Initiative,in Switzerland,421,432-434.Interpellation,in Prussian Landtag,265;in French Chamber of Deputies,314;in Italian Chamber of Deputies,380.Ireland,union of 1801,40-41;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;over-representation,89;representative peers,98-99;question of Home Rule,150-152.Italy:——Administration,patterned on French,363;nature and organization of province,384;nature and organization of commune,385.—Austria,influence in Italy in eighteenth century,353;position after 1815,358;helps suppress revolution of 1848,361;Piedmontese-French alliance against,362;loss of Venetia,364.—Ballottaggio,378.—Bissolati,political influence,397.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,and the Cisalpine Republic,354;overthrows Genoese oligarchy,354;wins at Marengo,355;supervises revision of Italian constitutions,355-356;crowned king of Italy,356;annexes Rome to France,357;prophecy of Italian unification,359.—Campo Formio,treaty of,354.—Cassation,courts of,382.—Catholics,political activities,400-402.—Cavour, Count,policies,362.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,375;franchise law of 1882,376;franchise to-day,376-377;electoral procedure,378;qualifications and privileges of members,378-379;organization,379-380;procedure,380-381.—Charles Albert I.,becomes king of Piedmont,360;grants constitution in 1848,360-361;abdicates,361.—Circondaro,383.—Cisalpine Republic,353-354.—Code Napoléon,established in Italy,357.—Committees,of Parliament,380.—Commune,nature and organization,385.—Conservative Party,origins,391;lack of normal development,398.—Constitution,of Cispadane Republic,354;of Transpadane Republic,354;of Ligurian Republic,355;of Roman Republic,355;of Parthenopæan Republic,355;revisions in 1802-1803,355-356;of Napoleonic kingdom of Naples,357;proclaimed in Naples in 1820,359;proclaimed in Naples in 1848,360-361;granted in Piedmont in 1848,360-361;character ofStatuto,365-367.—Council,of province,384;of commune,385.—Courts,patterned upon the French,381;ordinary tribunals,381-382;courts of cassation,382;administrative courts,382-383.—Crispi,ministries,393,394-395.—Crown,status,368;civil list,368;powers and functions,368-369;relation with ministers,370.—Depretis,ministries,392-393.—Elections,development of laws regarding,376;franchise,376-378;procedure,378;Catholic participation in,400-402;of 1909,402-403.—Extreme Left,influence,395;groups of,398.—France,relations with Italy during Napoleonic period,354-357;allied with Piedmont,362;receives Savoy and Nice,363;withdrawal of troops from Rome,364.—Franchise,prior to 1882,375;law of 1882,376;present regulations,376-377;electoral reform,377.—Fortis,ministry,396.—Garibaldi,conquest of Sicily,363.—Genoa,government remodelled,354.—Giolitti,ministries,394,396-398.—Giunta,of province,384;of commune,385.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Italian Republic,356.—Interpellation,380.—Left,origins,391;dominance,392-394;prospects of harmony,398.—Liberal Party,in control,395.—Ligurian Republic,established,354;annexed to France,356.—Lombardy,Austria's position in,353,358;annexed to Piedmont,363.—Lunéville,treaty of,355.—Luzzatti,ministry,396.—Mandamento,381.—Milan,Transpadane Republic inaugurated at,354;Napoleon crowned at,356.—Ministry,composition,369;organization and functions,370-371;ordinances,371-372.—Naples,invaded by French,355;Murat king of,357;revolution of 1820,359;revolution of 1848,360-361;annexed to kingdom of Italy,363.—Napoleon.SeeBonaparte.—Nice,ceded to France,363.—Non Expedit,purpose and effect,400-401;partial relaxation,401-402.—Novara,battle of,361.—Ordinances,371.—Papacy,and revolution of 1848,360-361;losses of territory to Piedmont,362-363;and of temporal dominion,387;Law of Papal Guarantees promulgated,388;prerogatives,388-389;relations with state,389;opposition to existing system,390;theNon Expedit,400-402.—Papal Guarantees, Law of,promulgated,388;contents and character,388-389;papal attitude toward,390.—Parliament,of united kingdom of Italy,364;composition,372-373;legislative weakness of Senate,373;proposed reform of Senate,373-374;composition of Chamber of Deputies,375;franchise,376-377;electoral procedure,378;qualifications and privileges of members,378-379;organization,379-380;procedure,380-381.