207Peloponnese, the,137,206Peloponnesian War,143,194,199,208Pelops,76Penelope,47,55,58Penrose, F. G., on the Parthenon,161Pentelic marble,147Pergamum,237;altar of Zeus,251Periander,106,108,109Pericles,99,110;and the constitution of Athens,118,142-144;attacks on,145,156;oration on Athenian soldiers,146;bust of,160;the Odeion,168;the Acropolis,192Peripatetic school of philosophy,253Persephone, Eleusinian mysteries in honour of,98;on Harpy Tomb (Queen of the Dead),123;on Ludovisi reliefs,123;worship of,170;Hades the home of,190;on an archaic relief,192Perseus,130Persian Empire and Alexander the Great,242,243Persian Gulf, the,243Persian wars, the,124,133-139,142,153,203;Greek mercenaries in the Persian army,201;Isocrates and the Persians,230;Alexander and Persian troops,241Persis,62Phæacia,54“Phædo,” the, of Plato,233Phalanx, the,241Phalaris of Acragas,105Phanes, coin of,123Pharisaism,257Pharnabazus,199Pheidias,81,102,145,146-158,213Phidolas,79Phigaleia, temple of,169Philip of Macedon,208,237-241Philip II.,239Philippiades,135Philosophers, Ionian,122Philosophy of Pythagoras,127;Eleatic school of,128;of the fourth century,231-236;Aristotle,253;Stoicism,257;Epicurean,257;the Cynics,258;and Julian the Apostate,262Phocians, the,138,238Phœnicia,244Phœnician fleet,142,247Phœnician traders,129Phœnicians, the,33,130Phormio,230Phrygian Mode in music,224Phryne,213Phrynichus,174,176Phthiotis,41Pictographic script,20Pillar-worship,29Pindar,73,76,113,129;the house of,243Pipes,224Piracy on the Ægean,105Pisirodus,78Pittacus,121“Place of the Wine-press,”175Platæa, battle of,87,130,135,139,168;Pheidias and statue for Platæa,157Plato, influence of Pythagoras on,128;on feminine nudity,82;sex problem,180;the “Republic,”209,254;and Socrates,231;and the Homeric gods,232;his ideal philosophy,234;Aristotle and,253;influence of,261Plato’s garden of the Academy,210“Platonic” love,234Plautus,253Pleading in litigation,229Pleasure,258Pliny,149,213,219,223Plutarch on Spartan women,90;on Periclean Athens,150;the basis of his narratives,228;his biographies,262Pluto,190Pnyx, the,229;hill of Pnyx,168Poetry, religious aspect of,75;lyric,119;lyric poets,129;the epic, hexameter verse, the elegiac couplet, epigrams, pastoral,249;Alexandria and poetry,249;Aristotle and,254Poets, Ionian,119-122Political science, Aristotle and,254,255Political system, Apollo and,73Politics, Greek,10;in the fourth century,209;Plato,254;Aristotle,255Polycleitus,80,81,159Polycrates, tyrant of Samos,104,113Polygnotus,164,167,191,213,223Pompeian frescoes and mosaics,223;mosaic floor,245;Greek art,263Population, decline of,239Portico, the Royal,167;Portico of Freedom,167;Decorated Portico,167Portland Vase, the,263Portraiture,211;on coins,226,247Poseidon, the sea-god,66;Athena and,95,152;worship,96;of Mycale,112;in the Parthenon frieze,155;and the salt spring,165;marks of his trident,166Posidonium,128Potter’s wheel, the,22Pottery, design in, and progress,19;Athenian,112;red-figured style,224;Panathenaic amphoræ,225Praxiteles, Statue of Brauronian Artemis,164;Hermes,169,209;and Athens,194;nudity in sculpture,211;works of,213“Praying Boy, The,”220Priam, palace of,60Professionalism,210,225Prometheus,62Protagoras,235Psammetichus,106Psyche,189Ptolemies, the,244,247,248,250Pugilism, Cnossian,25Punjaub, the,243Pyrrhus,245,261Pythagoras of Samos, philosophy of,74,127;immortality taught by,190Pythian games,72,76Pytho,69,71Quoit-thrower, the,81Racialdecline,239Religion of the Stone Age,18;prehistoric Greek,34;early religious beliefs,65;survival of,67;and morality,235Religious significance of the games,74-76;of poetry,75Renaissance, the, and Greek thought,3Republic, an Ideal,254;of Aristotle,256Rhetoric,228-231;of Aristotle,254Rhodes,237,244;gold coins of,226;siege of,252Rhodian sculptors of the “Laocoön,”265Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., on the survival of early Greek language,32;on naturalistic worship,34;and the invaders of Greece,38;on