A.Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261Accipitres, European Eocene, 163Accipitres, classification of, 97range of Palæarctic genera of, 248range of Ethiopian genera of, 312range of Oriental genera of, 385range of Australian genera of, 484Acerotherium, European Miocene, 119N. American Tertiary, 136Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, 138Acotherium, European Eocene, 126Adapis, European Eocene, 125Ælurogale, European Eocene, 125Æpyornis, of Madagascar, 164Æshna, from the Lias, 167Agnopterus, European Eocene, 163Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138Agrion, from the Lias, 167Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, 122Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289Aletornis, N. American Eocene, 163Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, 148America, recent separation of North and South, 40extinct mammalia of, 129North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129Amomys, N. American Tertiary, 134Amphechinus, European Miocene, 117Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28classification of, 100peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186of Central Europe, 196of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205of Siberian sub-region, 220Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226table of Palæarctic families of, 237of the Ethiopian region, 255of West Africa, 264South African, 268of Madagascar, 280table of Ethiopian families of, 298of the Oriental region, 317of the Indian sub-region, 326of Ceylon, 327of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340table of Oriental families of, 369of the Australian region, 397resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400of New Guinea, 416of New Zealand, 457Amphibos, Indian Miocene, 122Amphicyon, European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121N. American Tertiary, 134Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, 119Amphimoschus, European Miocene, 120Amphisorex, European Miocene, 118Amphitragulus, European Miocene, 120Anastoma, European Tertiary, 169Anchilophus, European Eocene, 125Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, 139Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 135Anchitherium, European Miocene, 119European Eocene, 125N. American Tertiary, 135Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 121Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333probable past history of, 334Andreas, European Miocene, 165Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7dispersal and migration of, 10rapid multiplication of, 10Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, 137Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, 119Anoplotherium, European Miocene, 119European Eocene, 126S. American Eocene, 148Anseres, arrangement of, 98peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313peculiar Australian genera of, 485Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122birthplace and migrations of, 155Palæarctic, 182Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, 122Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137Anthracotherium, European Miocene, 110Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148Antilope, Post-Pliocene, 112in Brazilian caves, 144Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168Aphanapteryxof Mauritius, 164Aphelotherium, European Eocene, 125Aquila, European Miocene, 161Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, 163Arctic zone not a separate region, 68Arctocyon, European Eocene, 125Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Arctomys, European Pliocene, 113Arctotheriumin Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Argus pheasant, figure of, 339peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, 340Artiodactyla, European Eocene, 126N. American Tertiary, 137S. American Pliocene, 146Arvicola, European Pliocene, 113in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147S. American Eocene, 148Auchena, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Auckland Islands, birds of, 455Australia, physical features of, 387Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398Australian region, description of, 387zoological characteristics of, 390mammalia of, 390birds of, 391reptiles of, 396amphibia of, 397fresh-water fish of, 397summary of vertebrata of, 397supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398insects of, 403lepidoptera of, 404coleoptera of, 405land shells of, 407sub-regions of, 408early history of, 465Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438illustration of mammalia of, 439birds of, 440illustration of fauna of, 441Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388zoology of, 409Aye-aye, figure of, 278Azores, visited by European birds, 17birds of, 207butterflies of, 207beetles of, 207, 209peculiarly modified birds of, 207stragglers to, 208how stocked with animal life, 208B.Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428Badger, figure of, 195Balæna, European Pliocene, 112Balænodon, European Pliocene, 112Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, 356Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7to the dispersal of birds, 17Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228on Longicorns of Japan, 230Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, 136Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, 133Batrachia, Tertiary, 165Bats, powers of flight of, 15classification of, 87of New Zealand, 450Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140Beetles, families selected for study, 103from the Lias, 167of Azores, 207of Japan, 228Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, 112Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, 218on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466Birds, means of dispersal of, 15dispersal of by winds, 16American, found in Europe, 16reaching the Azores, 17barriers to dispersal of, 17limited by forests, 17classification of, 93Miocene of Greece, 116extinct, 160fossil of Palæarctic region, 161European of Miocene period, 161Eocene of Europe, 162relations of, 162extinct of North America, 163recently extinct in New Zealand, 164Cretaceous of N. America, 164remains of in Brazilian caves, 164recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164cosmopolitan groups of, 176numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183of the European sub-region, 193northern range of in Europe, 193of the zone of pine forests, 194of Iceland, 198of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203of Malta, 206 (note)of Azores, 207of the Cape Verd Islands, 215of Siberian sub-region, 219Oriental found in Siberia, 219extreme northern Asiatic, 219of northern Asiatic forests, 220of the Manchurian sub-region, 223Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226table of Palæarctic families of, 235of West Africa, 243list of Palæarctic genera of, 243of the Ethiopian region, 253of the East African sub-region, 260S. African, 267genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277table of Ethiopian families of, 295table of Ethiopian genera of, 306of the Oriental region, 316of the Indian sub-region, 323Oriental genera of in Central India, 324Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325of Ceylon, 327of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339of the Philippine Islands, 346table of Oriental families of, 366table of Oriental genera of, 375of Australian region, 391specially organized Australian families of, 392of the Papuan Islands, 410peculiarities of, 413brilliant colours of, 413remarkable forms of, 414of the Moluccas, 418peculiarities of, 421of Timor group, 423of Celebes, 428of Australia, 440of New Zealand, 451peculiar to New Zealand, 452of Norfolk Island, 453of Lord Howe's Island, 453of the Chatham Islands, 454of the Auckland Islands, 455table of families of Australian, 471table of genera of Australian, 478Black ape of Celebes, 427Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, 167Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357Bos, Post-Pliocene, 112Indian Miocene, 122Bourbon, zoology of, 280reptiles of, 281Bovidæ, European Miocene, 120Brachymys, European Miocene, 120Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, 122Brazilian cave-fauna, 143remarks on, 145Breyeria borinensis, carboniferous insect, 168Britain, peculiar species in, 197British Isles, zoology of, 197Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137Bubo, European Miocene, 162Bulimus, Eocene, 169Bunælurus, N. American Tertiary, 134Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, 167Butterflies, arrangement of, 103Palæarctic, 187of Central Europe, 196of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205of Azores, 207peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220of Japan and North China, 227of the Ethiopian region, 255number of Ethiopian species, 256of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342of the Australian region, 404of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404of the Moluccas, 419of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434of New Zealand, 457C.Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, 125Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, 145Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, 144Cænopithecus, European Eocene, 124Cainotherium, European Miocene, 120European Eocene, 126Calamodon, N. American Eocene, 139Callithrixin Brazilian caves, 184Canaries, birds of, 208beetles of, 209Canidæ, European Miocene, 118European Eocene, 125N. American Tertiary, 134remarkable S. African, 267Canis, European Pliocene, 112Post-Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121European Eocene, 125N. American Post-Pliocene, 129N. American Tertiary, 134, 135in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122birth-place and migrations of, 155Palæarctic, 182Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, 112N. American Tertiary, 138Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, 116Indian Miocene, 122Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214Cape-hare, S. African, 267Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, 147Cariama, Brazilian caves, 164Carnivoraof European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121European Eocene, 125N. American Post-Pliocene, 129N. American Tertiary, 134of Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Carnivora, classification of, 88antiquity of, 153of the Palæarctic region, 182list of Palæarctic genera of, 240list of Ethiopian genera of, 302range of Oriental genera of, 373list of Australian genera of, 476Caroline Islands, birds of, 444Carterodonin Brazilian caves, 145Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88Castor, European Pliocene, 113European Miocene, 120Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143Cavia, European Miocene, 121in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147Cebochœrus, European Eocene, 126Cebusin Brazilian caves, 144Celebes, physical features of, 389mammalia of, 426birds of, 428insects of, 434origin of fauna of, 436Centetidæ, European Miocene, 118Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397Cercolabesin Brazilian caves, 145Cercopithecusin European Pliocene, 112Cervidæ, European Miocene, 