—Parties,rise of,391;rule of Radicals,392-394;era of composite ministries,395-398;lack of real conservatives,398-399;groups of Extreme Left,398;rise of socialism,399-400;effects of theNon Expedit,401-402;elections of 1909,402-403.—Parthenopæan Republic,355.—Piedmont,incorporated with France,355;recovery in 1815,358;revolution of 1821,360;revolution of 1848,360;obtains constitution,361;accession of Victor Emmanuel II.,361;ascendancy of,362;annexations of 1859-1860,362.—Pius IX.,reforms,360;and revolution of 1848,360-361;loss of temporal dominion,387;rejects Law of Guarantees,390.—Plombières,agreement of,362.—Prefect,384.—Premier,appointment,369-370.—Pressburg,treaty of,356.—Province,nature and organization,384.—Radical Party,origins,391;dominance,392-394.—Republican Party,weakness,399.—Revolution,of 1820-1821,359;of 1848,360.—Right,origins,391;loss of power,392;coalition with Left,393.—Risorgimento,353.—Roman Republic,355.—Rome,republic established in 1798,355;annexed to France,357;annexed to kingdom of Italy,364;becomes capital of kingdom,364.—Rudini,ministries,394-395.—Sardinia, kingdom of.SeePiedmont.—Savoy,ceded to France,363.—Scrutinio di lista,established in 1882,376.—Senate,composition,372-373;legislative weakness,373;proposed reform,373-374;privileges and powers,375;organization,379;procedure,380-381.—Sindaco,of commune,385.—Socialist Party,rise and character,399-400.—Sonnino,ministries,396-397.—Statuto,granted,360;character,365,366-367;amendment,365-366.—Transpadane Republic,354.—Treaties,369.—Turin,kingdom of Italy proclaimed at,364.—Uffici,380.—Venice,ceded to Austria,354;annexed to kingdom of Italy,364.—Vienna, Congress of,settlement of Italian affairs,358.—Victor Emmanuel II.,accession as king of Piedmont,361;building of Italian unity,362-364.—Zanardelli,ministry,396.Landsthing.SeeDenmark.Landtag.SeePrussia.Law,of England,167-169;of Germany,241-242;of France,335-339;of Switzerland,439;of Hungary,505.London,government,190-191.Magna Carta,importance and character,9.Ministry,organization and status in Great Britain,57-70;proceedings,71-73;in German Empire,213-215;in Prussia,254-256;in France,311-314;in Italy,369-372;in Austria,464-465;in Hungary,491-492;in Holland,524-525;in Belgium,536-537;in Denmark,560-568;in Norway,580-581;in Sweden,590-591;in Spain,615-616;in Portugal,635-636,644.Netherlands.SeeHolland.Non Expedit,nature and effects,400-402.Norway:——Administration,organization,588.—Amtsthing,588.—Bernadotte,and union with Sweden,554,573-574.—Commune,organization,588.—Conservative Party,585-586.—Constitution,of Eidsvold,574;present form,578;amendment,579.—Consular Service,question of,576-577.—County,organization,588.—Courts,organization,587-588.—Crown,restoration of independence,578;status,580;powers,580-581;question of veto,584-585.—Denmark,united with,553,572-573;separated from,554.—Eidsvold,constitution of,574.—Elections,method,581;franchise,581-582;of 1909 and 1912,587.—Formaend,588.—Franchise,development,581-582;present system,582.—Haakon VII.,crowned king,578.—Höiesteret,587.—Independence,movement for in 1813-1814,574;achieved,577-578.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Kalmar,union of,553.—Karlstad,convention of,578.—Kiel,treaty of,554,573,575.—Liberal Party,growth,585-586.—Lagthing.SeeStorthing.—Michelsen,ministry,577.—Ministry,composition,580;functions,580-581.—Odelsthing.SeeStorthing.—Parliament.SeeStorthing.—Parliamentarism,581.—Parties,history to 1905,585-586;status since 1905,586-587.—Riksakt,of 1815,574-575.—Social Democratic Party,587.—Steen,carries electoral reform,581.—Storthing,composition,581;electoral system,581-582;sessions and organization,582;powers and procedure,583-584.—Sverdrup,organizes first Liberal ministry,585.—Sweden,union with established,574;nature of union,574-575;friction with,575-576;question of consular service,576-577;separation from,577-578.—Union.SeeSweden.—Veto,power of,584-585.—Woman's Suffrage,status,582.Papacy.SeeItaly.Parliament.SeeEngland,France,Italy,Austria, etc.Parliamentarism,in Great Britain,143;in German Empire,213;in Prussia,254;in Austria,464-465,480-481;in Hungary,498;in Belgium,536-537;in Denmark,560-562;in Norway,581;in Sweden,591.Parties,rise in England,38-39;history in England,143-166;in Germany,229-240;in France,329-333;in Italy,391-402;in Switzerland,434-437;in Austria,475-483;in Hungary,500-505;in Holland,529-530;in Denmark,565-568;in Norway,585-587;in Sweden,592-600;in Spain,620-625;in Portugal,631-633,639-642.Plural vote,in England,88-90;in Austria,468;in Belgium,550-551.Portugal:——Administration,organization under monarchy,638-639;under republic,646.