Chapter 13

{330}Opposite to this passage the author has written “d’Archiac, Forbes, Lyell.”{331}This passage, for which the author gives as authorities the names of Lyell, Forbes and Ehrenberg, corresponds in part to the discussion beginning on p. 313 ofOrigin, Ed. i., vi. p. 454.{332}The author gives Falconer as his authority: seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.{333}This corresponds approximately toOrigin, Ed. i. p. 317, vi. p. 458.{334}The case ofTrigonia, a great Secondary genus of shells surviving in a single species in the Australian seas, is given as an example in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 321, vi. p. 463.{335}This point, on which the author laid much stress, is discussed in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 319, vi. p. 461.{336}Origin, Ed. i. p. 72, vi. p. 89.{337}This case does not occur in theOrigin, Ed.{338}An almost identical sentence occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 320, vi. p. 462.{339}Origin, Ed. i. p. 316, vi. p. 457.{340}Chapters XI and XII in theOrigin, Ed. i., vi. chs. XII and XIII (“On geographical distribution”) show signs of having been originally one, in the fact that one summary serves for both. The geological element is not separately treated there, nor is there a separate section on “how far these laws accord with the theory, &c.”In theMS.the author has here written in the margin “If same species appear at two spot at once, fatal to my theory.” SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 499{341}This division of the land into regions does not occur in theOrigin, Ed. i.{342}Origin, Ed. i. p. 346, vi. p. 493.{343}Opposite this passage is written “not botanically,” in Sir J. D. Hooker’s hand. The wordpalmsis underlined three times and followed by three exclamation marks. An explanatory note is added in the margin “singular paucity of palms and epiphytes in Trop. Africa compared with Trop. America and Ind. Or.” «=East Indies».{344}This partly corresponds toOrigin, Ed. i. p. 337, vi. p. 483.{345}On the general importance of barriers, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 347, vi. p. 494.{346}Origin, Ed. i. p. 348, vi. p. 495.{347}«Note in original.» The same laws seem to govern distribution of species and genera, and individuals in time and space. «SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 350, vi. p. 497, also a passage in the last chapter, p.146.»{348}Origin, Ed. i. p. 404, vi. p. 559.{349}Origin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496.{350}The case of the ostrich (Rhea) occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496.{351}«Note in original.» There is a hare in S. America,—so bad example.{352}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 497.{353}For the general problem of Oceanic Islands, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 388, vi. p. 541.{354}This is an illustration of the general theory of barriers (Origin, Ed. i. p. 347, vi. p. 494). At i. p. 391, vi. p. 544 the question is discussed from the point of view of means of transport. Between the lines, above the words “with that land,” the author wrote “Cause, formerly joined, no one doubts after Lyell.”{355}Origin, Ed. i. p. 390, vi. p. 543.{356}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 397, vi. p. 552.{357}The Cape de Verde and Galapagos Archipelagoes are compared in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 398, vi. p. 553. See alsoJournal of Researches, 1860, p. 393.{358}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 390, a strong point is made of birds which immigrated “with facility and in a body” not having been modified. Thus the author accounts for the small percentage of peculiar “marine birds.”{359}“The affinities of the St Helena flora are strongly South African.” Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.{360}It is impossible to make out the precise form which the author intended to give to this sentence, but the meaning is clear.{361}This is no doubt true, the flora of the Sandwich group however has marked American affinities.{362}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 365, vi. p. 515. The present discussion was written before the publication of Forbes’ celebrated paper on the same subject; seeLife and Letters, vol.I.p. 88.{363}The apparent breakdown of the doctrine of barriers is slightly touched on in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 365, vi. p. 515.{364}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 375, vi. p. 526, the author points out that on the mountains at the Cape of Good Hope “some few representative European forms are found, which have not been discovered in the inter-tropical parts of Africa.”{365}See Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.{366}In the margin the author has written “(Forbes).” This may have been inserted at a date later than 1844, or it may refer to a work by Forbes earlier than his Alpine paper.{367}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 367, vi. p. 517.{368}«Note in original.» Perhaps vitality checked by cold and so prevented germinating. «On the carriage of seeds by icebergs, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 363, vi. p. 513.»{369}A note by the author gives “many authors” apparently as authority for this statement.{370}Opposite to this passage, in the margin, the author has written:—“too hypothetical.”{371}The Cordillera is described as supplying a great line of invasion in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 378.{372}This is an approximation to the author’s views on trans-tropical migration (Origin, Ed. i. pp. 376-8). See Thiselton-Dyer’s interesting discussion inDarwin and Modern Science, p. 304.{373}See Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.{374}«Note by the author.» Similarity of flora of coral islands easily explained.