European Eocene, 125N. American Tertiary, 134Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, 118Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119N. American Tertiary, 137Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, 133Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 133Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136Hyracoidea, classification of, 90Palæarctic, 242Ethiopian, 304Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, 125European Eocene, 126Hystrix, European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116N. American Tertiary, 140I.Ibidipodia, European Miocene, 162Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331Iceland, zoology of, 198Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164Icticyonin Brazilian caves, 144Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Ictops, N. American Tertiary, 133India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123geological features of, 328Indian, sub-region, description of, 321supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321mammalia of, 322birds of, 323reptiles and amphibia of, 326Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329zoological characteristics of, 330illustration of, 331reptiles of, 331amphibia of, 331insects of, 332islands belonging to, 333Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334mammalia of, 336illustrations of, 336, 339birds of, 337remote geographical relations of, 339reptiles and amphibia of, 340fishes of, 341insects of, 341coleoptera of, 342terrestrial mollusca of, 343zoological relations of islands of, 345recent geographical changes in, 357probable origin of fauna of, 359Insects, means of dispersal of, 32tenacity of life of, 33adapted to special conditions, 33groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102antiquity of the genera of, 166fossil of European Miocene, 166European Cretaceous, 167European Wealden, 167Palæozoic, 168Palæarctic, 187of Central Europe, 196of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205of the Siberian sub-region, 220of the Manchurian sub-region, 227of the Ethiopian region, 255of the East African sub-region, 260of West Africa, 265S. African, 268of Madagascar, 282general remarks on, 284of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332of the Oriental region, 318of Ceylon, 327of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343of the Australian region, 403of New Guinea, 417of the Moluccas, 420of Timor group, 426of Celebes, 454of New Zealand, 458scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462influence of, on the flora, 463Insectivora, European Miocene, 117N. American Post-Pliocene, 129N. American Tertiary, 133Insectivora, classification of, 87of the Palæarctic region, 181of N. China and E. Thibet, 222range of Palæarctic genera of, 239of Madagascar, 273range of Ethiopian genera of, 301of the Oriental region, 315range of Oriental genera of, 372range of Australian genera of, 476Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206of the West African sub-region, 265of Ethiopian region, 269Mascarene, 280of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443Society and Marquesas, 444New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445Sandwich, 446of New Zealand sub-region, 453Norfolk, 453Lord Howe's, 454Chatham, 454Auckland, 455Issiodromys, European Pliocene, 113J.Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, 144Japan and North China, physical features of, 221southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226general character of the fauna of, 230former land-connexions of, 231Java, mammalia of, 349productions of, well known, 350birds of, 351representative species of birds in, 352origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, 357Junonia, European Miocene, 167K.Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (note)Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415Kiwi of New Zealand, 455Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261L.Lacertilia, classification of, 99Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444Lagomys, European Pliocene, 113European Miocene, 120Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Lake Baikal, seals of, 218Land and water, proportions of, 35Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169Palæarctic, 190of Madeira, 209of the Cape Verd Islands, 215of the Ethiopian region, 257of W. Africa, 265of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344of the Australian region, 407of Sandwich Islands, 446of New Zealand, 459Lanius, European Miocene, 161Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, 133Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76Lamuravidæ, 133Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133Lemuridæ, European Eocene, 124Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300range of Oriental genera of, 371Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177table of Palæarctic families of, 238S. African, 268table of Ethiopian families of, 299of the Oriental region, 318table of Oriental families of, 369of the Australian region, 404table of Australian families of, 472Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, 168Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278figure of, 279Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, 147Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228Lebellula, from the Lias, 167Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90Limnæa, Eocene, 169European Secondary, 169Limnatornis, European Miocene, 161Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 133Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133Listriodon, European Miocene, 119Lithomys, European Miocene, 120Lithornis, European Eocene, 163Lizards, classification of, 99Tertiary, 165wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125N. American Tertiary, 136Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143Lutra, European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, 115Lyre bird, figure of, 