Folkething.SeeDenmark.France:——Adjoint,350.—Administration,under Old Régime,341-342;overhauled in 1789-1791,342;revival of centralization,343;under Second Empire,344;changes under Third Republic,345;the department,346-347;the arrondissement,347;the canton,348;the commune,348-351.—Amendment,of constitution,307,327-328.—Appeal,courts of,338.—Arrondissement,electoral unit,318;created,343;organization,347.—Assize,courts of,338.—Associations,law of,331.—Ballottage,319.—Bloc,rise,331;present condition,332.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,and constitution of the Year VIII.,293-295;organization of local administration,343.—Bonapartists,policies in 1871-1875,303-304.—Bordeaux,National Assembly meets at,302.—Briand, A.,programme of electoral reform,322;ministry,332.—Bureaus,in Parliament,325-327.—Canton,created,342;made a judicial unit,343;present character,348.—Cassation,Court of,338-339.—Catholic Party,rise,338.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,317;term and qualifications,318;electoral process,319;proposed electoral reform,319-320;the Briand programme,322;reform bill of 1912,323-324;sessions,325;officers,325;bureaus and committees,326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329;party strength in,332.—Church,legislation concerning,331.—Clemenceau,ministry,331-332.—Code Civil,335-336.—Code Napoléon,335-336.—Code of Civil Procedure,336.—Code of Commerce,336.—Code of Criminal Instruction,336.—Combes,ministry,331.—Commission du Suffrage Universel,321,323.—Committees,in Parliament,325-327.—Commune,suppressed,303;continuity of,342;place in Napoleonic system,343;council made elective,344;under Second Empire,344-345;legislation concerning in 1884,345;present character,348;number and size,348;council,348-349;mayor and assistants,349-350;importance,350-351.—Concentration,policy of,330.—Concordat,abrogated,331.—Conseil de préfecture,346.—Conservative Party,after 1848,329;in control of Senate after 1876,330;changed character,333.—Constitution,of 1791,290-291;of the Year I.,291-292;of the Year III.,292-293;of the Year VIII.,293-295;Constitutional Charter of 1814,295-297;of Second Republic,297-298;of Second Empire,299-300;of Third Republic,304-306;process of amendment,305,327-328.—Constitutional Charter,295-297.—Convention,292.—Corps législatif,under constitution of 1791,291;under constitution of the Year VIII.,294.—Council, of department,made elective,344;present character,346-347.—Council,ofarrondissement,347.—Council, of commune,made elective,344;organization and functions,348-349.—Council of Elders,in constitution of the Year III.,292-293.—Council of Five Hundred,in constitution of the Year III.,292-293.—Council of State,composition and functions,340.—Courts,of justice of the peace,337;of first instance,337;of appeal and of assize,338;of Cassation,338-339;appointment and tenure of judges,339;administrative,339-340;Council of State,340;of Conflicts,341.—Department,created,342;organized by Napoleon,343;council made elective,344;under Second Empire,344-345;the office of prefect,346;the council,346-347.—Elections,under constitution of the Year VIII.,293-294;under Constitutional Charter of 1814,296;arrondissementas unit,318;conduct,319;ballottage,319;question of reform,319-322;the Briand programme,322;of 1906,331;of 1910,332;reform bill of 1912,323-324.—Electoral Reform.SeeElections.—Empire,Napoleonic,295;Second French,299-300.—Extreme Left,in Chamber of Deputies,332.—First Instance,courts of,337.—Franchise,under Napoleonic system,294;under Constitutional Charter of 1814,296-297;present regulations,317.—Frankfort,Peace of,302.—Généralité,342.—Great Western Line,purchase of,332.—Impeachment,309.—Intendant,342.—Interpellation,314.—Jaurès,socialist leader,334.—Journal Officiel,326.—Judges,appointment and tenure,339.—Judiciary. SeeCourts.—Juge de paix,337.