River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264of Madagascar, figure of, 278Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12limiting the range of birds, 17River-scene, in West Africa, 264Rodentia, classification of, 90range of Palæarctic genera of, 242range of Ethiopian genera of, 304range of Oriental genera of, 374range of Australian genera of, 476Rodentia, European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120European Eocene, 126N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 139of Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 147of S. American Eocene, 148Ruff, figure of, 195S.Sahara, a debatable land, 251Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218Samoa Islands, birds of, 443Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445probable past history of, 446mountain plants of, 446depth of ocean around, 447Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, 167Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145S. American Pliocene, 147Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, 147Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (note)Sciurus, European Miocene, 120European Eocene, 126Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, 140Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59why his six regions are adopted, 63on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118of Lake Baikal, 218Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 117Indian Miocene, 121Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345Serpentarius, European Miocene, 162Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281amphibia of, 281Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215Sheep, Palæarctic, 182Siberia, climate of, 217Siberian sub-region, description of, 216mammalia of, 217birds of, 219reptiles and amphibia of, 220insects of, 220Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, 115Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, 134Sirenia, classification of, 89range of Ethiopian genera of, 303range of Oriental genus, 374range of Australian genus of, 476Sirenia, European Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 119Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, 122Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220Snakes, classification of, 99Eocene, 165large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396of New Zealand, 457Society Islands, birds of, 443Soricictis, European Miocene, 118Soricidæ, European Miocene, 118South African sub-region, description of, 266mammalia of, 267birds of, 267reptiles of, 268amphibia of, 268fresh-water fish of, 268butterflies of, 268coleoptera of, 268summary of its zoology, 269South America, fossil fauna of, 143Pliocene deposits of, 146supposed land connection with Australia, 398South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441Species, representative, 4Speothos, in Brazilian caves, 144Spermophilus, European Miocene, 120Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, 145Sphinx, in European Oolite, 167St. Helena, zoological features of, 269coleoptera of, 270landshells of, 271St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266Stations, definition of, 4Steneofiber, European Miocene, 120Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Strix, European Miocene, 162Struthiones, arrangement of, 98range of Ethiopian genera of, 313range of Australian genera of, 485Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, 139Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, 139Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80Palæarctic, 191Ethiopian, 258Oriental, 321Australian, 408Suidæ, European Miocene, 119Sula Islands, fauna of, 433Sus, European Pliocene, 113Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 119Indian Miocene, 122Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, 137Synaphodus, European Miocene, 119Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134T.Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177Talpa, European Miocene, 117Tapir, fossil in N. China, 123Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337Tapiridæ, European Eocene, 125Tapirus, European Pliocene, 113Indian Miocene, 122in Brazilian caves, 144Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441Taxodon, European Miocene, 118Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, 164Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133Testudo, Miocene of Greece, 116Indian Miocene, 123Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289Tetrachus, European Miocene, 117Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, 161Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 118Theridomys, European Miocene, 126European Eocene, 126S. American Eocene, 148Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, 139Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, 139Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, 139Timor, physical features of, 389group, mammalia of, 422birds of, 422origin of fauna of, 424insects of, 426Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139Titanomys, European Miocene, 121Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, 135Tonga Islands, birds of, 443Tortoises, classification of, 100of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, 137Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147Trachytherium, European Miocene, 119Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, 116European Miocene, 120Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393Trionyx, Indian Miocene, 123Miocene and Eocene, 165Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203Trogon, European Miocene, 161Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111Trucijelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, 118Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90Tylodon, European Eocene, 125Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147U.Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, 134Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, 139Uintornis, N. American Eocene, 163Unio, European Secondary, 169Ungulata, classification of, 89antiquity of, 151of the Palæarctic region, 182range of Palæarctic genera of, 241range of Ethiopian genera of, 303range of Oriental genera of, 374range of Australian genera of, 476Ungulata, European Pliocene, 112Miocene of Greece, 115European Miocene, 119Indian Miocene, 121European Eocene, 125N. American Post-Pliocene, 130N. American Tertiary, 135of Brazilian caves, 144S. American Pliocene, 146Urania of Madagascar, 282Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, 135in Brazilian caves, 144Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, 121Ursus, Post-Pliocene, 112Indian Miocene, 121V.Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278Varanus, Miocene of Greece, 116Indian Miocene, 123Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186summary of Ethiopian, 255summary of Oriental, 318summary of Australian, 397Vespertilio, European Eocene, 125Viperus, European Miocene, 165Viverra, European Pliocene, 112European Miocene, 118Viverridæ, European Miocene, 118European Eocene, 125W.Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346on birds of Celebes, 428Washakius, N. American Tertiary, 134Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90on classification of marsupials, 91West African sub-region, description of, 262mammalia of, 262birds of, 262Oriental or Malayan element in, 263river scene with characteristic animals, 264reptiles of, 264amphibia of, 264Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265insects of, 265land-shells of, 265islands of, 265West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215on beetles of St. Helena, 270X.Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, 145Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, 119Z.Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, 169Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181Ethiopian region, 252Oriental region, 315Australian region, 390Zoological regions, discussion on, 50
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264
of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12
limiting the range of birds, 17
River-scene, in West Africa, 264
Rodentia, classification of, 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, 304
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
Rodentia, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 139
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
of S. American Eocene, 148
Ruff, figure of, 195
S.