{375}On centres of creation seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 499.{376}In theJournal of Researches, Ed. 1860, p. 124, the distribution of the Bizcacha is described as limited by the river Uruguay. The case is not I think given in theOrigin.{377}In theOrigin, Ed. i. a special section (p. 356, vi. p. 504) is devoted toMeans of Dispersal. The much greater prominence given to this subject in theOriginis partly accounted for by the author’s experiments being of later date,i.e.1855 (Life and Letters, vol.II.p. 53). The carriage of fish by whirlwinds is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 384, vi. p. 536.{378}The case of islands serving as halting places is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 357, vi. p. 505. But here the evidence of this having occurred is supposed to be lost by the subsidence of the islands, not merely by the extinction of the species.{379}“We find no inexplicable cases of the same mammal inhabiting distant points of the world.”Origin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 500. See alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 547.{380}«Note by the author.» Many authors. «SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 547.»{381}Nutriais the Spanish for otter, and is now a synonym forLutra. The otter on the Atlantic coast is distinguished by minute differences from the Pacific species. Both forms are said to take to the sea. In fact the case presents no especial difficulties.{382}InOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 548, bats are mentioned as an explicable exception to this statement.{383}This reference is doubtless toMydaus, a badger-like animal from the mountains of Java and Sumatra (Wallace,Geographical Distribution, ii. p. 199). The instance does not occur in theOriginbut the author remarks (Origin, Ed. i. p. 376, vi. p. 527) that cases, strictly analogous to the distribution of plants, occur among terrestrial mammals.{384}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.{385}The comparison between New Zealand and the Cape is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 389, vi. p. 542.{386}In a corresponding discussion in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 546, stress is laid on the distribution of Batrachians not of reptiles.{387}The whole argument is given—more briefly than here—in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 547.{388}SeeOrigin, Ed i. p. 393, vi. p. 547. The discussion is much fuller in the present Essay.{389}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 339, vi. p. 485.{390}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 339, vi. p. 485, which corresponds to this part of the present Essay, the author does not make a separate section for such cases as the occurrence of fossil Marsupials in Europe (Origin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486) as he does in the present Essay; see the section onChanges in geographical distribution, p. 177.{391}“We can understand how it is that all the forms of life, ancient and recent, make together one grand system; for all are connected by generation.”Origin, Ed. i. p. 344, vi. p. 491.{392}The wordhyænais erased. There appear to be no fossil Hyænidæ in S. America.{393}Seenote 1, p. 175, alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486.{394}«Note by the author.» And see Eocene European mammals in N. America.{395}«Note by the author.» All this requires much verification.{396}This point seems to be less insisted on in theOrigin.{397}Origin, Ed. i. p. 356, vi. p. 504.{398}«Note by the author.» D'Orbigny shows that this is not so.{399}This instance occurs in the Essay of 1842, p.32, but not in theOrigin; though the importance of isolation is discussed (Origin, Ed. i. p. 104, vi. p. 127).{400}The meaning of the words within parenthesis is obscure.{401}It is unusual to find the author speaking of the selection ofsportsrather than small variations.{402}This brief discussion is represented in theOrigin, Ed. i. by a much fuller one (pp. 356, 383, vi. pp. 504, 535). See, however, the section in the present Essay, p. 168.[Link: Page 168]{403}On the formation of new stations, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 292, vi. p. 429.{404}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 390, 400, vi. pp. 543, 554.{405}In theMS.some of the species ... nourishing qualityis doubtfully erased. It seems clear that he doubted whether such a problematical supply of food would be likely to cause variation.{406}At this time the author clearly put more faith in the importance of sport-like variation than in later years.{407}Origin, Ed. i. p. 398, vi. p. 553.{408}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 403, vi. p. 558, where the author speaks of Alpine humming birds, rodents, plants, &c. in S. America, all of strictly American forms. In theMS.the author has added between the lines “As world has been getting hotter, there has been radiation from high-lands,—old view?—curious; I presume Diluvian in origin.”{409}See the comparison between the Malay Archipelago and the probable former state of Europe,Origin, Ed. i. p. 299, vi. p. 438, alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 292, vi. p. 429.{410}Origin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496. The arrangement of the argument in the present Essay leads to repetition of statements made in the earlier part of the book: in theOriginthis is avoided.{411}Origin, Ed. i. p. 389, vi. p. 542.{412}Origin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 547.{413}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 350, 404, vi. pp. 498, 559.{414}Origin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 500.{415}Origin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.{416}Origin, Ed. i. p. 341, vi. p. 487.{417}Origin, Ed. i. p. 396, vi. p. 549.