Elections,of British House of Commons,92-96;ofReichstag,224-225;of PrussianAbgeordnetenhaus,258-263;under Revolutionary and Napoleonic constitutions,293-294;present system in France,318-322;in Italy,376-378,400-402;in Switzerland,423,426-428,435-437;in Austria,466-483;in Holland,526-530;in Belgium,539-547;in Denmark,563-568;in Norway,581-582,587;in Sweden,592-596,600;in Spain,617-618,624-625;in Portugal,633-642.England:——Act of Settlement (1701),49.—Administration.SeeLocal Government.—Admiralty Board,62.—Asquith, H.,resolutions for reform of Lords,108.—Attainder,130.—Bill of Rights,32.—Borough,in fifteenth century,23;franchise before 1832,79;franchise extended in 1832 and 1867,82-84;redistribution of parliamentary seats,85;organization before 1832,177-178;reform by Municipal Corporations Act,178;kinds,187;authorities,188;council and its functions,189.—Budget,preparation,136.—Cabinet,origins,37-38;relations with Privy Council,60;relations with ministry,61;composition,64;size,65;selection of premier,66;selection of other members,67-68;political solidarity,69;responsibility,70;proceedings,71-73;central position,74.—Campbell-Bannerman,Liberal leader,154;premier,157.—Chamberlain, Joseph,and the Liberal Unionists,151;tariff reform programme,155.—Chancery,Court of,17,174.—Charles I.,parliaments of,28.—Charles II.,restoration,31;rise of cabinet,37.—Chartists,82-83.—Civil List,51-52.—Committees,kinds,123;of whole,123;select and sessional,124;standing,124-125;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137.—Common Law,167-168.—Common Pleas,Court of,17,174.—Commonwealth,29.—Commune Concilium,7.—Conservative Party,origin of name,147;mid-century ministries,148-150;Salisbury ministries,151-153;defeat in 1906,157;signification of nomenclature,162;present-day issues,163;composition,164.—Constitution,Anglo-Saxon foundations,2-5;influenced by Norman Conquest,6-8;in the Tudor period,18-26;in the Stuart period,26-33;elements of stability and change,34;development since seventeenth century,34-41;elusiveness,41;law and conventions,42-43;flexibility and amendment,44-47.—Conventions,in English constitution,43.—Corn Laws,repeal,147.—Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act,95-96.—County,franchise before 1832,79;franchise broadened in 1832,82;franchise liberalized in 1867 and 1884,84;court of,171;organization before 1832,176-177;reform by Local Government Act of 1888,180;present administrative organization,183;council and its functions,183-184.—Court of Appeals,174.—Courts,beginnings of great tribunals,17;county,171;justices of the peace,171-172;High Court,173;Court of Appeals,174;House of Lords,130;Judicial Committee of Privy Council,175.—Cromwell, Oliver,29-30.—Crown,in Anglo-Saxon times,3;effects of Norman Conquest on,6;independence under the Tudors,21;character under early Stuarts,26;abolished in 1640,30;restoration,30;regulated by Bill of Rights,32-33;decreased powers since seventeenth century,35;theoretical position,48;rules of succession,49;regencies,50;privileges,50-52;the prerogative,52;executive powers,53-55;legislative powers,55;veto,56;relations with ministry,56-57;actual service,58;reasons for survival,59.—Disraeli, Benjamin,prime minister,150.—District,rural,184;urban,186.—District and Parish Councils Act of 1894,180.—Edward I.,and rise of Parliament,12-13.—Edward II.,statute concerning Parliament,15.—Elections,writs,92;time regulations,92-93;polling,93;the campaign,94;expenditures,95-96.—Elizabeth,strong government,21;development of Parliament under,24-25.—Equity,rules of,169.—Exchequer,Court of,17,62,174.—Franchise,in fifteenth century,23;in early nineteenth century,79;extended by Reform Act of 1832,82;demands of the Chartists,82-83;modified in 1867,83-84;liberalized in 1884,84-85;the system to-day,86-88;question of the plural vote,89-90;Franchise Bill of 1912,90;woman's suffrage,91.—Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod,118.—George III.,attempted revival of royal power,35.—Gladstone, William E.,leadership of Liberals,148;first ministry,149;second and third ministries,151;fourth ministry,152.—Great Council,7.—Henry I.,charter,7.—Henry II.,judicial measures,8.—Henry III.,and beginnings of Parliament,12.—Henry VIII.,strong government,19.—High Court of Justice,173-174.