Contemporary Papal Records.
Kossova.
Avril; Mijatovitch; Novakovitch; Pavitch.
Nicopolis.
Brauner; Froissart; Kiss; Koehler; Rez; Schiltberger; Szentkláráy; Anon.Relation ... par un serviteur de Gui de Blois.
Relating to Timur.
Abderrezzah; Arabshah; Clavijo; Hayton; Hussein Abu Halib; Langlès; Mexia; Mezdob; Moranvillé; Nazmi Zadé; Perondino; Sherefeddin; Silvestre de Sacy; White; Anon. Dominican Friar and Memoirs of Tamerlane.
Arabshah, Clavijo, Sherefeddin, the Dominican friar and the Memoirs (possibly) are contemporary.
Art and Architecture.
Djelal; Franz; Karabacek; Kuhnel; Lavoix; Migeon; Parvillée; Saladin.
Literature and Languages and Oriental Ethnology.
Alberi; Aristov; Dethier; Dieterici; Donner; Dufresne; Fejér; Huart; Jacob; Koelle; Krumbacher; Kúnos; Liliencron; Miklositch; Mordtmann; Mullach; Nemeth; Pavitch; Rémusat; Toderini; Vambéry. (See also underKossovaandNicopolis.)
Commercial History.
Charrière; Cornet; Delaville Leroulx; Depping; Heyd; Jorga; Mas Latrie; Pigeonneau; Schanz; Tafel.
Black Death.
Covino; Hecker.
Covino is a contemporary.
Abderrezzah.Hist. de Schah-Roch, des autres enfants de Tamerlan et des princes leurs descendants.Trans. by A. Galland. Bibl. Nat., fonds fr. 6084-5. Same, with variations, 6088-9.
Abdul Aziz.Razoat-ul-Ebrar.History of Ottoman Empire from foundation to Sultan Ibrahim. Turkish. Unpublished and untranslated.
Aboulfeda.1.Géographie d’Aboulfeda, trad. de l’arabe en français, et accomp. par notes, par M. Reinaud et M. Stanislas Guyard. Paris, Impr. Nat., 1848-83. 3 vols. 4to.
In hisDict. Bibl., under no. 3472, fol. 552-3, Hadji Khalfa gives list of Aboulfeda’s sources.
2.Aboulfedae Annales Muslemici, arabice et latine, opera et studiis Jo. Jacobi Reiskii. Leipzig, 1754, 4to. Copenhagen, 1789-94. 5 vols. 4to (ed. J. G. C. Adler). Pocock MS. trans. into Latin by J. Gagnier, Oxford, 1722.
Aboul-Ghazi-Bahadour-Khan.Histoire des Mongols et des Tartares, éd. et trad. par Baron Desmaisons. Petrograd, 1871-4. 2 vols. 8vo. Latin trans. by C. M. Fraehn, with Tartar text. Kasan, 1825, folio. French trans. Leyden, 1726, 12mo. German trans. Göttingen, 1780, 8vo, by Dr. Dan. Gottlieb Messerschmid. English trans. by Col. Miles, London, 1838, 8vo.
Aboulpharadji, Gregorius.1.Syriac Chronicle, trans. into Latin by Bruns and Kersch. Leipzig, 1789. 2 vols. 4to.
This edition contains a continuation by an anonymous author from 1286 to 1297, which is most valuable for end of Seljuks of Konia.
2. The author trans. his work into Arabic, which was published from Bodleian MS. with Latin trans. by Edward Pocock, Oxford, 1663-72. 2 vols. 4to. Trans, from Latin into German, Leipzig, 1783-5. 2 vols. 8vo.
Aboul Youssouf Ibn Taghry.Elmanhal essafy.MS., Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, 748.
Used by Ch. Schéfer in establishing relations between Bayezid and Sultan Barkuk of Egypt.
Abul Fallah Fumeni.SeeDorn.
AdelmanorAdelmansfelden.De origine, ordine et militari disciplina magni Turcae.Date and place missing. Fol.
Adler, J. G. C.Editor of Abulfeda.
Aehrenfeld, Mosig von.German trans. of Safařík, P. J.
Aenaeas, Sylvius(Pope Pius II).Opera quae extant omnia.Basel, various editions. Fol.
Agostini, Giovanni.Istoria degli scrittori veneziani.Venice, 1752-4. 2 vols. 4to.