{418}Origin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486.{419}Origin, Ed. i. p. 299, vi. p. 437.{420}“Nature may almost be said to have guarded against the frequent discovery of her transitional or linking forms,”Origin, Ed. i. p. 292. A similar but not identical passage occurs inOrigin, Ed. vi. p. 428.{421}Origin, Ed. i. p. 291, vi. p. 426.{422}Origin, Ed. i. p. 288, vi. p. 422.{423}Origin, Ed. i. p. 289, vi. p. 423.{424}Origin, Ed. i. p. 300, vi. p. 439.{425}Ch. XIII of theOrigin, Ed. i., Ch. XIV Ed. vi. begins with a similar statement. In the present Essay the author adds a note:—“The obviousness of the fact (i.e.the natural grouping of organisms) alone prevents it being remarkable. It is scarcely explicable by creationist: groups of aquatic, of vegetable feeders and carnivorous, &c., might resemble each other; but why as it is. So with plants,—analogical resemblance thus accounted for. Must not here enter into details.” This argument is incorporated with the text in theOrigin, Ed. i.{426}Origin, Ed. i. p. 411, vi. p. 566.{427}Origin, Ed. i. p. 316, vi. p. 457.{428}Origin, Ed. i. p. 321, vi. p. 463.{429}In theOrigin, Ed. i. this preliminary matter is replaced (pp. 411, 412, vi. pp. 566, 567) by a discussion in which extinction is also treated, but chiefly from the point of view of the theory of divergence.{430}Origin, Ed. i. p. 414, vi. p. 570.{431}Origin, Ed. i. p. 414, vi. p. 570.{432}These instances occur with others in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 416, vi. p. 572.{433}Origin, Ed. i. p. 418, vi. p. 574.{434}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 440, vi. pp. 575, 606.{435}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 418, 425, vi. pp. 574, 581.{436}Origin, Ed. i. p. 413, vi. p. 569.{437}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 427, vi. pp. 575, 582.{438}This is discussed from the point of view of divergence in theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 420, 421, vi. pp. 576, 577.{439}«Footnote by the author.» I discuss this because if Quinarism true, I false. «The Quinary System is set forth in W. S. Macleay’sHoræ Entomologicæ, 1821.»{440}In the corresponding passage in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591, the termgeneralis used in place ofgeneric, and seems a better expression. In the margin the author gives Waterhouse as his authority.{441}Origin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591.{442}In a corresponding passage in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579, the author makes use of his knowledge of pigeons. The pseudo-genera among dogs are discussed inVar. under Dom., Ed. ii. vol.I.p. 38.{443}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 427, vi. pp. 575, 582.{444}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 423, 427, vi. pp. 579, 583.{445}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579.{446}A general statement of the influence of conditions on variation occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 131-3, vi. pp. 164-5.{447}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579. In the margin Marshall is given as the authority.{448}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579.{449}The discussion here following corresponds more or less to theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 411, 412, vi. pp. 566, 567; although the doctrine of divergence is not mentioned in this Essay (as it is in theOrigin) yet the present section seems to me a distinct approximation to it.{450}The author probably intended to write “groups separated by chasms.”{451}A similar discussion occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 427, vi. p. 582.{452}Puffinuria berardi, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 184, vi. p. 221.{453}Origin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591.{454}Origin, Ed. i. p. 434, vi. p. 595. Ch. VIII corresponds to a section of Ch. XIII in theOrigin, Ed. i.{455}Origin, Ed. i. p. 434, vi. p. 596. In theOrigin, Ed. i. these examples occur under the headingMorphology; the author does not there draw much distinction between this heading and that ofUnity of Type.{456}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 436, vi. p. 599, where the parts of the flower, the jaws and palpi of Crustaceans and the vertebrate skull are given as examples.{457}The author here bringsUnity of TypeandMorphologytogether.{458}The solid-hoofed pigs mentioned inVar. under Dom., Ed. ii. vol.II.p. 424 are notLincolnshire pigs. For other cases see Bateson,Materials for the Study of Variation, 1894, pp. 387-90.{459}In the margin C. Bell is given as authority, apparently for the statement about Plesiosaurus. SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 436, vi. p. 598, where the author speaks of the “general pattern” being obscured in “extinct gigantic sea lizards.” In the same place the suctorial Entomostraca are added as examples of the difficulty of recognising the type.{460}Origin, Ed. i. p. 438, vi. p. 602.{461}Origin, Ed. i. p. 439, vi. p. 604.{462}The uselessness of the branchial arches in mammalia is insisted on in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 440, vi. p. 606. Also the uselessness of the spots on the young blackbird and the stripes of the lion-whelp, cases which do not occur in the present Essay.{463}In theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 442, 448, vi. pp. 608, 614 it is pointed out that in some cases the young form resembles the adult,e.g.in spiders; again, that in the Aphis there is no “worm-like stage” of development.{464}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 449, vi. p. 618, the author speaks doubtfully about the recapitulation theory.{465}This corresponds to theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 441, vi. p. 607, where, however, the example is taken from the Cirripedes.