—House of Commons,origins,13;composition in 1485,23;changes in Tudor period,24;Apology of 1604,27;ascendancy over House of Lords,36;present composition,77;undemocratic character at opening of nineteenth century,77-79;electoral corruption,80;early demands for reform,80;Reform Act of 1832,81-82;Chartist agitation,82-83;Representation of the People Act of 1867,83-84;Representation of the People Act of 1884,84-85;Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85;franchise and franchise questions to-day,86-92;electoral procedure and regulations,92-96;sessions,117;opening ceremonies,117-118;meeting place described,118-120;hours of sittings,120;officers,121;Speaker,121-123;quorum,123;committees,123-125;privileges,126;payment of members,127;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137-138;provisional orders,138;rules,139-141;closure,139;the guillotine,140;votes and divisions,140-141.—House of Lords,origins,13,47;composition in 1485,22-23;changes in Tudor period,24;abolished in 1640,29;restored in 1660,31;loss of priority to House of Commons,36,102;composition,97-101;qualifications of members,101;number of members,101;question of reform,102-103;early reform proposals,103-104;conflicts with the Liberals,104;powers relating to money bills,106;rejection of Finance Bill of 1909,107;Liberal project of reform,108;Unionist proposals,109;adoption of Parliament Act of 1911,110-111;effects of the Act,112-114;sessions,117;opening ceremonies,117-118;sittings and attendance,125;officers,125-126;privileges,127;judicial functions,130-132;procedure,141-142.—Humble Petition and Advice,30.—Hundred,4.—Impeachment,130.—Independent Labor Party,165.—Instrument of Government,29.—Ireland,union of 1801,40-41;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;over-representation,89;representative peers,98-99;question of Home Rule,150-152.—James I.,conception of monarchy,26;parliaments of,28.—James II.,overthrown,32.—John,signs Magna Carta,9;holds council at Oxford,12.—Jury,use of,171,172.—Justice of the Peace,functions,171-172.—King.SeeCrown.—King's Bench,Court of,17,174.—Labor Party,165-167.—Lansdowne Reconstruction Bill,100.—Law,origins,167;form,168-169.—Legislation,powers acquired by Parliament,14-15.—Liberal Party,conflict with House of Lords,104;and reform,147;regeneration under Gladstone,148-149;and Home Rule,150;secession of Unionists,151;rehabilitation,156;electoral triumph in 1906,157;mandate and performance,158-159;conflict with House of Lords,159;triumph in elections of 1910,160;carry Parliament Act of 1911,110,160;signification of nomenclature,162;present-day issues,163;composition,164.—Liberal Unionists,origins,151.—Local Government Act of 1888,180.—Local Government Board,180,182.—Local Government,periods in history,176;before 1835,176-178;mid-century confusion of areas,179;relations with central government,181-182;organization of administrative county,183-184;the rural district,184;rural and urban parish,185;urban district,186;boroughs and cities,187-189;London,190-191.—London,government,190-191.—Lord High Chancellor,63.—Lord Lieutenant,172.—Lords of Appeal,99.—Magna Carta,character and importance,9.—Ministry,appointment,57,66-69;relation with Privy Council and Cabinet,60-61;Treasury,62;Admiralty Board,62;Lord High Chancellorship,63;the secretaries of state,63-64;the administrative boards,64;responsibility,70,128-130;proceedings,71-73.—Money Bills,the Lords and,106;Liberal proposals concerning,108;disposition under Parliament Act of 1911,112;procedure upon,135-136.—Montfort, Simon de,parliaments of 1264 and 1265,12.—Municipal Corporation Act,178.—Newcastle Programme,152.—Parish, rural and urban,185.—Parliament,origins,11;Simon de Montfort's leadership,12;Model Parliament,12-13;bicameral principle established,13;fiscal and legislative powers,14;development of legislative process,15;composition in 1485,23;growth under Tudors,24;in Stuart period,28-29;experiments during Commonwealth and Protectorate,29-30;restoration in 1660,31;constituent powers,45;relations with crown,55;undemocratic character in early nineteenth century,77-80;Reform Act of 1832,81-82;Representation of the People Act of 1867,83-84;Representation of the People Act of 1884,84-85;Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85;franchise and franchise questions to-day,86-92;electoral procedure and regulations,92-96;composition of Lords,97-101;question of Lords reform,102-109;the Parliament Act of 1911,110-114;sessions,117;how opened,117-118;meeting place and sittings,118-120;officers and committees of Commons,121-125;organization of Lords,125-126;privileges of members,126-127;function of criticism,128-130;judicial functions,130-132;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137-138;rules of Commons,139-141;procedure in Lords,141-142.