Homer,51;and Greek drama,173Rock-tombs,188Rodin, M.,148Romans, the, and Greece,245;and Greek philosophy,258;and Hellenism,260;and the control of Greece,261;and Græco-Roman art,265Romantic, the, in the Greek character,180Roof-tiles,108Roxana,242Royal Portico, the,167Running Girl (statue),161Ruskin, John,150SacredBand, the,180,205“Sacred Wars,”241Sacrifice and ritual at Olympic Games,77Sacrifices and the dead,66Salamis,110,138Samos,142Samothrace,252Sanitation, Cnossian,26Sappho,119-121Sardis,133Satyr, the young, by Praxiteles,213,214,215Satyric drama and the Satyrs,173Scepticism, Ionian,122Scheria,48Schliemann’s discoveries,13Scopas the Parian,212,217,221Sculpture of the Homeric period,54;development of,69;inspired by athletes,80;Ionian,123et seq.;earliest temple,130;before Pheidias,147;methods,148;materials,149;pediment figures,150;metopes,153;frieze (Parthenon),153;statues by Pheidias,156,157;works of sculptors,159-161;great sculptors,159;minor sculptors,192;of the fourth century,211;materials,212;anatomy,212;supports,213;works by Praxiteles,213-217;convention,216;tinted marble,216;Scopas,217;Lysippus,218;works by unknown artists,219;six greatest statues,219;bronzes,220;the Venus of Milo,251;Græco-Roman,265;the Laocoön,265Scyros,190Sea, Hesiod and the,63;the Greek true element,262Sea-power,195Seleucid kings, the,244Selinus,130Sellasia,239,245Semites, the,129Seven Sages, the,74,101,106Seven Wonders of the World,247Sex problem, the,180Shakespeare and Menander,253,261Shelley’s “Adonais,”250Shield of Achilles, the,42-47Shields lost in battle,121Sicily, tyranny in,104;poets in,126;and wheat,127;the Semites and (Carthaginian invasion),129,137;Athens and,142,144,195;Idylls of Theocritus,249;history,250Sicyon,104,109Sidon sarcophagus,246Sigeum,110,121Simonides,104,109,113,122,129Simplicity, Greek, in drama,182Sirens, the,66Skirophoria,99“Skolia,”114Slavery,145,171,236Slavs, the,262Snake-worship,69,99Socialist, Pericles a,143;Plato the father of socialism,255Socrates and the education of women,82;and Alcibiades,144;attacks upon,145;and Aspasia,146;and the Royal Portico,167;Xenophon and,203;the personality of,231;trial and death,232;his philosophy,231,234Soldiers, Spartan,204;professional,238Solon, the Spartans and,74;his laws,97,99,100,191;poetry,100;and Egypt,101;and Peisistratus,110;and Cleisthenes,118;and funerals,191;historians and,228Sophistry,231Sophocles, actors in,174;and the Athenian spirit,177;number of his works,182;and Aristophanes,186Sophrosune,10Sparta, conservative in type,6;its smallness,10;political system,73,83;and the Olympian Games,77;government,84;kings,84;Ephorate,85;Mixed Constitution,86;an aristocracy,87;Helots,87;Neighbours, or Perioikoi,87;the city,87;as conqueror,88;military education and discipline,83,88-89;art,88;coinage,89;education,89;women,90;marriage customs,90;children and youths,91;warfare,92;relaxations,93;Spartan character,93;conservatism,94;and Persian invasion,137;and democracy,196;and Lysander,200;domination and aggression of,198,203,205;an inland power,199;government,200;soldiers,204;and Thebes,207;reformation of,239;and the confederacies,244;government under the Romans,261Sparta and Athens,133,135,195;conflict between,83,143Spartans of the Dorian race,40Spartiate race of Lacedæmon,239Spartiates, the,84,87,88,239Sphacteria,144,160Sphinx, the,58“Spinario,” the,161Stackelberg, Baron von,170Stadium, the,226Stage, the,174,175Stagira,253Stesichorus of Himera,129Stoic philosophy, the,167,257,258Stoicism and Christianity,261Stone Age, the, in Crete,18Strategoi,117Studniczka, Prof.,126Styx, the,189,233“Successors, the,”244Sulla,220Swinburne, A. C., on Sappho,120Sybaris,127,128Syracuse, poets of,129;tyrants of,78,129,250;Doric columns,131;coins,129,131,225“Syrinx,” the,224Tanagrastatuettes,227Tartarus,233Taygetus, Mount,87“Tearless Battle,”208Tegea,218Telamon,147Telamones of Acragas,166Tempe,9,137Temples, Doric, in Selinus,130Ten Thousand, the march of the,201Tenean Apollo,