{330}Opposite to this passage the author has written “d’Archiac, Forbes, Lyell.”

{331}This passage, for which the author gives as authorities the names of Lyell, Forbes and Ehrenberg, corresponds in part to the discussion beginning on p. 313 ofOrigin, Ed. i., vi. p. 454.

{332}The author gives Falconer as his authority: seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.

{333}This corresponds approximately toOrigin, Ed. i. p. 317, vi. p. 458.

{334}The case ofTrigonia, a great Secondary genus of shells surviving in a single species in the Australian seas, is given as an example in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 321, vi. p. 463.

{335}This point, on which the author laid much stress, is discussed in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 319, vi. p. 461.

{336}Origin, Ed. i. p. 72, vi. p. 89.

{337}This case does not occur in theOrigin, Ed.

{338}An almost identical sentence occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 320, vi. p. 462.

{339}Origin, Ed. i. p. 316, vi. p. 457.

{340}Chapters XI and XII in theOrigin, Ed. i., vi. chs. XII and XIII (“On geographical distribution”) show signs of having been originally one, in the fact that one summary serves for both. The geological element is not separately treated there, nor is there a separate section on “how far these laws accord with the theory, &c.”In theMS.the author has here written in the margin “If same species appear at two spot at once, fatal to my theory.” SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 499

In theMS.the author has here written in the margin “If same species appear at two spot at once, fatal to my theory.” SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 499

{341}This division of the land into regions does not occur in theOrigin, Ed. i.

{342}Origin, Ed. i. p. 346, vi. p. 493.

{343}Opposite this passage is written “not botanically,” in Sir J. D. Hooker’s hand. The wordpalmsis underlined three times and followed by three exclamation marks. An explanatory note is added in the margin “singular paucity of palms and epiphytes in Trop. Africa compared with Trop. America and Ind. Or.” «=East Indies».

{344}This partly corresponds toOrigin, Ed. i. p. 337, vi. p. 483.

{345}On the general importance of barriers, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 347, vi. p. 494.

{346}Origin, Ed. i. p. 348, vi. p. 495.

{347}«Note in original.» The same laws seem to govern distribution of species and genera, and individuals in time and space. «SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 350, vi. p. 497, also a passage in the last chapter, p.146.»

{348}Origin, Ed. i. p. 404, vi. p. 559.

{349}Origin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496.

{350}The case of the ostrich (Rhea) occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496.

{351}«Note in original.» There is a hare in S. America,—so bad example.

{352}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 497.

{353}For the general problem of Oceanic Islands, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 388, vi. p. 541.