Ahlwardt, Wilhelm.Verzeichnis der arabischen Handschriften der k. Bibliothek zu Berlin.Berlin, 1887-94. 6 vols. 4to. Also edited Ibn al Tiktaki and Ahmed Ibn Yahia.
Ahmed Ibn Yusuf (Abul Abbas).Chapters 45 to 53 of his Universal History, which deal with Karamanlis, Seljuks, and Osmanlis, translated by Rasmussen, inAnnales Islamismi, pp. 61-134.
Ahmed Ibn Mousa (Al Khayali).Religion ou théologie des Turcs.Trad. anon. 2nd ed. Brussels, 1704, 12mo.
Ahmed Ibn Yahia.SeeAshik-pasha-zadé.
Ahmed Ibn Yahia (Al Baladouri).Arabic text of chronicle from Petermann MS. no. 633, of Berlin, edited and published by W. Ahlwardt. Leipzig, 1883, 8vo.
Ahmed Jaudat.Considérations sur l’histoire ottomane.Bibl. de l’École des lang. viv. orientales, 2esérie, vol. ix. Paris, 1886, 8vo.
Ahmed Mohammed, Sheik. Ed. Calcutta edition of Arabshah.
Ainsworth, W. F.Travels and Researches in Asia Minor.London, 1842. 2 vols. 8vo.
Aladdin Ali Ibn Kadi Said.Abridged Chronology of Ottoman Hist. Untranslated. See Hadji Khalfa,Dict. Bibl., no. 7754, fol. 1326.
Alberi, Eugenio.Relazioni degli Ambasciatori veneti al senato nel secolo XVI, raccolte et pubbl. da Eugenio Alberi. Florence, 1839-63. 15 vols. 8vo.
Ottoman Empire, 3 vols., 1840, 1844, 1855. Does not go back to our period. But there is an excellent glossary of Turkish words in the introduction to vol. i.
Alhard, Hermann Kummen.De imperio turcico discursus academicus.Ed. tertia, Hanover, 1689.
In Bibl. Nat., Paris, this book is bound with the Reiske ed. of Drechsler, and is wrongly attributed to Andrea Bosio on the title-page.
Ali (Mustafa Ibn Ahmed)orMuhieddin.Kunhu’l-Akhbar.Chronicle of Ottoman History up to Mohammed the Conqueror. Text published Constantinople without date. German trans. (from MS. brought to Emperor Ferdinand by Beck in 1551) by Johannes Gaudier. Latin trans. by Leunclavius and J. B. Podesta. Italian trans. by Geropoldi, Venice, 1686. See these four names.
Zenker, in hisBibl. Orientalis, Leipzig, 1846-61, wrongly calls Leunclavius a translation of Seadeddin, which has led into error Jorga, the latest historian of the Ottoman Empire. See hisGesch. d. osm. Reiches, i. 150, note 1 (Gotha, 1908).
Ali Ben Shemseddin.SeeDorn.
Alieff.Hilmi Al Daghestani. Catalogue in Arabic of Turkish and Persian books in the Khedivial Library. Cairo, 1888. 2 vols. 8vo.
Ameilhon, H. P.Histoire du Bas-Empire.Cont. byLebeau, Chas.Tomes xviii-xxi. Paris, 1835-6. 4 vols. fol. Tomes xxii-xxix. Paris, 1781-1817. 8 vols. 12mo.
Apponyi, GrafAlex.Ungarn betreffende, im Ausland gedruckteBücher und Flugschriften, gesammelt und beschrieben. Vols. i and ii, up to 1720. Munich, 1903.
Ed. limited to 125 copies.
Arabantinos, Panagiotis.Χρονογραφία τῆς Ήπείρου. Athens, 1856-7. 2 vols. 8vo.
Arabshah, Ahmed.Portrait du Gran Tamerlan avec la suite de son histoire.Trad. de l’arabe par Pierre Vattier. Paris, 1658, 4to. Arabic text, ed. Jacob Golius, Leyden, 1636, 4to. Also from collation of four MSS. by Sheik Ahmed Mohammed, Calcutta, 1812, 8vo. 2nd ed., 1818, la. 8vo. Latin trans. by S. H. Manger, Leovardiae, 1767-72. 3 vols. sm. 4to.
Slane inNotices et Extraits, 1repartie, vol. xix, introd. lxxxviii, warns against trans. of Manger, and also his Arabic reprint.