—Law,codification,335-336;character,336-337;administrative,339.—Left,in Chamber of Deputies,332.—Legislation,President's part in,309-310;processes,326-327;powers,328-329.—Legitimists,policies in 1871-1875,303-305.—MacMahon, Marshall,president,304.—Mayor,functions,347-350.—Millerand, Étienne,socialist member of ministry,334.—Ministry,place in governmental system,311;composition,312;responsibility,312-313;frequency of changes,313;interpellation,314.—Multiple Candidature Act,318.—Napoleon III.,proclaimed emperor,299.—National Assembly,of 1871-1875,302-303;of Third Republic, election of President,309,328;amendment of constitution,327-328.—Orleanists,policies in 1871-1875,303-304.—Pacification,policy of,330.—Parliament,establishment of bicameral system,315;original form of Senate,315-316;composition and election to-day,316-317;composition of Chamber of Deputies,317-318;question of electoral reform,319-324;sessions,325;officers,325;committees,326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329.—Parliamentarism,313.—Parties,multiplicity,312-313;development after 1848,329;situation after 1876,330;rise of Radicals,330;thebloc,331;rise of Socialists,330-331,333-334;elections of 1906,331;elections of 1910,332;changes since 1871,333.—Penal Code,336.—Prefect,creation in 1800,343;appointment and functions,346.—Premier,position and powers,312.—President,title created,303;occupants of the office,308;election,308,328;term,309;qualifications,309;salary and privileges,309;powers,309-311;relation with ministers,311-312.—Procedure,in Senate and Chamber of Deputies,326-327.—Procureur,327.—Progressive Party,rise,331.—Proportional Representation,movement for establishment of,320-324.—Province,abolished,342.—Prussia,war with,301.—Radical Party,rise,330;ascendancy,331.—Ralliés,330.—Republic,Second,297-298;Third established,302-304.—Republican Party,in 1848,329;control of Chamber of Deputies after 1876,330.—Right,in Chamber of Deputies,332;present character,333.—Rivet Law,302.—Rouvier,ministry,331.—Sarrien,ministry,331—Scrutin d'arrondissement,established in 1820,296;re-established in 1889,318;proposed change from,319-320.—Scrutin de liste,established in 1817,296;election of senators by,316;advantages of,319-320;proposals to re-establish,320-324.—Senate,original form,315-316;composition and election to-day,316-317;sessions,325;officers,325;bureaus and committees,325-326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329.—Sieyès,electoral project,294.—Socialist Party,rise,330;gains,331;in Chamber of Deputies,332;growth and present character,333-334.—Thiers, Louis Adolph,made Chief of the Executive Power,302;made President of the French Republic,303;retirement,303.—Trade-unions,and socialism,333-334.—Tribunal des Conflits,341.—Veto,310.—Waldeck-Rousseau,ministry,331;Franchise, in Great Britain, in early nineteenth century,79-81;extension,81-85;present system,85-88;questions concerning,88-91;in German Empire,224-225;in Prussia,258-260;development in France,294-297;in France to-day,317;in Italy,376-378;in Switzerland,426;in Austria,467-472;in Holland,526-528;in Belgium,539-548;in Denmark,563-564;in Norway,581-582;in Sweden,592-597;in Spain,617-618;in Portugal,637,641.Germany(see alsoPrussiaandAustria):—Abgeordnetenhaus,of Württemberg,278.—Abtheilungen,in German Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264.—Agrarian Party,234.—Alsace-Lorraine,original organization,282;the Landesausschuss,283;movement for autonomy,284;bill of 1910,285;present governmental system,286-287.—Amendment,of Imperial constitution,209.—Amtsgericht,243.—Antisemitic Party,232.—Army,208.—Austria,war with Prussia,200.—Baden,granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,279.—Bavaria,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,275-276.—Bebel, August,president of German Social Democratic party,240.