441M.Macacus, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115Indian Miocene, 121supposed in European Eocene, 125Machairodus, 110, 111Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Indian Miocene, 121N. American Tertiary, 134in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, 146Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 121Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164description of, 272mammalia of, 272birds of, 274reptiles of, 279amphibia of, 280extinct fauna of, 282general remarks on insect fauna of, 284Madeira, birds of, 208land shells of, 208beetles of, 210wingless insects numerous in, 211how stocked with animals, 213Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353comparison of mammalia, 354of birds, 355Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272mammalia of, 272birds of, 274illustration of zoology of, 278reptiles of, 279amphibia of, 280extinct fauna of, 282, 289insects of, 282early history of, 286Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (note)Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263fauna, probable origin of, 359resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114formerly joined to Africa, 201fossil elephants of, 201birds of, 206 (note)Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10as limited by climate, 11as limited by rivers, 12how far limited by the sea, 13dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14means of dispersal of aquatic, 15of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57classification of, 85birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153cosmopolitan groups of, 176of the Palæarctic region, 181of the European sub-region, 192of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202of the Siberian sub-region, 217characteristic of Western Tartary, 218of the Manchurian sub-region, 222Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223peculiar to Japan, 223characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226table of Palæarctic families of, 234range of Palæarctic genera of, 239of the Ethiopian region, 253absence of certain important groups, 253of the East African sub-region, 260of West Africa, 262of S. Africa, 267of Madagascar, 272table of Ethiopian families of, 294table of Ethiopian genera of, 300of the Oriental region, 315range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322of Ceylon, 327of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336of the Philippine Islands, 345table of Oriental families of, 365table of Oriental genera of, 371of Australian region, 390of the Papuan Islands, 410of the Moluccas, 417of Timor group, 422of Celebes, 427of Australia, 439illustration of, 439of New Zealand, 450table of families of Australian, 470table of genera of Australian, 475Mammal, the most ancient American, 134Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107extinct, of historic period, 110extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127extinct, of the New World, 129extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153of the secondary period, 160Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220mammalia of, 222birds of, 223reptiles and amphibia of, 227fresh-water fish of, 227insects of, 227coleoptera of, 228Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200Marsupials, classification of, 91N. American Post-Pliocene, 130European Miocene, 121first migration to America, 155diversified forms of, 391of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399list of Australian genera of, 476Martes, N. American Tertiary, 135Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280extinct fauna of, 282gigantic land-tortoises of, 289Mastodon, European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120in Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147Indian Miocene, 123N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 138Mauritius, zoology of, 280reptiles of, 281McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39sub-region, description of, 199mammalia of, 202birds of, 203reptiles and amphibia of, 204fresh-water fish of, 205insects of, 205islands of, 206sea not separating distinct faunas, 201Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, 137Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, 148Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Megalostoma, Eocene, 169Megamys, S. American Eocene, 148Megaspira, European Tertiary, 169Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, 145Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Melania, European secondary, 169Meleagris, N. American Miocene, 163Mellivora, Indian Miocene, 121Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, 167Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, 144Merychus, N. American Tertiary, 138Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, 138Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, 122Merycotheriumof Siberian drift, 112Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, 134Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, 115Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415Microlestes, oldest European mammal, 160Micromeryx, European Miocene, 120Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, 133Microtherium, European Miocene, 120Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185Migration of animals, 10general phenomena of, 18of birds, 19of birds in Europe, 19probable origin of, 22of birds in India and China, 23of birds in N. America, 23changes in extent of, 24of birds in S. Temperate America, 25general remarks on, 25Milvus, European Miocene, 162Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114fauna of Greece, 115fauna of Greece, summary of, 116fauna of Central Europe, 117deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86on classification of insectivora, 87on classification of amphibia, 101Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30classification of, 104groups selected for study, 104Moluccas, zoology of, 417birds of, 419reptiles of, 