120birth-place and migrations of, 155Cervus, European Pliocene, 113Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 138in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 119N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 140Cetacea, classification of, 89range of Oriental genus, 374Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327Ceylonese sub-region, 326mammalia of, 327birds of, 327reptiles of, 327amphibia of, 327insects of, 327past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328Chalicomys, European Pliocene, 113Chalicotherium, European Miocene, 119Indian Miocene, 122fossil in N. China, 123Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, 165Chamois, figure of, 195Chatham Islands, birds of, 454Chelonia, classification of, 100Chelydra, European Pliocene, 165Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, 362North, mammalia of, 222Chinchillidæin Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Pliocene of Antilles, 148Chiroptera, classification of, 87list of Palæarctic genera of, 239list of Ethiopian genera of, 300range of Oriental genera of, 371list of Australian genera of, 475Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125in Brazilian caves, 144Chlamydotheriumin Brazilian caves, 145Chœromorus, European Miocene, 119Chœropotamus, European Eocene, 126Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, 122Choneziphius, European Pliocene, 112Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83Clausilia, Eocene, 169Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103Palæarctic, 188number of Palæarctic species, 189of Central Europe, 196of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205of the Cape Verd Islands, 215of the Ethiopian region, 256S. African, 268of Madagascar, 282, 283of the Oriental region, 319of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342of the Australian region, 405affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407of Celebes, 435of New Zealand, 457Collocalia, European Miocene, 161Colobus, European Miocene, 117Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, 136Colossochelysof Indian Miocene, 123, 165Columbæ, classification of, 96range of Palæarctic genera of, 248range of Ethiopian genera of, 311range of Oriental genera of, 384range of Australian genera of, 485Comoro islands, zoology of, 281Continents, distribution of, 37recent changes of, 38Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156Corvus, European Miocene, 161Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113Crocodiles, Eocene, 165Crocodilia, classification of, 100Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125D.Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, 134Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, 211on the relation of flowers and insects, 463Dasyprocta, European Miocene, 121in Brazilian caves, 144Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222on birds of N. China, 226Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138Palæarctic, 182probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137Dichobune, European Eocene, 126Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 137in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146birthplace and migrations of, 155Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120Didelphys, European Eocene, 126N. American Post-Pliocene, 130in Brazilian caves, 145Dididæ, 164Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163of New Zealand and Australia, 164Dinornithidæof New Zealand, 164Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120Miocene of Perim Island, 123Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134Dinylus, European Miocene, 117Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Dispersal of animals, 10of mammalia, 10of reptiles and amphibia, 28Distribution, affected by climate, 5affected by physical features, 5contrasts of, in similar climates, 5similarities of, in diverse climates, 6barriers as affecting, 6study of, dependent on a good classification, 83of animals an adjunct to geology, 8of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8of animals dependent on physical geography, 35of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49of animals, problems in, 51of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42Dodo of Mauritius, 282Dolichopterus, European Miocene, 162Dommina, N. American Tertiary, 134Dorcatherium, European Miocene, 120Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, 134oldest American mammal, 160Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340opithecus, European Miocene, 117E.East Africa, geographical features of, 258wide range of genera and species over, 259few special types in, 260East African sub-region, description of, 258genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259mammalia of, 260birds of, 260reptiles of, 260amphibia and fishes of, 260insects of, 260few peculiar types in, 260illustration of zoology of, 261East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440East Thibet, mammalia of, 222Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, 145Echinogale, European Miocene, 118Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 121N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Pliocene, 140of Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Edentata, classification of, 90probable birthplace of, 155range of Ethiopian genera of, 305range of Oriental genus of, 375Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130birthplace and migrations of, 155Elephant shrews, S. African, 267Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112fossil in N. China, 123N. American