Turkish trans. by Nazmi Zadé,Tarikh Timuri ghiurgian. Constantinople, 1729, 4to.
Arbaumont, d’.Ed., in collab. with Beaune, of Olivier de la Marche.
Arcq, Douël d’.Editor of Enguerran de Monstrelet.
Aretinus (Leonardo Bruni).Libellus de temporibus suis.Venice, 1475, 4to. 2nd ed., 1485.
Aristov.Bemerkungen über die ethnischen Bestandteile der türkischen Stämme und Völkerschaften.Petrograd, 1897.
Armain, M.MS. trans. in French of Hadji Khalfa’sDjihannuma.
Arnold of Lübeck.Continued Chronicle ofHelmoldus.
Arnold, T. W.Editor ofEncyclopédie de l’Islam. See Houtsmaet al.
Aschbach, Joseph.Geschichte Kaiser Sigmunds.Hamburg, 1838-45. 4 vols. 8vo.
Ashik-pasha-zadé, Ahmed Ibn Yahia.Tarikhi-Ashik-pasha-zadé. Vatican MS.
Dervish Ahmed cites the book of sheik Yakhshi ibn Elias, imam of Orkhan. He writes in reign of Bayezid I. This is the nearest approach extant to an Ottoman source for the 14th cent.Seeno. 6 under Hammer.
Assemani, J. S.Kalendaria ecclesiae universae ... ecclesiarum orientis et occidentis.Rome, 1755. 6 vols. 4to.
Auboyneau, G.(in collab. with Fevret, A.).Essai de Bibliographie pour servir à l’histoire de l’Empire Ottoman: livres turcs, livres imprimés à Constantinople, et livres étrangers à la Turquie, mais pouvant servir à son histoire.Paris, 1911, fol., la. 8vo.
Of this work, planned to be an exhaustive Ottoman bibliography, only the first fasciculus, onReligion, Mœurs et Coutumes, has appeared. M. Auboyneau died in 1911. I have been unable to ascertain if M. Fevret intends to continue the work, for he is mobilised in the French army at present.
Augustinus Caelius (Curio).Sarracenicae historiae libri tres....Frankfort, 1596, fol.
Aventinus, Iohannes.Liber in quo causae miseriarum, quibus Christiana resp. premitur, indicantur, Turcicaeque saevitiae reprimendae ratio declaratur.In Lonicerus, vol. i.
Avril, Adolphe de.La Bataille de Kossova, Paris, 1868, 12mo.
Ayas Pasha.Hist, des princes de la dynastie ottomane, précédée d’un abrégé de l’hist. des Selj. et des souverains du pays de Karaman....17th cent. MS., no. 1021, Schéfer col.
Baeca, Gaspar de.Spanish trans. of Paulo Giovio’s account of Timur in Clavijo.
Baedeker, Karl, editor.Konstantinopel, Balkanstaaten, Kleinasien, Archipel und Cypern.Mit 18 Karten, 50 Plänen und 15 Grundrissen. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1914, 12mo.
Baiocensis, Petrus.Chronicon(1350-92). Basel, 1512, fol.
Baluze, Étienne.Vitae paparum Avinionensium ab 1305 ad 1394.Paris, 1693. 2 vols. 4to.
2nd volume contains documents.
Barbaro, Francesco.On efforts of Venetians vs. Osmanlis before capture of Constantinople,seeAgostini, ii. 107-8.
Baronius, Caesar.ForAnnales Eccl., see Raynaldus.
Baschet, Armand.1.Les Archives de Venise.Paris, 1857, la. 8vo. Amplified edition of same, Paris, 1870, 8vo.
2.Histoire de la Chancellerie secrète(de Venise). Paris, 1870, 8vo.
Bassett, R.Editor ofEncyclopédie de l’Islam. See Houtsmaet al.
Bassianato, Francisco.Latin trans. of Paulo Giovio.
Beale, T.An Oriental Biographical Dictionary.New edition, revised and enlarged by H. Keene. London, 1894, la. 8vo.
Beaune.Ed., in collab. with d’Arbaumont, ofLes Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche.
Beckmann, G.Der Kampf Kaiser Sigmunds gegen die werdende Weltmacht der Osmanen, 1392-1437.Gotha, 1902, 8vo.