—Parliament Act,origins,106-110;adoption,110-111;provisions,112-113;significance,113-115.—Parliamentarism,and parties,143.—Parties,beginnings,38-39;relation to parliamentary government,143;Tory ascendancy from 1783 to 1830,145-146;Liberals and reform,147;mid-century regeneration,148-150;rise of Liberal Unionists,151;Conservative ascendancy,154-155;Liberal revival,156-157;present significance of party names,162;current issues,163-165;labor and politics,165-166.—Plural Vote,89-90.—Poor Law,178.—Premier,selection,66;choice of colleagues,67;leadership,72-73.—Prince of Wales,49.—Private Legislation,137-138.—Privy Council,origins,17;under the Tudors,19;under Charles II.,37;relations with ministry and cabinet,60;Judicial Committee as a court,175.—Protectorate,29-30.—Provisional Orders,138.—Poyning's Law,40.—Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85-86.—Referendum, Unionist proposal of,109.—Reform Act of 1832,81-82.—Regency,50.—Representation,beginnings of,11.—Representation of the People Act,of 1867,83-84;of 1884,84-85.—Rosebery, Lord,proposals for reform of Lords,105,108.—Salisbury, Marquis of,first ministry,157;second ministry,152;third and fourth ministries,153.—Scotland,union of 1707,39-40;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;representative peers,98-99.—Shire,5.—Shire-moot,5.—Society for Constitutional Information,81.—Speaker, of House of Commons,history and functions,121-123;powers,139.—Star Chamber,Court of,20.—Stuarts,absolutism,26;overthrow,29;restored,30;finally expelled,32.—Supreme Court of Judicature,173-175.—Tariff Reform,rise and effects of issue,155-156.—Taxation,powers acquired by Parliament,14,22.—Toleration Act,33.—Tory Party,rise,39;ascendancy from 1783 to 1830,145-146.—Township,4.—Treasury,62.—Tudors,popularity,18;relations with Parliament,21.—Unionists,position in Lords,102-106.—Westminster Palace,116.—Whig Party,rise,39.—William I.,governmental policies,6-7.—William III.,accession,32.—Witenagemot,4.—Woman's Suffrage,91-92.
Elections,of British House of Commons,92-96;ofReichstag,224-225;of PrussianAbgeordnetenhaus,258-263;under Revolutionary and Napoleonic constitutions,293-294;present system in France,318-322;in Italy,376-378,400-402;in Switzerland,423,426-428,435-437;in Austria,466-483;in Holland,526-530;in Belgium,539-547;in Denmark,563-568;in Norway,581-582,587;in Sweden,592-596,600;in Spain,617-618,624-625;in Portugal,633-642.England:——Act of Settlement (1701),49.—Administration.SeeLocal Government.—Admiralty Board,62.—Asquith, H.,resolutions for reform of Lords,108.—Attainder,130.—Bill of Rights,32.—Borough,in fifteenth century,23;franchise before 1832,79;franchise extended in 1832 and 1867,82-84;redistribution of parliamentary seats,85;organization before 1832,177-178;reform by Municipal Corporations Act,178;kinds,187;authorities,188;council and its functions,189.—Budget,preparation,136.—Cabinet,origins,37-38;relations with Privy Council,60;relations with ministry,61;composition,64;size,65;selection of premier,66;selection of other members,67-68;political solidarity,69;responsibility,70;proceedings,71-73;central position,74.—Campbell-Bannerman,Liberal leader,154;premier,157.—Chamberlain, Joseph,and the Liberal Unionists,151;tariff reform programme,155.—Chancery,Court of,17,174.—Charles I.,parliaments of,28.—Charles II.,restoration,31;rise of cabinet,37.—Chartists,82-83.—Civil List,51-52.—Committees,kinds,123;of whole,123;select and sessional,124;standing,124-125;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137.—Common Law,167-168.—Common Pleas,Court of,17,174.—Commonwealth,29.—Commune Concilium,7.—Conservative Party,origin of name,147;mid-century ministries,148-150;Salisbury ministries,151-153;defeat in 1906,157;signification of nomenclature,162;present-day issues,163;composition,164.—Constitution,Anglo-Saxon foundations,2-5;influenced by Norman Conquest,6-8;in the Tudor period,18-26;in the Stuart period,26-33;elements of stability and change,34;development since seventeenth century,34-41;elusiveness,41;law and conventions,42-43;flexibility and amendment,44-47.—Conventions,in English constitution,43.—Corn Laws,repeal,147.—Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act,95-96.