—Arriaga, Manoel,elected president,642.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,subjugation by,629.—Braga, Theophile,leader of provisional government,641.—Braganza, house of,proscribed,641-642.—Brazil,relation with,629.—Chagas, João,ministry,642.—Charter,of 1826,630;revised,631.—Chartist Party,630-631.—Commune,organization,638-639.—Congress,composition and powers,645-646.—Constitution,of 1826,630;revision of 1852,631;character under monarchy,634-635;of republic framed,642-643;nature,643;amendment,643.—Cortes,extinct at opening of nineteenth century,629;revival,630-631;party strength under monarchy,633-634;renewed in 1908,634;composition under monarchy,636-638.—Council of Municipalities,composition and powers,645-646.—Courts,under monarchy,638;under republic,646.—Crown,status prior to 1910,635-636.—Dictadura,of France,633-634.—District,organization,638-639.—Elections,of 1906,633;system prior to 1910,637;of 1910,640;provision for in decree of 1911,641-642.—Franchise,under monarchy,637;under decree of 1911,642.—Franco,dictatorship,633-634.—House of Deputies,under monarchy,636-637.—House of Peers,under monarchy,636-637.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Liberal Concentration,of 1906,633.—Manoel II.,overthrow,641.—Miguel,assumption of crown,630.—Ministry,status prior to 1910,635-636;under the republic,644.—National Council,composition and powers,645-646.—Parties,rivalries,631-632;dictatorship of Franco,633-634;elections of 1906,633;and revolution of 1910,639-642.—Pedro IV.,contest with Miguelists,630.—Pombal,reforms,629.—President,status and powers,644.—Progressive Party,631-634.—Regenerador Party,631-634.—Revolution of 1910,origins,639;character and results,640-641.—Rotativos,632-633.—Septembrist Party,631.—Thomar, Count of,ministry,631.President,of France,303-312;of Switzerland,422-424;of Portugal,644.Proportional Representation,in Würtemberg,278;movement for in France,320-324;in Switzerland,419,433;in Belgium,543-545;in Denmark,563.Province,in Prussia,268-270;in Italy,384;in Austria,485-487;in Holland,532-533;in Belgium,550-551;in Spain,627.Prussia(see alsoGermanyandAustria):——Abgeordnetenhaus,composition,258;electoral system258-260;question of electoral reform,260-263;session and powers,263-264.—Abtheilungen,in Landtag,264.—Administration,reform measures of Stein and Hardenberg,265;reforms of Bismarck,266;general principles,267;the province and its government,268-270;the government district,270-271;the circle,271-272;the commune,272-273.—Amendment,of constitution,252.—Amtsgerichte,243.—Austria,war with,200.—Bezirksausschuss,270.—Charlottenburg,constitution promulgated at,251.—Circle.SeeKreis.—Civil List,253.—Committees,in Landtag,264.—Commune,organization,272-273.—Constitution,obstacles to establishment,248;promulgated,250;nature,251;amendment,252.—Crown,status and power,252.—Diet,of 1847,249.—Elections,present system,258-260;question of reform,260-263.—Franchise,258-260.—Frederick William III.,and constitutionalism,248-250.—Hardenberg,reform measures,247-265.—Herrenhaus,original provisions of constitution concerning,257;law of 1853,257;composition to-day,257-258.—Interpellation,inLandtag,265.—Judiciary,243-244.—Kreis,organization,271.—Kreisausschuss,271.—Kreistag,271.—Landeshauptmann,270.—Landgerichte,243.—Landrath,271.—Landtag,composition,257-258;electoral system,258-260;electoral reform,260-263;sessions,263;powers,264.—Ministry,composition,254;organization and workings,255-256;subsidiary executive bodies,256.—Napoleon,and Prussia,246-247.—Oberlandesgerichte,243.—Oberpräsident,269.—Oberrechnungskammer,256.—Regierungsbezirk,organization,270-271.—Regierungspräsident,270.—Revolution of 1848,249-250.—Schulze,272.—Social Democratic Party,260-261.—Stadtrath,273.—Stein,reform measures,247,265;and Prussian local government,265.—Parliamentarism,absence of,254.—Province,origins and number,268-269;organs of central administration,269;organs of self-government,269-270.—Provinziallandtag,270.—Provinzialrath,269.—Volkswirthschaftsrath,256.Referendum,Unionist proposal in Great Britain,109;in Swiss cantons,419-420;in Swiss federal government,430-432.Reichsrath.SeeAustria.Republicanism,in France,297-298,302-304,329-330;in Italy,399.Rigsdag.SeeDenmark.Riksdag.SeeSweden.