—Bernstein, Edward,and the "revisionist" socialists,239.—Bismarck, Otto von,minister-president of Prussia,199;plan for reorganization of German Confederation,200;establishment of North GermanBund,200;creation of the German Empire,201;and socialism,231;dismissed,233;and Prussian local government,266-267.—Bloc,234.—Bremen,governmental system,281.—Bülow, Count von,chancellor,234;and political parties,236;on electoral reform in Prussia,261.—Bund.SeeConfederation of 1815andNorth German Confederation.—Bundeskanzleramt,216.—Bundesrath,composition,217;legal character,218;sessions and procedure,219;committees,220;powers and functions,221-222.—Caprivi, General von,chancellor,233.—Carlsbad Decrees,248.—Centre Party,rise,230;pivotal position,235;present position,236-240.—Chancellor,appointment,213;legal position,214;functions and powers,215-217.—Civil List,of king of Prussia,253.—Confederation of 1815,formation,195;character,195-197;terminated,200.—Committees,in German Bundesrath,220;in Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264.—Conservative Party,rise,229;varying fortunes,233-234;present position,236-240.—Constitution,of Confederation of 1815,194-196;grants in various states,197;grant in Prussia,199;of the Empire,202-204;process of amendment,209;of Prussia,250-252.—Courts,regulated by Law of Judicial.Organization,243;inferior tribunals,243;Reichsgericht,244.—Crown.SeeEmperor.—Elections,of members of Reichstag,224-225.—Emperor,title,210;legal position and privileges,211;powers,211-213;relations with Chancellor,214.—Empire,established,201;constitution,202-203;nature,203-207.—Erfurt Programme,239.—Frankfort,seat of Diet,195;parliament of 1848,198;theFürstentag,199.—Gneist, Rudolph von,writings on government,266.—Gotha,congress at,231.—Guelf Party,232.—Hamburg,governmental system,280-281.—Hanoverian Party,232.—Hardenberg, Count von,establishes a ministry of state,255.—Holy Roman Empire,terminated,193.—Kulturkampf,230.—Landgericht,243.—Landtag,of Bavaria,275-276.—Law,character,241-242.—Legislation,powers,221,227-228;methods,219-220,226-227.—Lübeck,governmental system,281.—Metternich, Count,at Congress of Vienna,195.—Ministry,organization,213-215.—Napoleon I.,changes wrought in Germany,193-194.—National Liberal Party,rise,229;preponderance,230;break-up,233.—North German Confederation,formation,200;converted into Empire,201.—Oberlandesgericht,243.—Parliamentarism,absence in German Empire,213;absence in Prussia,254.—Parties,rise,229;older alignments,229-230;more recent alignments,230-232;minor parties,232-233;rise of thebloc,234;recent developments,236-240.—Polish Party,232.—Privileges,of members of Reichstag,225.—Proportional Representation,in Württemberg,278.—Prussia,in Confederation of 1815,194-195;voting power in the Diet,195-196;Bismarck's ministry,199;war with Austria,200;leadership of North GermanBund,200;creation of German Empire,201;pre-eminence and special privileges,207-217;position inBundesrath,218-219;regeneration in Napoleonic period,246-248;repression of liberalism,248;diet of 1847,249;revolution of 1848,249-250;formation of constitution,250.—Reichsgericht,244.—Reichsgesetzblatt,215.—Reichsland.SeeAlsace-Lorraine.—Reichstag,composition,223;electoral system,224;franchise,225;privileges of members,225;sessions and officers,226;committees,226;conduct of business,227;powers and franchise,227-228.—Revolution of 1848,in Germany,198-199;in Prussia,249-250.—Saxony,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;governmental system,276-278.—Social Democratic Party,rise,231;growth,232;triumph in 1912,236-238;present programme and character,239-240;strength in Prussia,260-261.—Sonderrechte,208.—Standeversammlung,of Saxony,277.—Statthalter,of Alsace-Lorraine,286.—Versailles,William I. proclaimed emperor at,193.—Vienna, Congress of,arrangements in Germany,194.—Vorparlament,of 1848,198.—William I.,proclaimed German Emperor,193.