Abgeordnetenhaus.SeePrussiaandAustria.Administration,development in Great Britain,176-179;present system,180-191;development of Prussian system,265-273;in France under Old Régime,341-342;during Revolutionary and Napoleonic era,342-343;present system,345-351;in Italy,383-385;in Austria,485-488;in Hungary,506-507;in Holland,532-533;in Belgium,550-551;in Denmark,569;in Norway,588;in Sweden,601;in Spain,627-628;in Portugal,638-639,646.Alsace-Lorraine,original organization,282;the Landesausschuss,283;movement for autonomy,284;bill of 1910,285;present governmental system,286-287.Ausgleich.SeeAustria-Hungary.Austria:——Abgeordnetenhaus,composition,466;electoral system to 1873,466-467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;electoral law of 1896,468;electoral law of 1907,469-471;electoral qualifications and procedure,471-472;sessions and procedure,472-473;powers,473-474.—Administration,of province,485-487;of commune,487-488.—Amendment,of constitution,461.—Ausgleich,established,458-459;and political parties,475-476;nature,509.—Babenbergs,442.—Badeni,electoral bill,468;ministry,479.—Beck,carries electoral reform,469-470.—Bienerth,ministry,482.—Bohemia,language question in,480.—Charles V.,443.—ChristianSocialist Party,483.—Citizens,rights of,462.—Civil list,464.—Commune,organization,487-488.—Constitution,promulgated in 1848,454;abrogated,455;experiments of 1860-1861,456-457;texts,460;style of government,460-461;amendment,461.—Courts,ordinary,483-484;administrative,484-485.—Crown.SeeEmperor.—Diet,provision for in constitution of 1848,454.—Diploma of 1860,456.—Elections,original system,466;law of 1873,467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;law of 1896,468;law of 1907,469-471;qualifications and procedure,471-472;of 1901,481;of 1907,481-482;of 1911,482-483.—Emperor,status,463;powers,464;relation with ministries,464.—Franchise,law of 1873,467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;law of 1896,468;law of 1907,469-471;present system,471-472.—Francis I.,proclaimed emperor of Austria,445.—Francis Joseph I.,accession,455;constitutional projects,456-457;and Compromise of 1867,459;encourages electoral reform,469.—Gautsch,promises electoral reform,469;ministries,480-481.—German Liberal Party,rise,476;rule,476-477;in the opposition,477-478;return to power,478-479.—Germans,in Empire,475.—Hapsburgs,442.—Herrenhaus,composition,465;organization and powers,466;sessions and procedure,472-473.—House of Lords.SeeHerrenhaus.—House of Representatives.SeeAbgeordnetenhaus.—Hungary,establishment of power in,443;encroachment in,449-450;suppression of revolution in,455-456;constitutional experiments with,457-458;Ausgleichestablished,458-459.—Italians,in Empire,475.—Joseph II.,reforms,444.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Karlowitz,Peace of,443,448.—Körber,ministry,480-481.—Landesausschuss,485.—Landtag,of province,485-487.—Maria Theresa,development of autocracy under,444.—Metternich,policies,450-451;combats liberalism,452;fall,453.—Ministry,composition,464;responsibility,464-465.—Parliament,composition,465-466;electoral system,466-472;sessions and procedure,472-473;powers,473-474.—Parliamentarism,nature of,464-465;nadir of,480-481.—Parties,centralism and federalism,475-476;rule of German Liberals,476-477;during Taaffe ministry,477-478;return of German Liberals to power,478-479;and parliamentary deadlock,480-481;and elections of 1907 and 1911,481-483.—Patent of 1861,457.—Plural Vote,under law of 1896,468.—Pragmatic Sanction,promulgated,499.—Province,executive officials,485;Landtag,485-487.—Race,political significance of,470,474-475,479-480.—Reichsgericht,484.—Reichsrath.SeeHerrenhausandAbgeordnetenhaus.—Revolution of 1848,constitutionalism established,454;reaction,455-456.—Russia,intervenes in Austria,455.—Slavs,in Empire,475.—Social Democratic Party,demands for electoral reform,469-470;victory in 1911,483.—Succession,rules of,449,463.—Taaffe,electoral bill of 1893,467-468;ministry,477-478.—Universal Suffrage Law,adoption,469-470;racial and geographical distribution of seats,470;electoral qualifications and procedure,471-472.—Vienna, Congress of,rôle of Austria in,450.—Vorsteher,487.Austria-Hungary(see alsoAustriaandHungary):——Ausgleichestablished,458-459;nature,509.—Bosnia,annexation,514;constitution,515;governmental system,515-516;electoral arrangements,516.—Contributions.SeeFinances.—Delegations,composition and sessions,513;powers,513-514.