Tertiary, 138Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415Elornis, European Miocene, 162Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134Emu, figure of, 441Emys, Indian Miocene, 123Miocene and Eocene, 165Emydida, Indian Miocene, 123Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139Eocene period, 124fauna of S. America, 148Ephemera, from the Lias, 167Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138Equidæ, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Eocene, 125Equus, European Pliocene, 112Post-Pliocene, 112Indian Miocene, 121N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 135Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117Erythromachusof Rodriguez, 164Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63defined, 73subdivisions of, 73general features of, 251zoological characteristics of, 252mammalia of, 253great speciality of, 253birds of, 253reptiles of, 254amphibia of, 255fresh-water fish of, 255summary of vertebrates of, 255insects of, 255coleoptera of, 256terrestrial mollusca of, 257sub-regions of, 258Atlantic islands of, 269the probable past history of, 285tables of distribution of animals of, 293Eumys, N. American Tertiary, 140Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, 147Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39Miocene fauna of Central, 117Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, 124European sub-region, description of, 191forests of, 192mammalia of, 192birds of, 193reptiles and amphibia of, 195fresh-water fish of, 196insects of, 196islands of, 197Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278Eurydon, in Brazilian caves, 145Eurytherium, European Eocene, 126Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, 147Eutelodon, European Eocene, 126Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, 148Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140mammalia of the Antilles, 148mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148fauna of New Zealand, 459Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158F.Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282Malayan, probable origin of, 359Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419Timorese, origin of, 422of Celebes, origin of, 436of New Zealand, origin of, 460Felis spelæa, 110Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121N. American Post-Pliocene, 129in Brazilian caves, 144Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29classification of, 101cosmopolitan groups of, 176of the Palæarctic region, 186of the European sub-region, 196of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205of the Manchurian sub-region, 227fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227of the Ethiopian region, 255of South Africa, 268fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400how the transmission may have taken place, 401fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462fossil, of Australia, 467Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85classification of carnivora, 87Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337Flying Opossum, figure of, 442Formosa, zoology of, 332Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192Siberian, greatest extent of, 216G.Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111Galethylax, European Eocene, 125Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144Gallinæ, classification of, 96range of Palæarctic genera of, 248range of Ethiopian genera of, 311range of Oriental genera of, 384range of Australian genera of, 485Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161Gastornis, European Eocene, 163Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132Geological history of Oriental region, 362Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, 151probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152Glandina, Eocene, 169Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147Goats, Palæarctic, 182Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207Golden Moles, S. African, 267Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, 164Grallæ, arrangement of, 97peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313peculiar Oriental genera of, 386peculiar Australian genera of, 484Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115summary of Miocene fauna of, 116Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98his classification of fishes, 101on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329H.Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460Habitat, definition of, 4Hainan, zoology of, 334Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 119Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120Hatteria of New Zealand, 456Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331Helix, Eocene, 169Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 119N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 135Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112Europe in Pliocene, 113Indian Pliocene, 122Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119Indian Miocene, 122Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, 146Homalophus, European Miocene, 161Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136probable birthplace of, 154Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59division of animal kingdom by, 85Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121fossil in N. China, 123Hyænarctosin European Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121S. American Pliocene, 146Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Hyænidæ, European Miocene, 118Hyænodon, European Miocene, 118
A.
Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261
Accipitres, European Eocene, 163
Accipitres, classification of, 97
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 312
range of Oriental genera of, 385
range of Australian genera of, 484
Acerotherium, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 136
Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Acotherium, European Eocene, 126
Adapis, European Eocene, 125
Ælurogale, European Eocene, 125
Æpyornis, of Madagascar, 164
Æshna, from the Lias, 167
Agnopterus, European Eocene, 163
Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Agrion, from the Lias, 167
Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, 122
Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289
Aletornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111
Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61
objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67
objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68
Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111
Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
America, recent separation of North and South, 40
extinct mammalia of, 129
North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129
Amomys, N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphechinus, European Miocene, 117
Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 100
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Siberian sub-region, 220
Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 237
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of West Africa, 264
South African, 268
of Madagascar, 280
table of Ethiopian families of, 298
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 397
resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400
of New Guinea, 416
of New Zealand, 457
Amphibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Amphicyon, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, 119
Amphimoschus, European Miocene, 120
Amphisorex, European Miocene, 118
Amphitragulus, European Miocene, 120
Anastoma, European Tertiary, 169
Anchilophus, European Eocene, 125
Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, 139
Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 135
Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459
Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333
probable past history of, 334
Andreas, European Miocene, 165
Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85
Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7
dispersal and migration of, 10
rapid multiplication of, 10
Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, 119
Anoplotherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148
Anseres, arrangement of, 98
peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Australian genera of, 485
Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anthracotherium, European Miocene, 110
Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148
Antilope, Post-Pliocene, 112
in Brazilian caves, 144
Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166
of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168
Aphanapteryxof Mauritius, 164
Aphelotherium, European Eocene, 125
Aquila, European Miocene, 161
Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, 163
Arctic zone not a separate region, 68
Arctocyon, European Eocene, 125
Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Arctomys, European Pliocene, 113
Arctotheriumin Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Argus pheasant, figure of, 339
peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, 340
Artiodactyla, European Eocene, 126
N. American Tertiary, 137
S. American Pliocene, 146
Arvicola, European Pliocene, 113
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
S. American Eocene, 148
Auchena, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Auckland Islands, birds of, 455
Australia, physical features of, 387
Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398
Australian region, description of, 387
zoological characteristics of, 390
mammalia of, 390
birds of, 391
reptiles of, 396
amphibia of, 397
fresh-water fish of, 397
summary of vertebrata of, 397
supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398
insects of, 403
lepidoptera of, 404
coleoptera of, 405
land shells of, 407
sub-regions of, 408
early history of, 465
Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438
illustration of mammalia of, 439
birds of, 440
illustration of fauna of, 441
Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388
zoology of, 409
Aye-aye, figure of, 278
Azores, visited by European birds, 17
birds of, 207
butterflies of, 207
beetles of, 207, 209
peculiarly modified birds of, 207
stragglers to, 208
how stocked with animal life, 208
B.
Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Badger, figure of, 195
Balæna, European Pliocene, 112
Balænodon, European Pliocene, 112
Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230
Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, 356
Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6
permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7
to the dispersal of birds, 17
Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228
on Longicorns of Japan, 230
Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Batrachia, Tertiary, 165
Bats, powers of flight of, 15
classification of, 87
of New Zealand, 450
Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291
Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140
Beetles, families selected for study, 103
from the Lias, 167
of Azores, 207
of Japan, 228
Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, 218
on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466
Birds, means of dispersal of, 15
dispersal of by winds, 16
American, found in Europe, 16
reaching the Azores, 17
barriers to dispersal of, 17
limited by forests, 17
classification of, 93
Miocene of Greece, 116
extinct, 160
fossil of Palæarctic region, 161
European of Miocene period, 161
Eocene of Europe, 162
relations of, 162
extinct of North America, 163
recently extinct in New Zealand, 164
Cretaceous of N. America, 164
remains of in Brazilian caves, 164
recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183
of the European sub-region, 193
northern range of in Europe, 193
of the zone of pine forests, 194
of Iceland, 198
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203
of Malta, 206 (note)
of Azores, 207
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of Siberian sub-region, 219
Oriental found in Siberia, 219
extreme northern Asiatic, 219
of northern Asiatic forests, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 223
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224
Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 235
of West Africa, 243
list of Palæarctic genera of, 243
of the Ethiopian region, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
S. African, 267
genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275
common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276
species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277
table of Ethiopian families of, 295
table of Ethiopian genera of, 306
of the Oriental region, 316
of the Indian sub-region, 323
Oriental genera of in Central India, 324
Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337
illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339
of the Philippine Islands, 346
table of Oriental families of, 366
table of Oriental genera of, 375
of Australian region, 391
specially organized Australian families of, 392
of the Papuan Islands, 410
peculiarities of, 413
brilliant colours of, 413
remarkable forms of, 414
of the Moluccas, 418
peculiarities of, 421
of Timor group, 423
of Celebes, 428
of Australia, 440
of New Zealand, 451
peculiar to New Zealand, 452
of Norfolk Island, 453
of Lord Howe's Island, 453
of the Chatham Islands, 454
of the Auckland Islands, 455
table of families of Australian, 471
table of genera of Australian, 478
Black ape of Celebes, 427
Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60
on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60
on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357
Bos, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 122
Bourbon, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281
Bovidæ, European Miocene, 120
Brachymys, European Miocene, 120
Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, 122
Brazilian cave-fauna, 143
remarks on, 145
Breyeria borinensis, carboniferous insect, 168
Britain, peculiar species in, 197
British Isles, zoology of, 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340
Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Bubo, European Miocene, 162
Bulimus, Eocene, 169
Bunælurus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Butterflies, arrangement of, 103
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Azores, 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220
of Japan and North China, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
number of Ethiopian species, 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404
of the Moluccas, 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434
of New Zealand, 457
C.
Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, 125
Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cænopithecus, European Eocene, 124
Cainotherium, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Calamodon, N. American Eocene, 139
Callithrixin Brazilian caves, 184
Canaries, birds of, 208
beetles of, 209
Canidæ, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
remarkable S. African, 267
Canis, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, 112
N. American Tertiary, 138
Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214
Cape-hare, S. African, 267
Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cariama, Brazilian caves, 164
Carnivoraof European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Carnivora, classification of, 88
antiquity of, 153
of the Palæarctic region, 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, 302
range of Oriental genera of, 373
list of Australian genera of, 476
Caroline Islands, birds of, 444
Carterodonin Brazilian caves, 145
Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88
Castor, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164
Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143
Cavia, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Cebochœrus, European Eocene, 126
Cebusin Brazilian caves, 144
Celebes, physical features of, 389
mammalia of, 426
birds of, 428
insects of, 434
origin of fauna of, 436
Centetidæ, European Miocene, 118
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397
Cercolabesin Brazilian caves, 145
Cercopithecusin European Pliocene, 112
Cervidæ, European Miocene, 120
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Cervus, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 140
Cetacea, classification of, 89
range of Oriental genus, 374
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327
Ceylonese sub-region, 326
mammalia of, 327
birds of, 327
reptiles of, 327
amphibia of, 327
insects of, 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328
Chalicomys, European Pliocene, 113
Chalicotherium, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, 165
Chamois, figure of, 195
Chatham Islands, birds of, 454
Chelonia, classification of, 100
Chelydra, European Pliocene, 165
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, 362
North, mammalia of, 222
Chinchillidæin Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Chiroptera, classification of, 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
list of Australian genera of, 475
Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125
in Brazilian caves, 144
Chlamydotheriumin Brazilian caves, 145
Chœromorus, European Miocene, 119
Chœropotamus, European Eocene, 126
Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Choneziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83
Clausilia, Eocene, 169
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41
Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103
Palæarctic, 188
number of Palæarctic species, 189
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 256
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282, 283
of the Oriental region, 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 405
affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407
of Celebes, 435
of New Zealand, 457
Collocalia, European Miocene, 161
Colobus, European Miocene, 117
Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, 136
Colossochelysof Indian Miocene, 123, 165
Columbæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
Comoro islands, zoology of, 281
Continents, distribution of, 37
recent changes of, 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156
Corvus, European Miocene, 161
Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175
Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120
Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113
Crocodiles, Eocene, 165
Crocodilia, classification of, 100
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415
Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163
Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148
Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169
Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167
Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427
Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125
D.
Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, 463
Dasyprocta, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222
on birds of N. China, 226
Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138
Palæarctic, 182
probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291
Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112
Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219
Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Dichobune, European Eocene, 126
Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 137
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120
Didelphys, European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
Dididæ, 164
Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139
Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163
of New Zealand and Australia, 164
Dinornithidæof New Zealand, 164
Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Miocene of Perim Island, 123
Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dinylus, European Miocene, 117
Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Dispersal of animals, 10
of mammalia, 10
of reptiles and amphibia, 28
Distribution, affected by climate, 5
affected by physical features, 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, 6
barriers as affecting, 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49
of animals, problems in, 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42
Dodo of Mauritius, 282
Dolichopterus, European Miocene, 162
Dommina, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dorcatherium, European Miocene, 120
Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193
Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, 134
oldest American mammal, 160
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340
opithecus, European Miocene, 117
E.
East Africa, geographical features of, 258
wide range of genera and species over, 259
few special types in, 260
East African sub-region, description of, 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259
mammalia of, 260
birds of, 260
reptiles of, 260
amphibia and fishes of, 260
insects of, 260
few peculiar types in, 260
illustration of zoology of, 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, 222
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211
Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Echinogale, European Miocene, 118
Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139
Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Pliocene, 140
of Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Edentata, classification of, 90
probable birthplace of, 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, 305
range of Oriental genus of, 375
Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Elephant shrews, S. African, 267
Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 138
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415
Elornis, European Miocene, 162
Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323
Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Emu, figure of, 441
Emys, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
Emydida, Indian Miocene, 123
Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121
Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139
Eocene period, 124
fauna of S. America, 148
Ephemera, from the Lias, 167
Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Equidæ, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Eocene, 125
Equus, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117
Erythromachusof Rodriguez, 164
Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63
defined, 73
subdivisions of, 73
general features of, 251
zoological characteristics of, 252
mammalia of, 253
great speciality of, 253
birds of, 253
reptiles of, 254
amphibia of, 255
fresh-water fish of, 255
summary of vertebrates of, 255
insects of, 255
coleoptera of, 256
terrestrial mollusca of, 257
sub-regions of, 258
Atlantic islands of, 269
the probable past history of, 285
tables of distribution of animals of, 293
Eumys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39
Miocene fauna of Central, 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, 124
European sub-region, description of, 191
forests of, 192
mammalia of, 192
birds of, 193
reptiles and amphibia of, 195
fresh-water fish of, 196
insects of, 196
islands of, 197
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Eurydon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Eurytherium, European Eocene, 126
Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Eutelodon, European Eocene, 126
Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, 148
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140
mammalia of the Antilles, 148
mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148
fauna of New Zealand, 459
Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158
F.
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282
Malayan, probable origin of, 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419
Timorese, origin of, 422
of Celebes, origin of, 436
of New Zealand, origin of, 460
Felis spelæa, 110
Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
in Brazilian caves, 144
Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29
classification of, 101
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 186
of the European sub-region, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of South Africa, 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400
how the transmission may have taken place, 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457
Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462
fossil, of Australia, 467
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85
classification of carnivora, 87
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337
Flying Opossum, figure of, 442
Formosa, zoology of, 332
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, 216
G.
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463
Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112
Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118
Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111
Galethylax, European Eocene, 125
Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Gallinæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161
Gastornis, European Eocene, 163
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132
Geological history of Oriental region, 362
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152
Glandina, Eocene, 169
Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147
Goats, Palæarctic, 182
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207
Golden Moles, S. African, 267
Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Oriental genera of, 386
peculiar Australian genera of, 484
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, 116
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98
his classification of fishes, 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329
H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460
Habitat, definition of, 4
Hainan, zoology of, 334
Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103
Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Hatteria of New Zealand, 456
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Helix, Eocene, 169
Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118
Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333
Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112
Europe in Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene, 122
Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120
Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, 146
Homalophus, European Miocene, 161
Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464
Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112
Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136
probable birthplace of, 154
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59
division of animal kingdom by, 85
Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
fossil in N. China, 123
Hyænarctosin European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
S. American Pliocene, 146
Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Hyænidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hyænodon, European Miocene, 118