Bekker, Immanuel.Editor of Chalcocondylas and Pachymeres in Bonn edition.
Belfour, F. C.English trans. of Macarius.
Belgrano, L. T.Documenti riguardanti la colonia di Pera.pp. 97-336, 931-1004; appendix with engravings and map of Pera; in vol. xiii ofAtti della Società ligure di Storia patria. Genoa, 1877-84. 2 vols. la. 8vo.
Bellaguet.Editor ofChron. du Religieux de Saint-Denis.
Belli, Costi.Italian trans. of Ricaut.
Belon, Pierre.Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses ... en Grèce, Asie, ...etc., rédigées en 3 livres. Paris, 1553, sm. 4to.
In second part is: ‘Les mœurs et façons de vivre en Grèce et en Turquie.’
Bembo, CardinalPietro.Historiae Venetiae libri XII.Aldine ed., Venice, 1551, fol. Numerous other ed., also Italian trans.
Berchet, Guglielmo.La Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia.Extract fromBolletino consolare, vol. ii. Florence, 1865, 8vo. Also editor of Marino Sanuto the Younger’sDiarii.
Berger de Xivrey.‘La vie et les ouvrages de l’emp. ManuelPaléologue.’ InMém. de l’Acad. des Inscriptions, vol. xix, partie 2, pp. 1-301. Paris, 1853, 4to.
Based on Bibl. Nat., fonds grec, no. 3041.
Bergeron, Pierre, ed.Voyages faits principalement en Asie dans les XIIe, XIIIe, XIVeet XVesiècles.The Hague, 1735. 2 vols. 4to.
Benjamin de Tudelle, Jean de Plan-Carpin, Père Ascelin, Guillaume de Rubruquius, Marco Polo, Hayton, Jean de Mandeville, &c.
Bernino, Domenico.Memorie historiche de ciò che hanno operato li summi pontefici nelle guerre contro i Turchi fino all’ anno 1684.Rome, 1685, 8vo.
Starts with Urban V, 1362.
Bertellus, Petrus.Imperatorum Osmanidarum Historia.Vicenza, 1699.
‘Paulus Iovius ne comparandus quidem ad hunc.’ Boecler, p. 103.
Bertrandon de la Broquière.Le voyage d’outremer, 1422-33, éd. par C. Schéfer. Paris, 1892, la. 8vo.
Blau, O.Die orientalischen Münzen des Museums der k. hist.-arch. Gesellschaft zu Odessa.Odessa, 1876, 4to.
Blochet, E.Cat. des MSS. orientaux Schéfer.Paris, 1900.Cat. des MSS. orientaux Decourdemarche, Paris, 1909.
Boecler, Jo. Henry.Commentarius Historico-Politicus de Rebus Turcicis....Buda, 1717, 16mo.
In bibliography gives 317 titles of books on Turkey publ. up to 1704, but no oriental titles, and no MSS.
Boislisle, de.‘Projet de Croisade du premier duc de Bourbon.’ InBulletin de la Soc. d’hist. de Francefor 1872.
Bojničić, Ivan.German trans. of Klaić.
Bonaparte, PrinceRoland.Documents de l’époque mongole des 13eet 14esiècles.(Documents lithographed.) Paris, 1895, la. fol.
Boner, Jérôme.German trans. of Bonfinius.
Bonfinius, Antonius.Rerum Hungaricarum Decades Quatuor (373-1495).Basel, 1568, fol. Hanover, 1606, fol. German trans. by Jérôme Boner, Basel, 1545, fol.
Bongars, Jacques(editor).Gesta Dei per Francos, sive orientalium expeditionum historia 1095-1420.Hanover, 1611. 2 vols. fol.
Bonincontrius, Laurentius.Annales ab 1360 ad 1458.In Muratori, xxi. 1-162. Milan, 1732, fol.
Borchgrave, Émile de.‘L’emp. Étienne Douchan de Serbie et la péninsule balkanique auXIVesiècle.’ InBulletin de l’Acad. royale de Belgique, 8esérie, viii. 264-92, 416-45. Brussels, 1884, 8vo.
Bosio, Iacomo.Dell’ istoria della ... religione ... e militia di S. Giovanni Gierosolimitano.Rome, 1594-1602. 3 vols. fol. Other editions, Rome, 1621; Rome and Naples, 1629-34; of vol. iii, Rome, 1676, and Naples, 1695.