—Emperor,status,510.—Finance,ministry of,511;arrangements concerning,512.—Foreign Affairs,ministry of,510.—Herzegovina,annexation,514;constitution,515;government and electoral system,515-516.—King.SeeEmperor.—Ministry,of foreign affairs,510;of war,511;of finance,511.—War,ministry of,511.Baden,granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,279.Bavaria,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,275-276.Belgium:——Administration,organization of province,550-551;organization of commune,551.—Amendment,process,535.—Arrondissement,electoral unit,543-545;judicial unit,549.—Austrian Netherlands,annexed to France,517-518;incorporated in United Netherlands,519.—Catholic Party,and electoral reform,540-541;and proportional representation,542-543;and elections of 1906-1910,545-546;triumph in 1912,546-547.—Commune,organization,551.—Conservative Party,and electoral reform,540-541.—Constitution,of 1815,519-520;of 1831 promulgated,534;democratic character,534-535;amendment,535.—Council,of province,550.—Court of Cassation,549.—Courts,organization and functions,549-550.—Crown,status and privileges,536;relation with ministry,536-537;powers,537-538.—Elections,earlier arrangements,539-540;law of 1893,540-541;franchise to-day,541-542;adoption of proportional representation,543-545;of 1906-1910,545-546;of 1912,546-547.—Franchise,prior to 1893,539-540;law of 1893,540-541;system to-day,541-542;demand for further reform,547-548.—Holland,separation from,520-521.—House of Representatives,composition,539;earlier electoral arrangements,539-540;electoral law of 1893,540-541;franchise to-day,541-542;organization and procedure,548-549.—Independence,declared,520;recognized,521.—Jury,use of,550.—Leopold I.,crowned king,521.—Liberal Party,and electoral reform,540-541;favors proportional representation,543;opposition to plural vote,547.—Ministry,composition,536;responsibility,536-537.—Parliament,composition and election of senators,538-539;composition of House of Representatives,539;electoral system,539-542;proportional representation,543-545;organization and procedure of chambers,548-549.—Parliamentarism,536-537.—Plural Vote,541-542;opposition of Liberals and Socialists,547-548;in province,551.—Proportional Representation,adopted,543;operation,543-545.—Province,organization,550-551.—Revolution of 1830,520-521.—Senate,composition and election,538;qualifications,539;organization, and procedure,548-549.—Socialists,lead movement for electoral reform,540-541;favor proportional representation,543;opposition to plural vote,547-548.Bismark, Otto von,and establishment of German Empire,199-201;attitude toward socialism,231;reform of Prussian local government,266-267.Bosnia.SeeAustria-Hungary.Bundesrath.SeeGermanyandSwitzerland.Cabinet.SeeEngland.Canton,of France,343,348;of Switzerland,409-422.Chamber of Deputies.SeeFrance,Italy,Hungary.Civil List,in Great Britain,51-52;of king of Prussia,253;of king of Italy,368.Committees,in English Parliament,123-137;in Bundesrath,220;in Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264;in French Parliament,325-327.Commune,in Prussia,272-273;antiquity in France,348;organization,344-351;in Italy,385;in Switzerland,422;in Austria,487-488;in Holland,533;in Belgium,551;in Norway,588;in Spain,627;in Portugal,638-639.Congress.SeePortugal.Congress of Deputies.SeeSpain.Constitution,development of English,2-41;nature of English,41-47;of German Confederation of 1815,194-196;of German Empire,202-204;of Prussia,250-252;succession in France from 1791,290-300;of Third Republic,304-306;succession in Italy,354-361;of Italy to-day,360-367;of Switzerland,410-416,431-432;of Austria,456-461;of Hungary,446-448,489-490;of Holland,519-523;of Belgium,534-535;of Denmark,557-559;of Norway,574,578-579;of Sweden,589;succession in Spain,604-608;of Spain to-day,611-612;of Portuguese republic,642-643.Cortes.SeeSpainandPortugal.County,English,171-184.Courts,in England,171-175;in Germany,243-244;in France,337-341;in Italy,381-383;in Austria,483-485;in Holland,531-532;in Belgium,549-550;in Denmark,568-569;in Norway,587-588;in Spain,626-627;in Portugal,638,646.Croatia,government,507-508.Crown,in Great Britain,48-59;in German Empire,210-214;in Prussia,252;in Italy,368-370;in Austria,463-464;in Hungary,491;in Holland,523-525;in Denmark,554-561;in Norway,578-585;in Sweden,570-571,590-591;in Spain,613-615;in Portugal,635-636.Delegations.SeeAustria-Hungary.Denmark:——Administration,569.