Initiative,in Switzerland,421,432-434.Interpellation,in Prussian Landtag,265;in French Chamber of Deputies,314;in Italian Chamber of Deputies,380.Ireland,union of 1801,40-41;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;over-representation,89;representative peers,98-99;question of Home Rule,150-152.Italy:——Administration,patterned on French,363;nature and organization of province,384;nature and organization of commune,385.—Austria,influence in Italy in eighteenth century,353;position after 1815,358;helps suppress revolution of 1848,361;Piedmontese-French alliance against,362;loss of Venetia,364.—Ballottaggio,378.—Bissolati,political influence,397.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,and the Cisalpine Republic,354;overthrows Genoese oligarchy,354;wins at Marengo,355;supervises revision of Italian constitutions,355-356;crowned king of Italy,356;annexes Rome to France,357;prophecy of Italian unification,359.—Campo Formio,treaty of,354.—Cassation,courts of,382.—Catholics,political activities,400-402.—Cavour, Count,policies,362.—Chamber of Deputies,composition,375;franchise law of 1882,376;franchise to-day,376-377;electoral procedure,378;qualifications and privileges of members,378-379;organization,379-380;procedure,380-381.—Charles Albert I.,becomes king of Piedmont,360;grants constitution in 1848,360-361;abdicates,361.—Circondaro,383.—Cisalpine Republic,353-354.—Code Napoléon,established in Italy,357.—Committees,of Parliament,380.—Commune,nature and organization,385.—Conservative Party,origins,391;lack of normal development,398.—Constitution,of Cispadane Republic,354;of Transpadane Republic,354;of Ligurian Republic,355;of Roman Republic,355;of Parthenopæan Republic,355;revisions in 1802-1803,355-356;of Napoleonic kingdom of Naples,357;proclaimed in Naples in 1820,359;proclaimed in Naples in 1848,360-361;granted in Piedmont in 1848,360-361;character ofStatuto,365-367.—Council,of province,384;of commune,385.—Courts,patterned upon the French,381;ordinary tribunals,381-382;courts of cassation,382;administrative courts,382-383.—Crispi,ministries,393,394-395.—Crown,status,368;civil list,368;powers and functions,368-369;relation with ministers,370.—Depretis,ministries,392-393.—Elections,development of laws regarding,376;franchise,376-378;procedure,378;Catholic participation in,400-402;of 1909,402-403.—Extreme Left,influence,395;groups of,398.—France,relations with Italy during Napoleonic period,354-357;allied with Piedmont,362;receives Savoy and Nice,363;withdrawal of troops from Rome,364.—Franchise,prior to 1882,375;law of 1882,376;present regulations,376-377;electoral reform,377.—Fortis,ministry,396.—Garibaldi,conquest of Sicily,363.—Genoa,government remodelled,354.—Giolitti,ministries,394,396-398.—Giunta,of province,384;of commune,385.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Italian Republic,356.—Interpellation,380.—Left,origins,391;dominance,392-394;prospects of harmony,398.—Liberal Party,in control,395.—Ligurian Republic,established,354;annexed to France,356.—Lombardy,Austria's position in,353,358;annexed to Piedmont,363.—Lunéville,treaty of,355.—Luzzatti,ministry,396.—Mandamento,381.—Milan,Transpadane Republic inaugurated at,354;Napoleon crowned at,356.—Ministry,composition,369;organization and functions,370-371;ordinances,371-372.