420insects of, 420peculiarities of fauna of, 421Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12fossil in N. American Miocenein E. Thibet, 222abundance of in the Oriental region, 315Monotremata, classification of, 91list of Australian genera of, 477"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, 140Motacilla, European Miocene, 161Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393Moupin, position and zoology of, 221Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, 147Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60Mustela, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118S. American Pliocene, 146Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130S. American Pliocene, 147Myogale, European Miocene, 118Myomorphus, fossil in CubaMyopotamus, in Brazilian caves, 145Myoxus, European Miocene, 120European Eocene, 126Mysarachne, European Miocene, 118Mysops, N. American Eocene, 140Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N.Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137Nasua, in Brazilian caves, 144Nearctic region, defined, 79subdivisions of, 80distinct from Palæarctic, 79Necrornis, European Miocene, 161Neotropical region, defined, 78subdivisions of, 78relations of W. African sub-region with, 265Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, 147Newton, Professor, on position ofMenuridæandAtrichiidæ, 95on birds of Iceland, 198New Caledonia, birds of, 444New Guinea, zoology of, 409mammalia of, 410birds of, 411peculiarities of its ornithology, 413illustration of ornithology of, 414reptiles and amphibia of, 415insects of, 416New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62extinct birds of, 164sub-region, description of, 449compared with British Isles, 449mammalia of, 451islets of, 453illustration of ornithology of, 455reptiles of, 456amphibia of, 457fresh-water fish of, 457insects of, 458Longicorns of, 458Myriapoda of, 458land-shells of, 459ancient fauna of, 460origin of fauna of, 460poverty of insects in, 462relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332Nightingale, migration of the, 21Norfolk Island, birds of, 453North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131extinct birds of, 163North Africa, zoological relations of, 202Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, 133Notornis of New Zealand, 455Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157O.Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147Ophidia, classification of, 99Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, 164Opossum, extinct, in European Miocene, 121Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, 138Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 138Oriental region, defined, 75subdivisions of, 75description of, 314zoological features of, 315mammalia of, 315birds of, 316reptiles of, 317amphibia of, 317fresh-water fishes of, 318summary of vertebrata, 318insects of, 318sub-regions of, 321concluding remarks on, 362tables of distribution of animals of, 364Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, 136Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, 162Otaria, European Miocene, 118Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155Palæarctic, 182Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134Oxygomphus, European Miocene, 118Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147P.Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134Pachynolophus, European Eocene, 126Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, 145Palæarctic region, defined, 71subdivisions of, 71general features of, 180zoological characteristics of, 181has few peculiar families, 181mammalia of, 181birds of, 182high degree of speciality of, 184reptiles and amphibia of, 186fresh-water fish of, 186summary of vertebrata of, 186insects of, 186coleoptera of, 187number of coleoptera of, 189land-shells of, 190sub-regions of, 190general conclusions on the fauna of, 231tables of distribution of animals of, 233Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133Palæetus, European Miocene, 162Palægithalus, European Eocene, 162Palælodus, European Miocene, 162Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, 140Palæocercus, European Miocene, 162Palæochœus, European Miocene, 119Palæohierax, European Miocene, 162Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, 140Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, 147Palæomephitis, European Miocene, 118Palæomeryx, European Miocene, 120Palæomys, European Miocene, 121Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, 167Palæontology, 107how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, 169Palæonyctis, European Eocene, 125Palæoperdix, European Miocene, 161Palæophrynus, European Miocene, 166Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, 116Palæortyx, European Miocene, 161Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, 116Palæospalax, 111European Miocene, 117Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, 136Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, 125Palæotherium, European Eocene, 125S. American Eocene, 148Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, 116Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, 164Palapterygidæof New Zealand, 164Palestine, birds of, 203Paloplotherium, European Miocene, 119European Eocene, 125Paludina, Eocene, 169European Secondary, 169Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222Himalayan, figure of, 331Panolax, N. American Tertiary, 140Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, 136Paramys, N. American Eocene, 140Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415Parrots, classification of, 96Passeres, arrangement of, 94range of Palæarctic genera of, 243range of Ethiopian genera of, 306range of Oriental genera of, 375range of Australian genera of, 478Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, 134Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184Pelagornis, European Miocene, 162Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, 