—Christensen,ministry,566-567.—Christian VIII.,and reform,556-567.—Christian IX.,yields to parliamentary principle,562.—Conservative Party,resists parliamentary principle,560-562;dominance,565-566.—Constitution,of 1848,557;of 1849 promulgated,557;revised in 1866,558-559;process of amendment,559.—Courts,general principles,568;organization,568-569;act of 1908,569.—Crown,development,554-555;opposition to reform,556;status,559;powers,560;relations with ministry,560-561.—Diet,of provinces,556.—Elections,present system,563;projected reform,564;of 1906,567;of 1910,567-568.—Estrup,ministry,561-562,565-566.—Franchise,present system,563;movement for reform,564.—Frederick VI.,creates diets,556.—Folkething,composition,563;elections,563-564;sessions and powers,564-565.—Höjesteret,568.—Holstein,558.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Kalmar,union of,553.—Kiel,treaty of,554.—King.SeeCrown.—Kongelov,555,557.—Landsthing,composition,562;qualifications,563;sessions and powers,564-565.—Lauenburg,558.—Liberal Party,pressure for parliamentary system,560-562;advent to power,566.—Malmö,treaty of,553.—Ministry,composition,560-561;responsibility,561-562;of Estrup,561-562,565-566;recent instability,567-568.—Norway,united with,553;separated from,554.—Parliament.SeeRigsdag.—Parliamentarism,560-562.—Parties,rise,565;during Estrup's ministry,565-566;advent of Liberals to power,566;since 1903,566-568.—Proportional Representation,in election of senators,563.—Radical Party,567-568.—Revolution of 1660,554-555.—Rigsdag,composition,562-563;electoral system,563-564;sessions and power,564-565.—Rigsrad,554.—Schleswig,558.—Social Democratic Party,567-568.
Abgeordnetenhaus.SeePrussiaandAustria.Administration,development in Great Britain,176-179;present system,180-191;development of Prussian system,265-273;in France under Old Régime,341-342;during Revolutionary and Napoleonic era,342-343;present system,345-351;in Italy,383-385;in Austria,485-488;in Hungary,506-507;in Holland,532-533;in Belgium,550-551;in Denmark,569;in Norway,588;in Sweden,601;in Spain,627-628;in Portugal,638-639,646.Alsace-Lorraine,original organization,282;the Landesausschuss,283;movement for autonomy,284;bill of 1910,285;present governmental system,286-287.Ausgleich.SeeAustria-Hungary.Austria:——Abgeordnetenhaus,composition,466;electoral system to 1873,466-467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;electoral law of 1896,468;electoral law of 1907,469-471;electoral qualifications and procedure,471-472;sessions and procedure,472-473;powers,473-474.—Administration,of province,485-487;of commune,487-488.—Amendment,of constitution,461.—Ausgleich,established,458-459;and political parties,475-476;nature,509.—Babenbergs,442.—Badeni,electoral bill,468;ministry,479.—Beck,carries electoral reform,469-470.—Bienerth,ministry,482.—Bohemia,language question in,480.—Charles V.,443.—ChristianSocialist Party,483.—Citizens,rights of,462.—Civil list,464.—Commune,organization,487-488.—Constitution,promulgated in 1848,454;abrogated,455;experiments of 1860-1861,456-457;texts,460;style of government,460-461;amendment,461.—Courts,ordinary,483-484;administrative,484-485.—Crown.SeeEmperor.—Diet,provision for in constitution of 1848,454.—Diploma of 1860,456.—Elections,original system,466;law of 1873,467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;law of 1896,468;law of 1907,469-471;qualifications and procedure,471-472;of 1901,481;of 1907,481-482;of 1911,482-483.—Emperor,status,463;powers,464;relation with ministries,464.—Franchise,law of 1873,467;Taaffe bill of 1893,467-468;law of 1896,468;law of 1907,469-471;present system,471-472.—Francis I.,proclaimed emperor of Austria,445.—Francis Joseph I.,accession,455;constitutional projects,456-457;and Compromise of 1867,459;encourages electoral reform,469.—Gautsch,promises electoral reform,469;ministries,480-481.—German Liberal Party,rise,476;rule,476-477;in the opposition,477-478;return to power,478-479.—Germans,in Empire,475.—Hapsburgs,442.—Herrenhaus,composition,465;organization and powers,466;sessions and procedure,472-473.—House of Lords.SeeHerrenhaus.—House of Representatives.SeeAbgeordnetenhaus.—Hungary,establishment of power in,443;encroachment in,449-450;suppression of revolution in,455-456;constitutional experiments with,457-458;Ausgleichestablished,458-459.—Italians,in Empire,475.—Joseph II.,reforms,444.