—Württemberg,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,278-279.—Zollverein,rise,197.Great Britain.SeeEngland.Hamburg,governmental system,280-281.Herrenhaus.SeePrussiaandAustria.Herzegovina.SeeAustria-Hungary.Holland:——Administration,organization of province,532-533;organization of commune,533.—Amendment,process,523.—Assembly,of province,532.—Batavian Republic,established,518.—Belgium,revolution in,520;independence of,521.—Commune,organization,533.—Conservative Party,529-530.—Constitution,granted by William I.,519;revision,521-522;present character,523;process of amendment,523.—Council of commune,533.—Council of State,524.—Courts,531-532.—Crown,status and privileges,523-524;powers,525.—Elections,movement for reform,526;law of 1896,527;pending questions,527-528;of 1903,529-530;of 1909,530.—France,Holland annexed to,518.—Franchise,movement for liberalizing,526;law of 1896,527;pending questions,527-528.—High Court,531.—Judiciary,principles,531;courts,531-532.—Liberal Party,529-530.—Ministry,composition,524;powers,525.—Napoleon,relations with the Netherlands,>517-518.—Parliament.SeeStates-General.—Parties,rise,529;present alignment,520;elections of 1909,530.—Province,organization,532-533.—States-General,composition of the houses,526;electoral system,527-528;organization and powers,528-529;political complexion,530.—Socialists,529-530.—Vienna, Congress of,arrangements respecting the Netherlands,518.—William I.,king of the Netherlands,518-519;grants constitution,519-520;resists Belgian independence,520-521;abdicates,521.—Woman's suffrage,527-528.Holy Roman Empire,terminated,193.House of Commons.SeeEngland.House of Lords.SeeEngland.House of Representatives.SeeBelgium.Hungary:——Administration,506-507.—Andrássy,introduces electoral reform bill,495.—Andrew II.,promulgates Golden Bull,446-447,489.—Árpáds,dynasty of,447.—Ausgleich,established,458-459;and Hungarian political parties,500.—Austria,establishment of control,443;encroachment by,449-450;suppresses revolution of 1848,455-456;constitutional experiments,457-468;Ausgleich established,458-459.—Bánffy,ministry,502.—Banus,of Croatia-Slavonia,508.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,493;electoral system,493-494;movement for electoral reform,495-496;electoral procedure,497-498;organization,498;powers,499-500.—Constitution,foundations,446-447;development,447-448;March Laws,453-454,489;character,490.—County,origins,506;organization,507.—Courts,505-506.—Croatia,government,507-508.—Crown.SeeKing.—Deák, Francis,builds up Liberal party,452;voices demands of Hungary,457;retirement,501.—Elections,present franchise,493-494;movement for reform,495;reform bill of 1908,495-497;procedure,497-498;of 1905,503.—Franchise,present system,493-494;electoral reform bill of 1908,495-497.—Golden Bull,promulgated,446-447,489.—Hedérváry,ministry,504-505.—Independence,proclaimed in 1849,455.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—King,status,491.—Law,505.—Liberal Party,origins,452,501-502;demands in 1860-1861,457;ascendancy,501,502.—Magyars,settlement in Europe,445;policies in 1848,454;number and domination of,494.—March Laws,promulgated,453.—Metternich,repressive policy,452.—Ministry,composition and status,491-492.—Mohács,battle of,448.—Parliament,composition,492-493;electoral system,493-497;organization and procedure,497-498;powers499-500;obstructionism in,502-505.—Parliamentarism,498.—Parties,and question ofAusgleich,500;rise of Liberals,500-501;era of parliamentary obstructionism,502-505.—Pragmatic Sanction,promulgated,449.—Revolution of 1848,453-455.—Settlement,445.—Slavonia,government,507-508.—Stephen I.,receives crown from Pope,446.—Table of Magnates,composition,492-493;privileges,493;organization and procedure,498;powers,499-500.—Tisza, István,ministry,503.—Tisza, Kálman,ministry,501-502.—Turks,invasions of,448.—Wekerle,ministry,504.