{354}This is an illustration of the general theory of barriers (Origin, Ed. i. p. 347, vi. p. 494). At i. p. 391, vi. p. 544 the question is discussed from the point of view of means of transport. Between the lines, above the words “with that land,” the author wrote “Cause, formerly joined, no one doubts after Lyell.”

{355}Origin, Ed. i. p. 390, vi. p. 543.

{356}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 397, vi. p. 552.

{357}The Cape de Verde and Galapagos Archipelagoes are compared in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 398, vi. p. 553. See alsoJournal of Researches, 1860, p. 393.

{358}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 390, a strong point is made of birds which immigrated “with facility and in a body” not having been modified. Thus the author accounts for the small percentage of peculiar “marine birds.”

{359}“The affinities of the St Helena flora are strongly South African.” Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.

{360}It is impossible to make out the precise form which the author intended to give to this sentence, but the meaning is clear.

{361}This is no doubt true, the flora of the Sandwich group however has marked American affinities.

{362}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 365, vi. p. 515. The present discussion was written before the publication of Forbes’ celebrated paper on the same subject; seeLife and Letters, vol.I.p. 88.

{363}The apparent breakdown of the doctrine of barriers is slightly touched on in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 365, vi. p. 515.

{364}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 375, vi. p. 526, the author points out that on the mountains at the Cape of Good Hope “some few representative European forms are found, which have not been discovered in the inter-tropical parts of Africa.”

{365}See Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.

{366}In the margin the author has written “(Forbes).” This may have been inserted at a date later than 1844, or it may refer to a work by Forbes earlier than his Alpine paper.

{367}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 367, vi. p. 517.

{368}«Note in original.» Perhaps vitality checked by cold and so prevented germinating. «On the carriage of seeds by icebergs, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 363, vi. p. 513.»

{369}A note by the author gives “many authors” apparently as authority for this statement.

{370}Opposite to this passage, in the margin, the author has written:—“too hypothetical.”

{371}The Cordillera is described as supplying a great line of invasion in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 378.

{372}This is an approximation to the author’s views on trans-tropical migration (Origin, Ed. i. pp. 376-8). See Thiselton-Dyer’s interesting discussion inDarwin and Modern Science, p. 304.

{373}See Hooker’sLecture on Insular Florasin theGardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 1867.

{374}«Note by the author.» Similarity of flora of coral islands easily explained.

{375}On centres of creation seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 499.

{376}In theJournal of Researches, Ed. 1860, p. 124, the distribution of the Bizcacha is described as limited by the river Uruguay. The case is not I think given in theOrigin.

{377}In theOrigin, Ed. i. a special section (p. 356, vi. p. 504) is devoted toMeans of Dispersal. The much greater prominence given to this subject in theOriginis partly accounted for by the author’s experiments being of later date,i.e.1855 (Life and Letters, vol.II.p. 53). The carriage of fish by whirlwinds is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 384, vi. p. 536.

{378}The case of islands serving as halting places is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 357, vi. p. 505. But here the evidence of this having occurred is supposed to be lost by the subsidence of the islands, not merely by the extinction of the species.

{379}“We find no inexplicable cases of the same mammal inhabiting distant points of the world.”Origin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 500. See alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 547.

{380}«Note by the author.» Many authors. «SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 547.»

{381}Nutriais the Spanish for otter, and is now a synonym forLutra. The otter on the Atlantic coast is distinguished by minute differences from the Pacific species. Both forms are said to take to the sea. In fact the case presents no especial difficulties.

{382}InOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 548, bats are mentioned as an explicable exception to this statement.

{383}This reference is doubtless toMydaus, a badger-like animal from the mountains of Java and Sumatra (Wallace,Geographical Distribution, ii. p. 199). The instance does not occur in theOriginbut the author remarks (Origin, Ed. i. p. 376, vi. p. 527) that cases, strictly analogous to the distribution of plants, occur among terrestrial mammals.

{384}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.

{385}The comparison between New Zealand and the Cape is given in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 389, vi. p. 542.

{386}In a corresponding discussion in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 546, stress is laid on the distribution of Batrachians not of reptiles.

{387}The whole argument is given—more briefly than here—in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 394, vi. p. 547.

{388}SeeOrigin, Ed i. p. 393, vi. p. 547. The discussion is much fuller in the present Essay.