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Karlowitz,Peace of,443,448.—Körber,ministry,480-481.—Landesausschuss,485.—Landtag,of province,485-487.—Maria Theresa,development of autocracy under,444.—Metternich,policies,450-451;combats liberalism,452;fall,453.—Ministry,composition,464;responsibility,464-465.—Parliament,composition,465-466;electoral system,466-472;sessions and procedure,472-473;powers,473-474.—Parliamentarism,nature of,464-465;nadir of,480-481.—Parties,centralism and federalism,475-476;rule of German Liberals,476-477;during Taaffe ministry,477-478;return of German Liberals to power,478-479;and parliamentary deadlock,480-481;and elections of 1907 and 1911,481-483.—Patent of 1861,457.—Plural Vote,under law of 1896,468.—Pragmatic Sanction,promulgated,499.—Province,executive officials,485;Landtag,485-487.—Race,political significance of,470,474-475,479-480.—Reichsgericht,484.—Reichsrath.SeeHerrenhausandAbgeordnetenhaus.—Revolution of 1848,constitutionalism established,454;reaction,455-456.—Russia,intervenes in Austria,455.—Slavs,in Empire,475.—Social Democratic Party,demands for electoral reform,469-470;victory in 1911,483.—Succession,rules of,449,463.—Taaffe,electoral bill of 1893,467-468;ministry,477-478.—Universal Suffrage Law,adoption,469-470;racial and geographical distribution of seats,470;electoral qualifications and procedure,471-472.—Vienna, Congress of,rôle of Austria in,450.—Vorsteher,487.Austria-Hungary(see alsoAustriaandHungary):——Ausgleichestablished,458-459;nature,509.—Bosnia,annexation,514;constitution,515;governmental system,515-516;electoral arrangements,516.—Contributions.SeeFinances.—Delegations,composition and sessions,513;powers,513-514.—Emperor,status,510.—Finance,ministry of,511;arrangements concerning,512.—Foreign Affairs,ministry of,510.—Herzegovina,annexation,514;constitution,515;government and electoral system,515-516.—King.SeeEmperor.—Ministry,of foreign affairs,510;of war,511;of finance,511.—War,ministry of,511.
Baden,granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,279.Bavaria,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,275-276.Belgium:——Administration,organization of province,550-551;organization of commune,551.—Amendment,process,535.—Arrondissement,electoral unit,543-545;judicial unit,549.—Austrian Netherlands,annexed to France,517-518;incorporated in United Netherlands,519.—Catholic Party,and electoral reform,540-541;and proportional representation,542-543;and elections of 1906-1910,545-546;triumph in 1912,546-547.—Commune,organization,551.—Conservative Party,and electoral reform,540-541.—Constitution,of 1815,519-520;of 1831 promulgated,534;democratic character,534-535;amendment,535.—Council,of province,550.—Court of Cassation,549.—Courts,organization and functions,549-550.—Crown,status and privileges,536;relation with ministry,536-537;powers,537-538.—Elections,earlier arrangements,539-540;law of 1893,540-541;franchise to-day,541-542;adoption of proportional representation,543-545;of 1906-1910,545-546;of 1912,546-547.—Franchise,prior to 1893,539-540;law of 1893,540-541;system to-day,541-542;demand for further reform,547-548.—Holland,separation from,520-521.—House of Representatives,composition,539;earlier electoral arrangements,539-540;electoral law of 1893,540-541;franchise to-day,541-542;organization and procedure,548-549.—Independence,declared,520;recognized,521.—Jury,use of,550.—Leopold I.,crowned king,521.—Liberal Party,and electoral reform,540-541;favors proportional representation,543;opposition to plural vote,547.—Ministry,composition,536;responsibility,536-537.—Parliament,composition and election of senators,538-539;composition of House of Representatives,539;electoral system,539-542;proportional representation,543-545;organization and procedure of chambers,548-549.—Parliamentarism,536-537.—Plural Vote,541-542;opposition of Liberals and Socialists,547-548;in province,551.—Proportional Representation,adopted,543;operation,543-545.—Province,organization,550-551.—Revolution of 1830,520-521.—Senate,composition and election,538;qualifications,539;organization, and procedure,548-549.—Socialists,lead movement for electoral reform,540-541;favor proportional representation,543;opposition to plural vote,547-548.Bismark, Otto von,and establishment of German Empire,199-201;attitude toward socialism,231;reform of Prussian local government,266-267.Bosnia.SeeAustria-Hungary.Bundesrath.SeeGermanyandSwitzerland.