138Peratherium, European Miocene, 121European Eocene, 126Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, 135Persia, birds of, 204Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, 116European Post-Pliocene, 161Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161golden, of N. China, 226eared, of Mongolia, 226Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, 138Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345birds of, 346origin of peculiar fauna of, 348Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, 145Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144Physical changes affecting distribution, 7Physeter, European Pliocene, 112Picariæ, arrangement of, 95range of Palæarctic genera of, 247range of Ethiopian genera of, 309range of Oriental genera of, 381range of Australian genera of, 482Picus, European Miocene, 161Pigeons, classification of, 96remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395crested, of Australia, figure of, 441Pigs, power of swimming, 13Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355Plagiolophus, European Eocene, 126Planorbis, European Secondary, 169Eocene, 169Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, 126Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, 126Plesiosorex, European Miocene, 118Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from, 113of N. America, 132of S. America, 146of Australia, 157Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Pliolophus, European Eocene, 126Pliopithecus, European Miocene, 117Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442birds of, 443reptiles of, 447Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111fauna of N. America, 129fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264Potamotherium, European Miocene, 118Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Primates, classification of, 86probable birthplace of, 153range of Palæarctic genera of, 239range of Ethiopian genera of, 300range of Oriental genera of, 371range of Australian genera of, 475Primates, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 117Indian Miocene, 121European Eocene, 124N. American Tertiary, 132of Brazilian caves, 144Prince's Island, birds of, 266Prionidium, Oolitic insects, 167Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, 112Proboscidea, classification of, 90range of Ethiopian genus, 303range of Oriental genus, 374Proboscidea, European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120Indian Miocene, 122N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 138of Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 138Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261Propalæotherium, European Eocene, 126Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, 144Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, 134Protornis, European Eocene, 162Pseudælurus, European Miocene, 118Pseudocyon, European Miocene, 118Psittaci, classification of, 96range of Ethiopian genera of, 311range of Oriental genera of, 383range of Australian genera of, 484Psittacus, European Miocene, 161Pterocles, European Miocene, 161Pterodon, European Eocene, 125Pupa, Eocene, 169Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, 169Pythonidæ, European Miocene, 165R.Racoon-dog of N. China, 226Rana, European Miocene, 166Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68Arctic, why not adopted, 69Palæarctic, defined, 71Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71Ethiopian, defined, 73Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73Oriental, defined, 75Oriental, subdivisions of, 75Australian, defined, 77Australian, subdivisions of, 77Neotropical, defined, 78Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78Nearctic, defined, 79Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80Regions, zoological, 50zoological, how they should be formed, 53zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56for each class of animals, not advisable, 58zoological, proposed since 1857, 58zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61zoological, proportionate richness of, 64temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65and zones, table of, 66comparative richness of, 81and sub-regions, table of, 81order of succession of the, 173Representative species, 4Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28classification of, 98Miocene of Greece, 116of Indian Miocene deposits, 123extinct Tertiary, 165cosmopolitan groups of, 176peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186of Central Europe, 195of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204of Siberian sub-region, 220of the Manchurian sub-region, 227table of Palæarctic families of, 236of the Ethiopian region, 254of the East African sub-region, 260of West Africa, 264S. African, 268of Madagascar, 279table of Ethiopian families of, 297of the Oriental region, 317of the Indian sub-region, 326of Ceylon, 327of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340table of Oriental families of, 368of the Australian region, 396of New Guinea, 415of the Moluccas, 420of the Polynesian sub-region, 447of New Zealand, 456table of Australian families of, 472Rhea, in Brazilian caves, 164Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, 112European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116Indian Miocene, 122fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122fossil in N. China, 123N. American Tertiary, 136Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, 136
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162
Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120
Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 137
Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119
Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracoidea, classification of, 90
Palæarctic, 242
Ethiopian, 304
Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, 125
European Eocene, 126
Hystrix, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
N. American Tertiary, 140
I.