—Naples,invaded by French,355;Murat king of,357;revolution of 1820,359;revolution of 1848,360-361;annexed to kingdom of Italy,363.—Napoleon.SeeBonaparte.—Nice,ceded to France,363.—Non Expedit,purpose and effect,400-401;partial relaxation,401-402.—Novara,battle of,361.—Ordinances,371.—Papacy,and revolution of 1848,360-361;losses of territory to Piedmont,362-363;and of temporal dominion,387;Law of Papal Guarantees promulgated,388;prerogatives,388-389;relations with state,389;opposition to existing system,390;theNon Expedit,400-402.—Papal Guarantees, Law of,promulgated,388;contents and character,388-389;papal attitude toward,390.—Parliament,of united kingdom of Italy,364;composition,372-373;legislative weakness of Senate,373;proposed reform of Senate,373-374;composition of Chamber of Deputies,375;franchise,376-377;electoral procedure,378;qualifications and privileges of members,378-379;organization,379-380;procedure,380-381.—Parties,rise of,391;rule of Radicals,392-394;era of composite ministries,395-398;lack of real conservatives,398-399;groups of Extreme Left,398;rise of socialism,399-400;effects of theNon Expedit,401-402;elections of 1909,402-403.—Parthenopæan Republic,355.—Piedmont,incorporated with France,355;recovery in 1815,358;revolution of 1821,360;revolution of 1848,360;obtains constitution,361;accession of Victor Emmanuel II.,361;ascendancy of,362;annexations of 1859-1860,362.—Pius IX.,reforms,360;and revolution of 1848,360-361;loss of temporal dominion,387;rejects Law of Guarantees,390.—Plombières,agreement of,362.—Prefect,384.—Premier,appointment,369-370.—Pressburg,treaty of,356.—Province,nature and organization,384.—Radical Party,origins,391;dominance,392-394.—Republican Party,weakness,399.—Revolution,of 1820-1821,359;of 1848,360.—Right,origins,391;loss of power,392;coalition with Left,393.—Risorgimento,353.—Roman Republic,355.—Rome,republic established in 1798,355;annexed to France,357;annexed to kingdom of Italy,364;becomes capital of kingdom,364.—Rudini,ministries,394-395.—Sardinia, kingdom of.SeePiedmont.—Savoy,ceded to France,363.—Scrutinio di lista,established in 1882,376.—Senate,composition,372-373;legislative weakness,373;proposed reform,373-374;privileges and powers,375;organization,379;procedure,380-381.—Sindaco,of commune,385.—Socialist Party,rise and character,399-400.—Sonnino,ministries,396-397.—Statuto,granted,360;character,365,366-367;amendment,365-366.—Transpadane Republic,354.—Treaties,369.—Turin,kingdom of Italy proclaimed at,364.—Uffici,380.—Venice,ceded to Austria,354;annexed to kingdom of Italy,364.—Vienna, Congress of,settlement of Italian affairs,358.—Victor Emmanuel II.,accession as king of Piedmont,361;building of Italian unity,362-364.—Zanardelli,ministry,396.
Landsthing.SeeDenmark.Landtag.SeePrussia.Law,of England,167-169;of Germany,241-242;of France,335-339;of Switzerland,439;of Hungary,505.London,government,190-191.
Magna Carta,importance and character,9.Ministry,organization and status in Great Britain,57-70;proceedings,71-73;in German Empire,213-215;in Prussia,254-256;in France,311-314;in Italy,369-372;in Austria,464-465;in Hungary,491-492;in Holland,524-525;in Belgium,536-537;in Denmark,560-568;in Norway,580-581;in Sweden,590-591;in Spain,615-616;in Portugal,635-636,644.