Cabinet.SeeEngland.Canton,of France,343,348;of Switzerland,409-422.Chamber of Deputies.SeeFrance,Italy,Hungary.Civil List,in Great Britain,51-52;of king of Prussia,253;of king of Italy,368.Committees,in English Parliament,123-137;in Bundesrath,220;in Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264;in French Parliament,325-327.Commune,in Prussia,272-273;antiquity in France,348;organization,344-351;in Italy,385;in Switzerland,422;in Austria,487-488;in Holland,533;in Belgium,551;in Norway,588;in Spain,627;in Portugal,638-639.Congress.SeePortugal.Congress of Deputies.SeeSpain.Constitution,development of English,2-41;nature of English,41-47;of German Confederation of 1815,194-196;of German Empire,202-204;of Prussia,250-252;succession in France from 1791,290-300;of Third Republic,304-306;succession in Italy,354-361;of Italy to-day,360-367;of Switzerland,410-416,431-432;of Austria,456-461;of Hungary,446-448,489-490;of Holland,519-523;of Belgium,534-535;of Denmark,557-559;of Norway,574,578-579;of Sweden,589;succession in Spain,604-608;of Spain to-day,611-612;of Portuguese republic,642-643.Cortes.SeeSpainandPortugal.County,English,171-184.Courts,in England,171-175;in Germany,243-244;in France,337-341;in Italy,381-383;in Austria,483-485;in Holland,531-532;in Belgium,549-550;in Denmark,568-569;in Norway,587-588;in Spain,626-627;in Portugal,638,646.Croatia,government,507-508.Crown,in Great Britain,48-59;in German Empire,210-214;in Prussia,252;in Italy,368-370;in Austria,463-464;in Hungary,491;in Holland,523-525;in Denmark,554-561;in Norway,578-585;in Sweden,570-571,590-591;in Spain,613-615;in Portugal,635-636.
Delegations.SeeAustria-Hungary.Denmark:——Administration,569.—Christensen,ministry,566-567.—Christian VIII.,and reform,556-567.—Christian IX.,yields to parliamentary principle,562.—Conservative Party,resists parliamentary principle,560-562;dominance,565-566.—Constitution,of 1848,557;of 1849 promulgated,557;revised in 1866,558-559;process of amendment,559.—Courts,general principles,568;organization,568-569;act of 1908,569.—Crown,development,554-555;opposition to reform,556;status,559;powers,560;relations with ministry,560-561.—Diet,of provinces,556.—Elections,present system,563;projected reform,564;of 1906,567;of 1910,567-568.—Estrup,ministry,561-562,565-566.—Franchise,present system,563;movement for reform,564.—Frederick VI.,creates diets,556.—Folkething,composition,563;elections,563-564;sessions and powers,564-565.—Höjesteret,568.—Holstein,558.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Kalmar,union of,553.—Kiel,treaty of,554.—King.SeeCrown.—Kongelov,555,557.—Landsthing,composition,562;qualifications,563;sessions and powers,564-565.—Lauenburg,558.—Liberal Party,pressure for parliamentary system,560-562;advent to power,566.—Malmö,treaty of,553.—Ministry,composition,560-561;responsibility,561-562;of Estrup,561-562,565-566;recent instability,567-568.—Norway,united with,553;separated from,554.—Parliament.SeeRigsdag.—Parliamentarism,560-562.—Parties,rise,565;during Estrup's ministry,565-566;advent of Liberals to power,566;since 1903,566-568.—Proportional Representation,in election of senators,563.—Radical Party,567-568.—Revolution of 1660,554-555.—Rigsdag,composition,562-563;electoral system,563-564;sessions and power,564-565.—Rigsrad,554.—Schleswig,558.—Social Democratic Party,567-568.