{389}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 339, vi. p. 485.

{390}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 339, vi. p. 485, which corresponds to this part of the present Essay, the author does not make a separate section for such cases as the occurrence of fossil Marsupials in Europe (Origin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486) as he does in the present Essay; see the section onChanges in geographical distribution, p. 177.

{391}“We can understand how it is that all the forms of life, ancient and recent, make together one grand system; for all are connected by generation.”Origin, Ed. i. p. 344, vi. p. 491.

{392}The wordhyænais erased. There appear to be no fossil Hyænidæ in S. America.

{393}Seenote 1, p. 175, alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486.

{394}«Note by the author.» And see Eocene European mammals in N. America.

{395}«Note by the author.» All this requires much verification.

{396}This point seems to be less insisted on in theOrigin.

{397}Origin, Ed. i. p. 356, vi. p. 504.

{398}«Note by the author.» D'Orbigny shows that this is not so.

{399}This instance occurs in the Essay of 1842, p.32, but not in theOrigin; though the importance of isolation is discussed (Origin, Ed. i. p. 104, vi. p. 127).

{400}The meaning of the words within parenthesis is obscure.

{401}It is unusual to find the author speaking of the selection ofsportsrather than small variations.

{402}This brief discussion is represented in theOrigin, Ed. i. by a much fuller one (pp. 356, 383, vi. pp. 504, 535). See, however, the section in the present Essay, p. 168.[Link: Page 168]

{403}On the formation of new stations, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 292, vi. p. 429.

{404}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 390, 400, vi. pp. 543, 554.

{405}In theMS.some of the species ... nourishing qualityis doubtfully erased. It seems clear that he doubted whether such a problematical supply of food would be likely to cause variation.

{406}At this time the author clearly put more faith in the importance of sport-like variation than in later years.

{407}Origin, Ed. i. p. 398, vi. p. 553.

{408}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 403, vi. p. 558, where the author speaks of Alpine humming birds, rodents, plants, &c. in S. America, all of strictly American forms. In theMS.the author has added between the lines “As world has been getting hotter, there has been radiation from high-lands,—old view?—curious; I presume Diluvian in origin.”

{409}See the comparison between the Malay Archipelago and the probable former state of Europe,Origin, Ed. i. p. 299, vi. p. 438, alsoOrigin, Ed. i. p. 292, vi. p. 429.

{410}Origin, Ed. i. p. 349, vi. p. 496. The arrangement of the argument in the present Essay leads to repetition of statements made in the earlier part of the book: in theOriginthis is avoided.

{411}Origin, Ed. i. p. 389, vi. p. 542.

{412}Origin, Ed. i. p. 393, vi. p. 547.

{413}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 350, 404, vi. pp. 498, 559.

{414}Origin, Ed. i. p. 352, vi. p. 500.

{415}Origin, Ed. i. p. 313, vi. p. 454.

{416}Origin, Ed. i. p. 341, vi. p. 487.

{417}Origin, Ed. i. p. 396, vi. p. 549.

{418}Origin, Ed. i. p. 340, vi. p. 486.

{419}Origin, Ed. i. p. 299, vi. p. 437.

{420}“Nature may almost be said to have guarded against the frequent discovery of her transitional or linking forms,”Origin, Ed. i. p. 292. A similar but not identical passage occurs inOrigin, Ed. vi. p. 428.

{421}Origin, Ed. i. p. 291, vi. p. 426.

{422}Origin, Ed. i. p. 288, vi. p. 422.

{423}Origin, Ed. i. p. 289, vi. p. 423.

{424}Origin, Ed. i. p. 300, vi. p. 439.

{425}Ch. XIII of theOrigin, Ed. i., Ch. XIV Ed. vi. begins with a similar statement. In the present Essay the author adds a note:—“The obviousness of the fact (i.e.the natural grouping of organisms) alone prevents it being remarkable. It is scarcely explicable by creationist: groups of aquatic, of vegetable feeders and carnivorous, &c., might resemble each other; but why as it is. So with plants,—analogical resemblance thus accounted for. Must not here enter into details.” This argument is incorporated with the text in theOrigin, Ed. i.

{426}Origin, Ed. i. p. 411, vi. p. 566.

{427}Origin, Ed. i. p. 316, vi. p. 457.