Vol. ii, from 1292 to 1522.
Bosquet, François.Pontificum Romanorum Avigniensium historia ab 1305 ad 1394.Paris, 1632, 8vo. (Documented.)
Bouché-Leclerq, A.French trans. of Curtius.
Boucicaut, Maréchal de.SeeAnon.,Livre des faicts.
Boué, Ami.1.Turquie d’Europe.Paris, 1840. 4 vols. 8vo.
2.Recueil d’itinéraires dans la Turquie d’Europe.Vienna, 1854. 2 vols. 8vo.
Bratutti, Vincente.Italian trans. of Seadeddin.
Brauner, Alois.Die Schlacht bei Nicopolis.Breslau, 1876, 8vo.
Bretschneider, E.1.Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West.Shanghai, 1875, 8vo.
2.Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, fragments towards the knowledge of the geography and history of central and western Asia from the 13th to the 17th cent. (In Trübner’s Oriental series.) London, 1888. 2 vols. 8vo.
Briot.French trans. of Ricaut.
Brom, Gisbert.Guide aux Archives du Vatican.2nd ed. Rome, 1911, la. 8vo.
Brown, Rawdon L.Calendar of State Papers ... in archives and collections of Venice, and in other libraries of northern Italy.London, 1864. Vols. i (1202-1509), xx, la. 8vo.
Browne, E. G.Cambridge Oriental MSS. Cat., Cambridge, 1900.Handlist of Gibb Col. of Turkish Books, ibid., 1906.
Bruns, R. J.Latin trans. of Abulfaradj in collab. with Kersch.
Bruun, Philipp.1.Constantinople, ses sanctuaires et ses reliques au comm. du XVesiècle.Extraits du voyage de Clavijo. Trans. from Spanish. Odessa, 1883, 8vo.
2. ‘Geogr. Bemerkungen zu Schiltbergers Reisen.’ InSitzungsberichte der k. Bayer. Akad. der Wiss., 1869, Munich, vol. ii.
These notes, translated into English and revised, are given in Telfer’s trans. of Schiltberger.
Buchon, J. A. C.Editor of Froissart; Ducange; and anon.,Livre des faicts de Bouciquaut. French trans. of Muntaner.
Bury, J. B.Editor of Gibbon.
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselen de.1.A. G. Busbequii omnia quae extant.Leyden, 1633, fol.
2.Epistolae Turcicae.Amsterdam, Elzevir, 1660, 12mo.
3.Life and Letters of, ed. by C. T. Forster and F. H. B. Danniell. London, 1881. 2 vols. 8vo.
4.De re militari adversus Turcas instituenda consilium.In Folieta, pp. 25-76.
Bustron, Floria.Cronica(1191-1489). Island of Cyprus. In Italian. Ed. by Comte de Mas Latrie, inMélanges historiques, v. 1-532. Paris, 1886, 8vo. Also in Sathas,Bibl. graeca medii aevi, vol. ii. Venice, 1873, la. 8vo.
Cabasilas, S.Editor of Martin Crusius.
Cahun, Léon.Introduction à l’histoire de l’Asie: Turcs et Mongols.Paris, 1896, 8vo.
Cambiano, Giuseppe.‘Historico discorso.’ InMon. Hist. Patria Scriptorum, i. 930-1421.
Excellent for relations of Piedmont with the Levant up to 1560.
Cambini, Andrea.Commentario della origine de’ Turchi et imperio della casa ottomanna.Florence, 1527, 12mo (2nd ed. s. l., 1537). Also published in Sansovino, pp. 141-81.
Camerarius, Joachimus.De rebus turcicis commentarii duo accuratissimi, a filiis ... collecti ac editi.Frankfort, 1598, fol.
Campana, Cesare.Compendio historico ... con un sommario dell’origine de’ Turchi, e vite di tutti i prencipi di casa ottomanna....Venice, 1597, 8vo.
Canale, Michel Giuseppe.Nuova istoria della repubblica di Genova.Florence, 1858-64. 4 vols. 16mo.
Cantacuzenos, John.See underByzantine Historians.
Cantemir, Demetrius.Istoria imperiului Ottomanu.Rumanian trans. from Latin, by Joseph Hodosiu. Bucharest, 1876. 2 vols. la. 8vo. Eng. trans. from orig. MS. by N. Tindal, London, 1734, 2 vols. 4to. French trans., Paris, 1734; German, Hamburg, 1735.