—County,franchise before 1832,79;franchise broadened in 1832,82;franchise liberalized in 1867 and 1884,84;court of,171;organization before 1832,176-177;reform by Local Government Act of 1888,180;present administrative organization,183;council and its functions,183-184.—Court of Appeals,174.—Courts,beginnings of great tribunals,17;county,171;justices of the peace,171-172;High Court,173;Court of Appeals,174;House of Lords,130;Judicial Committee of Privy Council,175.—Cromwell, Oliver,29-30.—Crown,in Anglo-Saxon times,3;effects of Norman Conquest on,6;independence under the Tudors,21;character under early Stuarts,26;abolished in 1640,30;restoration,30;regulated by Bill of Rights,32-33;decreased powers since seventeenth century,35;theoretical position,48;rules of succession,49;regencies,50;privileges,50-52;the prerogative,52;executive powers,53-55;legislative powers,55;veto,56;relations with ministry,56-57;actual service,58;reasons for survival,59.—Disraeli, Benjamin,prime minister,150.—District,rural,184;urban,186.—District and Parish Councils Act of 1894,180.—Edward I.,and rise of Parliament,12-13.—Edward II.,statute concerning Parliament,15.—Elections,writs,92;time regulations,92-93;polling,93;the campaign,94;expenditures,95-96.—Elizabeth,strong government,21;development of Parliament under,24-25.—Equity,rules of,169.—Exchequer,Court of,17,62,174.—Franchise,in fifteenth century,23;in early nineteenth century,79;extended by Reform Act of 1832,82;demands of the Chartists,82-83;modified in 1867,83-84;liberalized in 1884,84-85;the system to-day,86-88;question of the plural vote,89-90;Franchise Bill of 1912,90;woman's suffrage,91.—Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod,118.—George III.,attempted revival of royal power,35.—Gladstone, William E.,leadership of Liberals,148;first ministry,149;second and third ministries,151;fourth ministry,152.—Great Council,7.—Henry I.,charter,7.—Henry II.,judicial measures,8.—Henry III.,and beginnings of Parliament,12.—Henry VIII.,strong government,19.—High Court of Justice,173-174.—House of Commons,origins,13;composition in 1485,23;changes in Tudor period,24;Apology of 1604,27;ascendancy over House of Lords,36;present composition,77;undemocratic character at opening of nineteenth century,77-79;electoral corruption,80;early demands for reform,80;Reform Act of 1832,81-82;Chartist agitation,82-83;Representation of the People Act of 1867,83-84;Representation of the People Act of 1884,84-85;Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85;franchise and franchise questions to-day,86-92;electoral procedure and regulations,92-96;sessions,117;opening ceremonies,117-118;meeting place described,118-120;hours of sittings,120;officers,121;Speaker,121-123;quorum,123;committees,123-125;privileges,126;payment of members,127;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137-138;provisional orders,138;rules,139-141;closure,139;the guillotine,140;votes and divisions,140-141.—House of Lords,origins,13,47;composition in 1485,22-23;changes in Tudor period,24;abolished in 1640,29;restored in 1660,31;loss of priority to House of Commons,36,102;composition,97-101;qualifications of members,101;number of members,101;question of reform,102-103;early reform proposals,103-104;conflicts with the Liberals,104;powers relating to money bills,106;rejection of Finance Bill of 1909,107;Liberal project of reform,108;Unionist proposals,109;adoption of Parliament Act of 1911,110-111;effects of the Act,112-114;sessions,117;opening ceremonies,117-118;sittings and attendance,125;officers,125-126;privileges,127;judicial functions,130-132;procedure,141-142.—Humble Petition and Advice,30.—Hundred,4.—Impeachment,130.—Independent Labor Party,165.—Instrument of Government,29.—Ireland,union of 1801,40-41;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;over-representation,89;representative peers,98-99;question of Home Rule,150-152.—James I.,conception of monarchy,26;parliaments of,28.—James II.,overthrown,32.—John,signs Magna Carta,9;holds council at Oxford,12.—Jury,use of,171,172.—Justice of the Peace,functions,171-172.—King.SeeCrown.—King's Bench,Court of,17,174.—Labor Party,165-167.—Lansdowne Reconstruction Bill,100.—Law,origins,167;form,168-169.—Legislation,powers acquired by Parliament,14-15.