Ibidipodia, European Miocene, 162
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331
Iceland, zoology of, 198
Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Icticyonin Brazilian caves, 144
Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Ictops, N. American Tertiary, 133
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123
geological features of, 328
Indian, sub-region, description of, 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321
mammalia of, 322
birds of, 323
reptiles and amphibia of, 326
Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329
zoological characteristics of, 330
illustration of, 331
reptiles of, 331
amphibia of, 331
insects of, 332
islands belonging to, 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334
mammalia of, 336
illustrations of, 336, 339
birds of, 337
remote geographical relations of, 339
reptiles and amphibia of, 340
fishes of, 341
insects of, 341
coleoptera of, 342
terrestrial mollusca of, 343
zoological relations of islands of, 345
recent geographical changes in, 357
probable origin of fauna of, 359
Insects, means of dispersal of, 32
tenacity of life of, 33
adapted to special conditions, 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102
antiquity of the genera of, 166
fossil of European Miocene, 166
European Cretaceous, 167
European Wealden, 167
Palæozoic, 168
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 265
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282
general remarks on, 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332
of the Oriental region, 318
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343
of the Australian region, 403
of New Guinea, 417
of the Moluccas, 420
of Timor group, 426
of Celebes, 454
of New Zealand, 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462
influence of, on the flora, 463
Insectivora, European Miocene, 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 133
Insectivora, classification of, 87
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of Madagascar, 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, 301
of the Oriental region, 315
range of Oriental genera of, 372
range of Australian genera of, 476
Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206
of the West African sub-region, 265
of Ethiopian region, 269
Mascarene, 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443
Society and Marquesas, 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445
Sandwich, 446
of New Zealand sub-region, 453
Norfolk, 453
Lord Howe's, 454
Chatham, 454
Auckland, 455
Issiodromys, European Pliocene, 113
J.
Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Japan and North China, physical features of, 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226
general character of the fauna of, 230
former land-connexions of, 231
Java, mammalia of, 349
productions of, well known, 350
birds of, 351
representative species of birds in, 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, 357
Junonia, European Miocene, 167
K.
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (note)
Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415
Kiwi of New Zealand, 455
Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261
L.
Lacertilia, classification of, 99
Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444
Lagomys, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Lake Baikal, seals of, 218
Land and water, proportions of, 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169
Palæarctic, 190
of Madeira, 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 257
of W. Africa, 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344
of the Australian region, 407
of Sandwich Islands, 446
of New Zealand, 459
Lanius, European Miocene, 161
Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76
Lamuravidæ, 133
Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lemuridæ, European Eocene, 124
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177
table of Palæarctic families of, 238
S. African, 268
table of Ethiopian families of, 299
of the Oriental region, 318
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 404
table of Australian families of, 472
Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162
Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, 168
Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278
figure of, 279
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228
Lebellula, from the Lias, 167
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90
Limnæa, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
Limnatornis, European Miocene, 161
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 133
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Listriodon, European Miocene, 119
Lithomys, European Miocene, 120
Lithornis, European Eocene, 163
Lizards, classification of, 99
Tertiary, 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 136
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143
Lutra, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, 115
Lyre bird, figure of, 441
M.
Macacus, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
Indian Miocene, 121
supposed in European Eocene, 125
Machairodus, 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164
description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, 284
Madeira, birds of, 208
land shells of, 208
beetles of, 210
wingless insects numerous in, 211
how stocked with animals, 213
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353
comparison of mammalia, 354
of birds, 355
Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
illustration of zoology of, 278
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282, 289
insects of, 282
early history of, 286
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (note)
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263
fauna, probable origin of, 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114
formerly joined to Africa, 201
fossil elephants of, 201
birds of, 206 (note)
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10
as limited by climate, 11
as limited by rivers, 12
how far limited by the sea, 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57
classification of, 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of the European sub-region, 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202
of the Siberian sub-region, 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223
peculiar to Japan, 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of the Ethiopian region, 253
absence of certain important groups, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 262
of S. Africa, 267
of Madagascar, 272
table of Ethiopian families of, 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, 300
of the Oriental region, 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322
of Ceylon, 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336