Folkething.SeeDenmark.France:——Adjoint,350.—Administration,under Old Régime,341-342;overhauled in 1789-1791,342;revival of centralization,343;under Second Empire,344;changes under Third Republic,345;the department,346-347;the arrondissement,347;the canton,348;the commune,348-351.—Amendment,of constitution,307,327-328.—Appeal,courts of,338.—Arrondissement,electoral unit,318;created,343;organization,347.—Assize,courts of,338.—Associations,law of,331.—Ballottage,319.—Bloc,rise,331;present condition,332.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,and constitution of the Year VIII.,293-295;organization of local administration,343.—Bonapartists,policies in 1871-1875,303-304.—Bordeaux,National Assembly meets at,302.—Briand, A.,programme of electoral reform,322;ministry,332.—Bureaus,in Parliament,325-327.—Canton,created,342;made a judicial unit,343;present character,348.—Cassation,Court of,338-339.—Catholic Party,rise,338.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,317;term and qualifications,318;electoral process,319;proposed electoral reform,319-320;the Briand programme,322;reform bill of 1912,323-324;sessions,325;officers,325;bureaus and committees,326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329;party strength in,332.—Church,legislation concerning,331.—Clemenceau,ministry,331-332.—Code Civil,335-336.—Code Napoléon,335-336.—Code of Civil Procedure,336.—Code of Commerce,336.—Code of Criminal Instruction,336.—Combes,ministry,331.—Commission du Suffrage Universel,321,323.—Committees,in Parliament,325-327.—Commune,suppressed,303;continuity of,342;place in Napoleonic system,343;council made elective,344;under Second Empire,344-345;legislation concerning in 1884,345;present character,348;number and size,348;council,348-349;mayor and assistants,349-350;importance,350-351.—Concentration,policy of,330.—Concordat,abrogated,331.—Conseil de préfecture,346.—Conservative Party,after 1848,329;in control of Senate after 1876,330;changed character,333.—Constitution,of 1791,290-291;of the Year I.,291-292;of the Year III.,292-293;of the Year VIII.,293-295;Constitutional Charter of 1814,295-297;of Second Republic,297-298;of Second Empire,299-300;of Third Republic,304-306;process of amendment,305,327-328.—Constitutional Charter,295-297.—Convention,292.—Corps législatif,under constitution of 1791,291;under constitution of the Year VIII.,294.—Council, of department,made elective,344;present character,346-347.—Council,ofarrondissement,347.—Council, of commune,made elective,344;organization and functions,348-349.—Council of Elders,in constitution of the Year III.,292-293.—Council of Five Hundred,in constitution of the Year III.,292-293.—Council of State,composition and functions,340.—Courts,of justice of the peace,337;of first instance,337;of appeal and of assize,338;of Cassation,338-339;appointment and tenure of judges,339;administrative,339-340;Council of State,340;of Conflicts,341.—Department,created,342;organized by Napoleon,343;council made elective,344;under Second Empire,344-345;the office of prefect,346;the council,346-347.—Elections,under constitution of the Year VIII.,293-294;under Constitutional Charter of 1814,296;arrondissementas unit,318;conduct,319;ballottage,319;question of reform,319-322;the Briand programme,322;of 1906,331;of 1910,332;reform bill of 1912,323-324.—Electoral Reform.SeeElections.—Empire,Napoleonic,295;Second French,299-300.—Extreme Left,in Chamber of Deputies,332.—First Instance,courts of,337.—Franchise,under Napoleonic system,294;under Constitutional Charter of 1814,296-297;present regulations,317.—Frankfort,Peace of,302.—Généralité,342.—Great Western Line,purchase of,332.—Impeachment,309.—Intendant,342.—Interpellation,314.—Jaurès,socialist leader,334.—Journal Officiel,326.—Judges,appointment and tenure,339.—Judiciary. SeeCourts.—Juge de paix,337.