—Liberal Party,conflict with House of Lords,104;and reform,147;regeneration under Gladstone,148-149;and Home Rule,150;secession of Unionists,151;rehabilitation,156;electoral triumph in 1906,157;mandate and performance,158-159;conflict with House of Lords,159;triumph in elections of 1910,160;carry Parliament Act of 1911,110,160;signification of nomenclature,162;present-day issues,163;composition,164.—Liberal Unionists,origins,151.—Local Government Act of 1888,180.—Local Government Board,180,182.—Local Government,periods in history,176;before 1835,176-178;mid-century confusion of areas,179;relations with central government,181-182;organization of administrative county,183-184;the rural district,184;rural and urban parish,185;urban district,186;boroughs and cities,187-189;London,190-191.—London,government,190-191.—Lord High Chancellor,63.—Lord Lieutenant,172.—Lords of Appeal,99.—Magna Carta,character and importance,9.—Ministry,appointment,57,66-69;relation with Privy Council and Cabinet,60-61;Treasury,62;Admiralty Board,62;Lord High Chancellorship,63;the secretaries of state,63-64;the administrative boards,64;responsibility,70,128-130;proceedings,71-73.—Money Bills,the Lords and,106;Liberal proposals concerning,108;disposition under Parliament Act of 1911,112;procedure upon,135-136.—Montfort, Simon de,parliaments of 1264 and 1265,12.—Municipal Corporation Act,178.—Newcastle Programme,152.—Parish, rural and urban,185.—Parliament,origins,11;Simon de Montfort's leadership,12;Model Parliament,12-13;bicameral principle established,13;fiscal and legislative powers,14;development of legislative process,15;composition in 1485,23;growth under Tudors,24;in Stuart period,28-29;experiments during Commonwealth and Protectorate,29-30;restoration in 1660,31;constituent powers,45;relations with crown,55;undemocratic character in early nineteenth century,77-80;Reform Act of 1832,81-82;Representation of the People Act of 1867,83-84;Representation of the People Act of 1884,84-85;Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85;franchise and franchise questions to-day,86-92;electoral procedure and regulations,92-96;composition of Lords,97-101;question of Lords reform,102-109;the Parliament Act of 1911,110-114;sessions,117;how opened,117-118;meeting place and sittings,118-120;officers and committees of Commons,121-125;organization of Lords,125-126;privileges of members,126-127;function of criticism,128-130;judicial functions,130-132;procedure on public bills,133-134;on money bills,135-136;on private bills,137-138;rules of Commons,139-141;procedure in Lords,141-142.—Parliament Act,origins,106-110;adoption,110-111;provisions,112-113;significance,113-115.—Parliamentarism,and parties,143.—Parties,beginnings,38-39;relation to parliamentary government,143;Tory ascendancy from 1783 to 1830,145-146;Liberals and reform,147;mid-century regeneration,148-150;rise of Liberal Unionists,151;Conservative ascendancy,154-155;Liberal revival,156-157;present significance of party names,162;current issues,163-165;labor and politics,165-166.—Plural Vote,89-90.—Poor Law,178.—Premier,selection,66;choice of colleagues,67;leadership,72-73.—Prince of Wales,49.—Private Legislation,137-138.—Privy Council,origins,17;under the Tudors,19;under Charles II.,37;relations with ministry and cabinet,60;Judicial Committee as a court,175.—Protectorate,29-30.—Provisional Orders,138.—Poyning's Law,40.—Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885,85-86.—Referendum, Unionist proposal of,109.—Reform Act of 1832,81-82.—Regency,50.—Representation,beginnings of,11.—Representation of the People Act,of 1867,83-84;of 1884,84-85.—Rosebery, Lord,proposals for reform of Lords,105,108.—Salisbury, Marquis of,first ministry,157;second ministry,152;third and fourth ministries,153.—Scotland,union of 1707,39-40;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;representative peers,98-99.—Shire,5.—Shire-moot,5.—Society for Constitutional Information,81.—Speaker, of House of Commons,history and functions,121-123;powers,139.—Star Chamber,Court of,20.—Stuarts,absolutism,26;overthrow,29;restored,30;finally expelled,32.—Supreme Court of Judicature,173-175.—Tariff Reform,rise and effects of issue,155-156.—Taxation,powers acquired by Parliament,14,22.—Toleration Act,33.—Tory Party,rise,39;ascendancy from 1783 to 1830,145-146.—Township,4.—Treasury,62.—Tudors,popularity,18;relations with Parliament,21.—Unionists,position in Lords,102-106.—Westminster Palace,116.—Whig Party,rise,39.—William I.,governmental policies,6-7.—William III.,accession,32.—Witenagemot,4.—Woman's Suffrage,91-92.