Sahara, a debatable land, 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218
Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445
probable past history of, 446
mountain plants of, 446
depth of ocean around, 447
Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226
Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, 167
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229
Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, 147
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (note)
Sciurus, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, 140
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59
why his six regions are adopted, 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118
of Lake Baikal, 218
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159
Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261
Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345
Serpentarius, European Miocene, 162
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281
amphibia of, 281
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215
Sheep, Palæarctic, 182
Siberia, climate of, 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, 216
mammalia of, 217
birds of, 219
reptiles and amphibia of, 220
insects of, 220
Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, 115
Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, 134
Sirenia, classification of, 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
range of Australian genus of, 476
Sirenia, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220
Snakes, classification of, 99
Eocene, 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396
of New Zealand, 457
Society Islands, birds of, 443
Soricictis, European Miocene, 118
Soricidæ, European Miocene, 118
South African sub-region, description of, 266
mammalia of, 267
birds of, 267
reptiles of, 268
amphibia of, 268
fresh-water fish of, 268
butterflies of, 268
coleoptera of, 268
summary of its zoology, 269
South America, fossil fauna of, 143
Pliocene deposits of, 146
supposed land connection with Australia, 398
South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Species, representative, 4
Speothos, in Brazilian caves, 144
Spermophilus, European Miocene, 120
Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Sphinx, in European Oolite, 167
St. Helena, zoological features of, 269
coleoptera of, 270
landshells of, 271
St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266
Stations, definition of, 4
Steneofiber, European Miocene, 120
Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Strix, European Miocene, 162
Struthiones, arrangement of, 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, 313
range of Australian genera of, 485
Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287
Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80
Palæarctic, 191
Ethiopian, 258
Oriental, 321
Australian, 408
Suidæ, European Miocene, 119
Sula Islands, fauna of, 433
Sus, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332
Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Synaphodus, European Miocene, 119
Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177
Talpa, European Miocene, 117
Tapir, fossil in N. China, 123
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154
Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tapiridæ, European Eocene, 125
Tapirus, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Miocene, 122
in Brazilian caves, 144
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441
Taxodon, European Miocene, 118
Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Testudo, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289
Tetrachus, European Miocene, 117
Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, 161
Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Theridomys, European Miocene, 126
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148
Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Timor, physical features of, 389
group, mammalia of, 422
birds of, 422
origin of fauna of, 424
insects of, 426
Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Titanomys, European Miocene, 121
Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, 135
Tonga Islands, birds of, 443
Tortoises, classification of, 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, 137
Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Trachytherium, European Miocene, 119
Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415
Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393
Trionyx, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203
Trogon, European Miocene, 161
Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111
Trucijelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216
Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, 118
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90
Tylodon, European Eocene, 125
Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
U.
Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Uintornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Unio, European Secondary, 169
Ungulata, classification of, 89
antiquity of, 151
of the Palæarctic region, 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
Ungulata, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Urania of Madagascar, 282
Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, 121
Ursus, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
V.
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Varanus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186
summary of Ethiopian, 255
summary of Oriental, 318
summary of Australian, 397
Vespertilio, European Eocene, 125
Viperus, European Miocene, 165
Viverra, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Viverridæ, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
W.
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346
on birds of Celebes, 428
Washakius, N. American Tertiary, 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90
on classification of marsupials, 91
West African sub-region, description of, 262
mammalia of, 262
birds of, 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, 263
river scene with characteristic animals, 264
reptiles of, 264
amphibia of, 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265
insects of, 265
land-shells of, 265
islands of, 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214
on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
on beetles of St. Helena, 270
X.
Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, 119
Z.
Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, 169
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181
Ethiopian region, 252
Oriental region, 315
Australian region, 390
Zoological regions, discussion on, 50