—Law,codification,335-336;character,336-337;administrative,339.—Left,in Chamber of Deputies,332.—Legislation,President's part in,309-310;processes,326-327;powers,328-329.—Legitimists,policies in 1871-1875,303-305.—MacMahon, Marshall,president,304.—Mayor,functions,347-350.—Millerand, Étienne,socialist member of ministry,334.—Ministry,place in governmental system,311;composition,312;responsibility,312-313;frequency of changes,313;interpellation,314.—Multiple Candidature Act,318.—Napoleon III.,proclaimed emperor,299.—National Assembly,of 1871-1875,302-303;of Third Republic, election of President,309,328;amendment of constitution,327-328.—Orleanists,policies in 1871-1875,303-304.—Pacification,policy of,330.—Parliament,establishment of bicameral system,315;original form of Senate,315-316;composition and election to-day,316-317;composition of Chamber of Deputies,317-318;question of electoral reform,319-324;sessions,325;officers,325;committees,326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329.—Parliamentarism,313.—Parties,multiplicity,312-313;development after 1848,329;situation after 1876,330;rise of Radicals,330;thebloc,331;rise of Socialists,330-331,333-334;elections of 1906,331;elections of 1910,332;changes since 1871,333.—Penal Code,336.—Prefect,creation in 1800,343;appointment and functions,346.—Premier,position and powers,312.—President,title created,303;occupants of the office,308;election,308,328;term,309;qualifications,309;salary and privileges,309;powers,309-311;relation with ministers,311-312.—Procedure,in Senate and Chamber of Deputies,326-327.—Procureur,327.—Progressive Party,rise,331.—Proportional Representation,movement for establishment of,320-324.—Province,abolished,342.—Prussia,war with,301.—Radical Party,rise,330;ascendancy,331.—Ralliés,330.—Republic,Second,297-298;Third established,302-304.—Republican Party,in 1848,329;control of Chamber of Deputies after 1876,330.—Right,in Chamber of Deputies,332;present character,333.—Rivet Law,302.—Rouvier,ministry,331.—Sarrien,ministry,331—Scrutin d'arrondissement,established in 1820,296;re-established in 1889,318;proposed change from,319-320.—Scrutin de liste,established in 1817,296;election of senators by,316;advantages of,319-320;proposals to re-establish,320-324.—Senate,original form,315-316;composition and election to-day,316-317;sessions,325;officers,325;bureaus and committees,325-326;procedure,326;powers and functions,327-329.—Sieyès,electoral project,294.—Socialist Party,rise,330;gains,331;in Chamber of Deputies,332;growth and present character,333-334.—Thiers, Louis Adolph,made Chief of the Executive Power,302;made President of the French Republic,303;retirement,303.—Trade-unions,and socialism,333-334.—Tribunal des Conflits,341.—Veto,310.—Waldeck-Rousseau,ministry,331;Franchise, in Great Britain, in early nineteenth century,79-81;extension,81-85;present system,85-88;questions concerning,88-91;in German Empire,224-225;in Prussia,258-260;development in France,294-297;in France to-day,317;in Italy,376-378;in Switzerland,426;in Austria,467-472;in Holland,526-528;in Belgium,539-548;in Denmark,563-564;in Norway,581-582;in Sweden,592-597;in Spain,617-618;in Portugal,637,641.
Germany(see alsoPrussiaandAustria):—Abgeordnetenhaus,of Württemberg,278.—Abtheilungen,in German Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264.—Agrarian Party,234.—Alsace-Lorraine,original organization,282;the Landesausschuss,283;movement for autonomy,284;bill of 1910,285;present governmental system,286-287.—Amendment,of Imperial constitution,209.—Amtsgericht,243.—Antisemitic Party,232.—Army,208.—Austria,war with Prussia,200.—Baden,granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,279.—Bavaria,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,275-276.—Bebel, August,president of German Social Democratic party,240.