Caoursin, Guillaume.Historia ... von Rhodis....Strassburg, 1513, fol. Also found in hisOpera, Ulm, 1496, fol. Anon. English trans. under title:History of Turkish Wars with Rhodians, Venetians, &c.... written by Will Caoursin and Khodja Afendy, a Turk. London, 1683, 8vo.
Caresino, Raphael.Continued Dandolo’sCronicain Muratori, vol. xii.
Carli, Gio. Rinaldo.Italian trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s Chronological Tables.
Caroldo, Giovanni Giacomo.Chronique vénétienne.Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. anc. fonds, 9959-63. Extracts from years 1362-4 are printed inBibl. de l’École des Chartes(1873), xxxiv. 68-72.
Castellan, A. L.Mœurs, usages, costumes des Othomans et abrégé de leur histoire.Paris, 1812. 6 vols., 18mo.
Cecchetti, B.Collaborator with T. Toderini.
Cervarius, Ludovicus.De Turcarum Origine, Moribus et Rebus Gestis commentarii.Florence, 1590, 8vo.
Chalcocondylas, Laonicus.Λαονίκου Χαλκοκονδύλοὺ ’Αθηναίου ἀπόδειξις ἱστοριῶν δέκα Greek-Latin editions,seeByz. Hist, at end of bibliography. French trans. by Blaise de Vigénaire. Paris, 1662. 2 vols. fol. Latin trans. by C. Clauser and recension by I. Bekker (for Bonn edition).
I have found the Latin trans. very incorrect in many places: there are frequent glosses. (See Appendix A, first footnote.)
Champs, Eustache des.[Oe]uvres inédites de ..., ed. by Tarbé. Paris, 1849, 8vo (vol. i).
Chardin, Jean.Voyage en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient.Amsterdam, 1711. 10 vols. 12mo.
Charrière, Ernest.Négociations de la France dans le Levant, ouCorrespondances, mémoires et actes diplomatiques des ambass. de France à Constantinople, ... Venise, Raguse, &c. Paris, 1848-60. 4 vols. 4to.
Chauvin, Victor.French trans. of Dozy’s Essay on Islam.
Chavannes, Édouard.Documents sur les Tou-kioue occidentaux.With map showing disposition of Turkish tribes of Central Asia. Petrograd, 1903, 4to.
Chazaud, P. P.Editor ofChronique du duc Loys de Bourbon.
Chevalier, Ulysse.Répertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Age.(Nouvelle édition, augmentée.) Paris, 1905-7. 2 vols. la. 8vo.
Most complete reference work in existence for bibliography of 14th Century Popes.
Cholet, ComteArmand-Pierre.Voyage en Turquie d’Asie.With map. Paris, 1892, 8vo.
Chytraeus, David.1.Historia ecclesiarum in Graecia.Francfort, 1583, fol.
2.Narratio belli cyprii inter Venetos et Turcas.In Foglietta, pp. 96-111.
Cicogna, E. A.Storia dei Dogi di Venezia.3rd ed. Venice, 1867. 2 vols. fol.
Clauser, C.Latin trans. of Chalcocondylas.
Clavijo, Ruy Gonzáles de.1.Historia del gran Tamerlan, e itinerario y enarracion del Viage de la Embaxada que Gonzalez le hizó, por mandada del muy poderoso Señor Rey Don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla.Seville, 1582, fol. Madrid, 1782, 4to. English trans., by Clements R. Markham, in Hakluyt series, London, 1859, 4to. Russian trans., by L. Sreznavski, Petrograd, 1881, 8vo.
2. Extracts from above, describing Constantinople in 1403, translated into French with notes by Bruun, Philip, under whom it is listed.
Cognatus.SeeCousin.
Collas, Louis.Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman.Paris, 1862, 16mo. Republished 1880, 1898. Fourth edition, revised by E. Driault, Paris, 1913, 32mo.
Colotendi.French trans. of Texeira.
Corregiaio, Don Marco U.Della vera maniera del vincere il Turco.Padova, 1571, 12mo.
Cournand, Abbé. French trans. of Abbé Toderini.
Cousin, Gilbert.Gilberti Cognati Chronicon Sultanorum et principum Turciae serie continua usque ad Solymannum magnum.Frankfort, 1558, 8vo.