{428}Origin, Ed. i. p. 321, vi. p. 463.

{429}In theOrigin, Ed. i. this preliminary matter is replaced (pp. 411, 412, vi. pp. 566, 567) by a discussion in which extinction is also treated, but chiefly from the point of view of the theory of divergence.

{430}Origin, Ed. i. p. 414, vi. p. 570.

{431}Origin, Ed. i. p. 414, vi. p. 570.

{432}These instances occur with others in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 416, vi. p. 572.

{433}Origin, Ed. i. p. 418, vi. p. 574.

{434}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 440, vi. pp. 575, 606.

{435}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 418, 425, vi. pp. 574, 581.

{436}Origin, Ed. i. p. 413, vi. p. 569.

{437}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 427, vi. pp. 575, 582.

{438}This is discussed from the point of view of divergence in theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 420, 421, vi. pp. 576, 577.

{439}«Footnote by the author.» I discuss this because if Quinarism true, I false. «The Quinary System is set forth in W. S. Macleay’sHoræ Entomologicæ, 1821.»

{440}In the corresponding passage in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591, the termgeneralis used in place ofgeneric, and seems a better expression. In the margin the author gives Waterhouse as his authority.

{441}Origin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591.

{442}In a corresponding passage in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579, the author makes use of his knowledge of pigeons. The pseudo-genera among dogs are discussed inVar. under Dom., Ed. ii. vol.I.p. 38.

{443}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 419, 427, vi. pp. 575, 582.

{444}Origin, Ed. i. pp. 423, 427, vi. pp. 579, 583.

{445}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579.

{446}A general statement of the influence of conditions on variation occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 131-3, vi. pp. 164-5.

{447}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579. In the margin Marshall is given as the authority.

{448}Origin, Ed. i. p. 423, vi. p. 579.

{449}The discussion here following corresponds more or less to theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 411, 412, vi. pp. 566, 567; although the doctrine of divergence is not mentioned in this Essay (as it is in theOrigin) yet the present section seems to me a distinct approximation to it.

{450}The author probably intended to write “groups separated by chasms.”

{451}A similar discussion occurs in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 427, vi. p. 582.

{452}Puffinuria berardi, seeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 184, vi. p. 221.

{453}Origin, Ed. i. p. 430, vi. p. 591.

{454}Origin, Ed. i. p. 434, vi. p. 595. Ch. VIII corresponds to a section of Ch. XIII in theOrigin, Ed. i.

{455}Origin, Ed. i. p. 434, vi. p. 596. In theOrigin, Ed. i. these examples occur under the headingMorphology; the author does not there draw much distinction between this heading and that ofUnity of Type.

{456}SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 436, vi. p. 599, where the parts of the flower, the jaws and palpi of Crustaceans and the vertebrate skull are given as examples.

{457}The author here bringsUnity of TypeandMorphologytogether.

{458}The solid-hoofed pigs mentioned inVar. under Dom., Ed. ii. vol.II.p. 424 are notLincolnshire pigs. For other cases see Bateson,Materials for the Study of Variation, 1894, pp. 387-90.

{459}In the margin C. Bell is given as authority, apparently for the statement about Plesiosaurus. SeeOrigin, Ed. i. p. 436, vi. p. 598, where the author speaks of the “general pattern” being obscured in “extinct gigantic sea lizards.” In the same place the suctorial Entomostraca are added as examples of the difficulty of recognising the type.

{460}Origin, Ed. i. p. 438, vi. p. 602.

{461}Origin, Ed. i. p. 439, vi. p. 604.

{462}The uselessness of the branchial arches in mammalia is insisted on in theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 440, vi. p. 606. Also the uselessness of the spots on the young blackbird and the stripes of the lion-whelp, cases which do not occur in the present Essay.

{463}In theOrigin, Ed. i. pp. 442, 448, vi. pp. 608, 614 it is pointed out that in some cases the young form resembles the adult,e.g.in spiders; again, that in the Aphis there is no “worm-like stage” of development.

{464}In theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 449, vi. p. 618, the author speaks doubtfully about the recapitulation theory.

{465}This corresponds to theOrigin, Ed. i. p. 441, vi. p. 607, where, however, the example is taken from the Cirripedes.

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