—Bernstein, Edward,and the "revisionist" socialists,239.—Bismarck, Otto von,minister-president of Prussia,199;plan for reorganization of German Confederation,200;establishment of North GermanBund,200;creation of the German Empire,201;and socialism,231;dismissed,233;and Prussian local government,266-267.—Bloc,234.—Bremen,governmental system,281.—Bülow, Count von,chancellor,234;and political parties,236;on electoral reform in Prussia,261.—Bund.SeeConfederation of 1815andNorth German Confederation.—Bundeskanzleramt,216.—Bundesrath,composition,217;legal character,218;sessions and procedure,219;committees,220;powers and functions,221-222.—Caprivi, General von,chancellor,233.—Carlsbad Decrees,248.—Centre Party,rise,230;pivotal position,235;present position,236-240.—Chancellor,appointment,213;legal position,214;functions and powers,215-217.—Civil List,of king of Prussia,253.—Confederation of 1815,formation,195;character,195-197;terminated,200.—Committees,in German Bundesrath,220;in Reichstag,226;in Prussian Landtag,264.—Conservative Party,rise,229;varying fortunes,233-234;present position,236-240.—Constitution,of Confederation of 1815,194-196;grants in various states,197;grant in Prussia,199;of the Empire,202-204;process of amendment,209;of Prussia,250-252.—Courts,regulated by Law of Judicial.Organization,243;inferior tribunals,243;Reichsgericht,244.—Crown.SeeEmperor.—Elections,of members of Reichstag,224-225.—Emperor,title,210;legal position and privileges,211;powers,211-213;relations with Chancellor,214.—Empire,established,201;constitution,202-203;nature,203-207.—Erfurt Programme,239.—Frankfort,seat of Diet,195;parliament of 1848,198;theFürstentag,199.—Gneist, Rudolph von,writings on government,266.—Gotha,congress at,231.—Guelf Party,232.—Hamburg,governmental system,280-281.—Hanoverian Party,232.—Hardenberg, Count von,establishes a ministry of state,255.—Holy Roman Empire,terminated,193.—Kulturkampf,230.—Landgericht,243.—Landtag,of Bavaria,275-276.—Law,character,241-242.—Legislation,powers,221,227-228;methods,219-220,226-227.—Lübeck,governmental system,281.—Metternich, Count,at Congress of Vienna,195.—Ministry,organization,213-215.—Napoleon I.,changes wrought in Germany,193-194.—National Liberal Party,rise,229;preponderance,230;break-up,233.—North German Confederation,formation,200;converted into Empire,201.—Oberlandesgericht,243.—Parliamentarism,absence in German Empire,213;absence in Prussia,254.—Parties,rise,229;older alignments,229-230;more recent alignments,230-232;minor parties,232-233;rise of thebloc,234;recent developments,236-240.—Polish Party,232.—Privileges,of members of Reichstag,225.—Proportional Representation,in Württemberg,278.—Prussia,in Confederation of 1815,194-195;voting power in the Diet,195-196;Bismarck's ministry,199;war with Austria,200;leadership of North GermanBund,200;creation of German Empire,201;pre-eminence and special privileges,207-217;position inBundesrath,218-219;regeneration in Napoleonic period,246-248;repression of liberalism,248;diet of 1847,249;revolution of 1848,249-250;formation of constitution,250.—Reichsgericht,244.—Reichsgesetzblatt,215.—Reichsland.SeeAlsace-Lorraine.—Reichstag,composition,223;electoral system,224;franchise,225;privileges of members,225;sessions and officers,226;committees,226;conduct of business,227;powers and franchise,227-228.—Revolution of 1848,in Germany,198-199;in Prussia,249-250.—Saxony,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;governmental system,276-278.—Social Democratic Party,rise,231;growth,232;triumph in 1912,236-238;present programme and character,239-240;strength in Prussia,260-261.—Sonderrechte,208.—Standeversammlung,of Saxony,277.—Statthalter,of Alsace-Lorraine,286.—Versailles,William I. proclaimed emperor at,193.—Vienna, Congress of,arrangements in Germany,194.—Vorparlament,of 1848,198.—William I.,proclaimed German Emperor,193.—Württemberg,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,278-279.—Zollverein,rise,197.Great Britain.SeeEngland.