of the Philippine Islands, 345
table of Oriental families of, 365
table of Oriental genera of, 371
of Australian region, 390
of the Papuan Islands, 410
of the Moluccas, 417
of Timor group, 422
of Celebes, 427
of Australia, 439
illustration of, 439
of New Zealand, 450
table of families of Australian, 470
table of genera of Australian, 475
Mammal, the most ancient American, 134
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107
extinct, of historic period, 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127
extinct, of the New World, 129
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141
original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153
of the secondary period, 160
Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220
mammalia of, 222
birds of, 223
reptiles and amphibia of, 227
fresh-water fish of, 227
insects of, 227
coleoptera of, 228
Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200
Marsupials, classification of, 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
European Miocene, 121
first migration to America, 155
diversified forms of, 391
of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399
list of Australian genera of, 476
Martes, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, 289
Mastodon, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Indian Miocene, 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
Mauritius, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466
Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39
sub-region, description of, 199
mammalia of, 202
birds of, 203
reptiles and amphibia of, 204
fresh-water fish of, 205
insects of, 205
islands of, 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, 201
Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, 137
Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, 148
Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Megalostoma, Eocene, 169
Megamys, S. American Eocene, 148
Megaspira, European Tertiary, 169
Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Melania, European secondary, 169
Meleagris, N. American Miocene, 163
Mellivora, Indian Miocene, 121
Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Merychus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, 122
Merycotheriumof Siberian drift, 112
Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, 134
Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, 115
Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415
Microlestes, oldest European mammal, 160
Micromeryx, European Miocene, 120
Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, 133
Microtherium, European Miocene, 120
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185
Migration of animals, 10
general phenomena of, 18
of birds, 19
of birds in Europe, 19
probable origin of, 22
of birds in India and China, 23
of birds in N. America, 23
changes in extent of, 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, 25
general remarks on, 25
Milvus, European Miocene, 162
Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114
fauna of Greece, 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, 116
fauna of Central Europe, 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123
Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86
on classification of insectivora, 87
on classification of amphibia, 101
Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181
Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30
classification of, 104
groups selected for study, 104
Moluccas, zoology of, 417
birds of, 419
reptiles of, 420
insects of, 420
peculiarities of fauna of, 421
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12
fossil in N. American Miocene
in E. Thibet, 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, 315
Monotremata, classification of, 91
list of Australian genera of, 477
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442
Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, 140
Motacilla, European Miocene, 161
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, 221
Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60
Mustela, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
S. American Pliocene, 146
Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
S. American Pliocene, 147
Myogale, European Miocene, 118
Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba
Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Myoxus, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Mysarachne, European Miocene, 118
Mysops, N. American Eocene, 140
Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N.
Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Nasua, in Brazilian caves, 144
Nearctic region, defined, 79
subdivisions of, 80
distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Necrornis, European Miocene, 161
Neotropical region, defined, 78
subdivisions of, 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, 265
Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Newton, Professor, on position ofMenuridæandAtrichiidæ, 95
on birds of Iceland, 198
New Caledonia, birds of, 444
New Guinea, zoology of, 409
mammalia of, 410
birds of, 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, 413
illustration of ornithology of, 414
reptiles and amphibia of, 415
insects of, 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62
extinct birds of, 164
sub-region, description of, 449
compared with British Isles, 449
mammalia of, 451
islets of, 453
illustration of ornithology of, 455
reptiles of, 456
amphibia of, 457
fresh-water fish of, 457
insects of, 458
Longicorns of, 458
Myriapoda of, 458
land-shells of, 459
ancient fauna of, 460
origin of fauna of, 460
poverty of insects in, 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332
Nightingale, migration of the, 21
Norfolk Island, birds of, 453
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131
extinct birds of, 163
North Africa, zoological relations of, 202
Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, 133
Notornis of New Zealand, 455
Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
O.
Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Ophidia, classification of, 99
Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, 164
Opossum, extinct, in European Miocene, 121
Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oriental region, defined, 75
subdivisions of, 75
description of, 314
zoological features of, 315
mammalia of, 315
birds of, 316
reptiles of, 317
amphibia of, 317
fresh-water fishes of, 318
summary of vertebrata, 318
insects of, 318
sub-regions of, 321
concluding remarks on, 362
tables of distribution of animals of, 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363
Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, 162
Otaria, European Miocene, 118
Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Oxygomphus, European Miocene, 118
Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
P.
Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Pachynolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Palæarctic region, defined, 71
subdivisions of, 71
general features of, 180
zoological characteristics of, 181
has few peculiar families, 181
mammalia of, 181
birds of, 182
high degree of speciality of, 184
reptiles and amphibia of, 186
fresh-water fish of, 186
summary of vertebrata of, 186
insects of, 186
coleoptera of, 187
number of coleoptera of, 189
land-shells of, 190
sub-regions of, 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, 231
tables of distribution of animals of, 233
Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Palæetus, European Miocene, 162
Palægithalus, European Eocene, 162
Palælodus, European Miocene, 162
Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæocercus, European Miocene, 162
Palæochœus, European Miocene, 119
Palæohierax, European Miocene, 162
Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, 147
Palæomephitis, European Miocene, 118
Palæomeryx, European Miocene, 120
Palæomys, European Miocene, 121
Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, 167
Palæontology, 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, 169
Palæonyctis, European Eocene, 125
Palæoperdix, European Miocene, 161
Palæophrynus, European Miocene, 166
Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæortyx, European Miocene, 161
Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæospalax, 111
European Miocene, 117
Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, 136
Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, 125
Palæotherium, European Eocene, 125
S. American Eocene, 148
Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Palapterygidæof New Zealand, 164
Palestine, birds of, 203
Paloplotherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
Paludina, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222
Himalayan, figure of, 331
Panolax, N. American Tertiary, 140
Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414
Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Paramys, N. American Eocene, 140
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415
Parrots, classification of, 96
Passeres, arrangement of, 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, 306
range of Oriental genera of, 375
range of Australian genera of, 478
Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184
Pelagornis, European Miocene, 162
Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, 138
Peratherium, European Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 126
Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362
Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, 135
Persia, birds of, 204
Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Post-Pliocene, 161
Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161
golden, of N. China, 226
eared, of Mongolia, 226
Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345
birds of, 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, 348
Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, 145
Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Physical changes affecting distribution, 7
Physeter, European Pliocene, 112
Picariæ, arrangement of, 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, 309
range of Oriental genera of, 381
range of Australian genera of, 482
Picus, European Miocene, 161
Pigeons, classification of, 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, 441
Pigs, power of swimming, 13
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355
Plagiolophus, European Eocene, 126
Planorbis, European Secondary, 169
Eocene, 169
Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394
Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, 126
Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, 126
Plesiosorex, European Miocene, 118
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from, 113
of N. America, 132
of S. America, 146
of Australia, 157
Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Pliolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pliopithecus, European Miocene, 117
Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442
birds of, 443
reptiles of, 447
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111
fauna of N. America, 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130
Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264
Potamotherium, European Miocene, 118
Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264
Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Primates, classification of, 86
probable birthplace of, 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
range of Australian genera of, 475
Primates, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 124
N. American Tertiary, 132
of Brazilian caves, 144
Prince's Island, birds of, 266
Prionidium, Oolitic insects, 167
Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, 112
Proboscidea, classification of, 90
range of Ethiopian genus, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
Proboscidea, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Indian Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261
Propalæotherium, European Eocene, 126
Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Protornis, European Eocene, 162
Pseudælurus, European Miocene, 118
Pseudocyon, European Miocene, 118
Psittaci, classification of, 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 383
range of Australian genera of, 484
Psittacus, European Miocene, 161
Pterocles, European Miocene, 161
Pterodon, European Eocene, 125
Pupa, Eocene, 169
Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, 169
Pythonidæ, European Miocene, 165
R.
Racoon-dog of N. China, 226
Rana, European Miocene, 166
Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68
Arctic, why not adopted, 69
Palæarctic, defined, 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71
Ethiopian, defined, 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73
Oriental, defined, 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, 75
Australian, defined, 77
Australian, subdivisions of, 77
Neotropical, defined, 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78
Nearctic, defined, 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80
Regions, zoological, 50
zoological, how they should be formed, 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65
and zones, table of, 66
comparative richness of, 81
and sub-regions, table of, 81
order of succession of the, 173
Representative species, 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 98
Miocene of Greece, 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, 123
extinct Tertiary, 165
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204
of Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
table of Palæarctic families of, 236
of the Ethiopian region, 254
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 264
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 279
table of Ethiopian families of, 297
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 368
of the Australian region, 396
of New Guinea, 415
of the Moluccas, 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, 447
of New Zealand, 456
table of Australian families of, 472
Rhea, in Brazilian caves, 164
Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, 112
European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 136
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339
Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, 136