Hamburg,governmental system,280-281.Herrenhaus.SeePrussiaandAustria.Herzegovina.SeeAustria-Hungary.Holland:——Administration,organization of province,532-533;organization of commune,533.—Amendment,process,523.—Assembly,of province,532.—Batavian Republic,established,518.—Belgium,revolution in,520;independence of,521.—Commune,organization,533.—Conservative Party,529-530.—Constitution,granted by William I.,519;revision,521-522;present character,523;process of amendment,523.—Council of commune,533.—Council of State,524.—Courts,531-532.—Crown,status and privileges,523-524;powers,525.—Elections,movement for reform,526;law of 1896,527;pending questions,527-528;of 1903,529-530;of 1909,530.—France,Holland annexed to,518.—Franchise,movement for liberalizing,526;law of 1896,527;pending questions,527-528.—High Court,531.—Judiciary,principles,531;courts,531-532.—Liberal Party,529-530.—Ministry,composition,524;powers,525.—Napoleon,relations with the Netherlands,>517-518.—Parliament.SeeStates-General.—Parties,rise,529;present alignment,520;elections of 1909,530.—Province,organization,532-533.—States-General,composition of the houses,526;electoral system,527-528;organization and powers,528-529;political complexion,530.—Socialists,529-530.—Vienna, Congress of,arrangements respecting the Netherlands,518.—William I.,king of the Netherlands,518-519;grants constitution,519-520;resists Belgian independence,520-521;abdicates,521.—Woman's suffrage,527-528.Holy Roman Empire,terminated,193.House of Commons.SeeEngland.House of Lords.SeeEngland.House of Representatives.SeeBelgium.Hungary:——Administration,506-507.—Andrássy,introduces electoral reform bill,495.—Andrew II.,promulgates Golden Bull,446-447,489.—Árpáds,dynasty of,447.—Ausgleich,established,458-459;and Hungarian political parties,500.—Austria,establishment of control,443;encroachment by,449-450;suppresses revolution of 1848,455-456;constitutional experiments,457-468;Ausgleich established,458-459.—Bánffy,ministry,502.—Banus,of Croatia-Slavonia,508.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,493;electoral system,493-494;movement for electoral reform,495-496;electoral procedure,497-498;organization,498;powers,499-500.—Constitution,foundations,446-447;development,447-448;March Laws,453-454,489;character,490.—County,origins,506;organization,507.—Courts,505-506.—Croatia,government,507-508.—Crown.SeeKing.—Deák, Francis,builds up Liberal party,452;voices demands of Hungary,457;retirement,501.—Elections,present franchise,493-494;movement for reform,495;reform bill of 1908,495-497;procedure,497-498;of 1905,503.—Franchise,present system,493-494;electoral reform bill of 1908,495-497.—Golden Bull,promulgated,446-447,489.—Hedérváry,ministry,504-505.—Independence,proclaimed in 1849,455.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—King,status,491.—Law,505.—Liberal Party,origins,452,501-502;demands in 1860-1861,457;ascendancy,501,502.—Magyars,settlement in Europe,445;policies in 1848,454;number and domination of,494.—March Laws,promulgated,453.—Metternich,repressive policy,452.—Ministry,composition and status,491-492.—Mohács,battle of,448.—Parliament,composition,492-493;electoral system,493-497;organization and procedure,497-498;powers499-500;obstructionism in,502-505.—Parliamentarism,498.—Parties,and question ofAusgleich,500;rise of Liberals,500-501;era of parliamentary obstructionism,502-505.—Pragmatic Sanction,promulgated,449.—Revolution of 1848,453-455.—Settlement,445.—Slavonia,government,507-508.—Stephen I.,receives crown from Pope,446.—Table of Magnates,composition,492-493;privileges,493;organization and procedure,498;powers,499-500.—Tisza, István,ministry,503.—Tisza, Kálman,ministry,501-502.—Turks,invasions of,448.—Wekerle,ministry,504.