Netherlands.SeeHolland.Non Expedit,nature and effects,400-402.Norway:——Administration,organization,588.—Amtsthing,588.—Bernadotte,and union with Sweden,554,573-574.—Commune,organization,588.—Conservative Party,585-586.—Constitution,of Eidsvold,574;present form,578;amendment,579.—Consular Service,question of,576-577.—County,organization,588.—Courts,organization,587-588.—Crown,restoration of independence,578;status,580;powers,580-581;question of veto,584-585.—Denmark,united with,553,572-573;separated from,554.—Eidsvold,constitution of,574.—Elections,method,581;franchise,581-582;of 1909 and 1912,587.—Formaend,588.—Franchise,development,581-582;present system,582.—Haakon VII.,crowned king,578.—Höiesteret,587.—Independence,movement for in 1813-1814,574;achieved,577-578.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Kalmar,union of,553.—Karlstad,convention of,578.—Kiel,treaty of,554,573,575.—Liberal Party,growth,585-586.—Lagthing.SeeStorthing.—Michelsen,ministry,577.—Ministry,composition,580;functions,580-581.—Odelsthing.SeeStorthing.—Parliament.SeeStorthing.—Parliamentarism,581.—Parties,history to 1905,585-586;status since 1905,586-587.—Riksakt,of 1815,574-575.—Social Democratic Party,587.—Steen,carries electoral reform,581.—Storthing,composition,581;electoral system,581-582;sessions and organization,582;powers and procedure,583-584.—Sverdrup,organizes first Liberal ministry,585.—Sweden,union with established,574;nature of union,574-575;friction with,575-576;question of consular service,576-577;separation from,577-578.—Union.SeeSweden.—Veto,power of,584-585.—Woman's Suffrage,status,582.
Papacy.SeeItaly.Parliament.SeeEngland,France,Italy,Austria, etc.Parliamentarism,in Great Britain,143;in German Empire,213;in Prussia,254;in Austria,464-465,480-481;in Hungary,498;in Belgium,536-537;in Denmark,560-562;in Norway,581;in Sweden,591.Parties,rise in England,38-39;history in England,143-166;in Germany,229-240;in France,329-333;in Italy,391-402;in Switzerland,434-437;in Austria,475-483;in Hungary,500-505;in Holland,529-530;in Denmark,565-568;in Norway,585-587;in Sweden,592-600;in Spain,620-625;in Portugal,631-633,639-642.Plural vote,in England,88-90;in Austria,468;in Belgium,550-551.Portugal:——Administration,organization under monarchy,638-639;under republic,646.—Arriaga, Manoel,elected president,642.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,subjugation by,629.—Braga, Theophile,leader of provisional government,641.—Braganza, house of,proscribed,641-642.—Brazil,relation with,629.—Chagas, João,ministry,642.—Charter,of 1826,630;revised,631.—Chartist Party,630-631.—Commune,organization,638-639.—Congress,composition and powers,645-646.—Constitution,of 1826,630;revision of 1852,631;character under monarchy,634-635;of republic framed,642-643;nature,643;amendment,643.—Cortes,extinct at opening of nineteenth century,629;revival,630-631;party strength under monarchy,633-634;renewed in 1908,634;composition under monarchy,636-638.—Council of Municipalities,composition and powers,645-646.—Courts,under monarchy,638;under republic,646.—Crown,status prior to 1910,635-636.—Dictadura,of France,633-634.—District,organization,638-639.—Elections,of 1906,633;system prior to 1910,637;of 1910,640;provision for in decree of 1911,641-642.—Franchise,under monarchy,637;under decree of 1911,642.—Franco,dictatorship,633-634.—House of Deputies,under monarchy,636-637.—House of Peers,under monarchy,636-637.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Liberal Concentration,of 1906,633.—Manoel II.,overthrow,641.—Miguel,assumption of crown,630.—Ministry,status prior to 1910,635-636;under the republic,644.—National Council,composition and powers,645-646.—Parties,rivalries,631-632;dictatorship of Franco,633-634;elections of 1906,633;and revolution of 1910,639-642.—Pedro IV.,contest with Miguelists,630.—Pombal,reforms,629.—President,status and powers,644.—Progressive Party,631-634.—Regenerador Party,631-634.—Revolution of 1910,origins,639;character and results,640-641.—Rotativos,632-633.—Septembrist Party,631.—Thomar, Count of,ministry,631.President,of France,303-312;of Switzerland,422-424;of Portugal,644.Proportional Representation,in Würtemberg,278;movement for in France,320-324;in Switzerland,419,433;in Belgium,543-545;in Denmark,563.Province,in Prussia,268-270;in Italy,384;in Austria,485-487;in Holland,532-533;in Belgium,550-551;in Spain,627.Prussia(see alsoGermanyandAustria):——Abgeordnetenhaus,composition,258;electoral system258-260;question of electoral reform,260-263;session and powers,263-264.—Abtheilungen,in Landtag,264.—Administration,reform measures of Stein and Hardenberg,265;reforms of Bismarck,266;general principles,267;the province and its government,268-270;the government district,270-271;the circle,271-272;the commune,272-273.—Amendment,of constitution,252.—Amtsgerichte,243.—Austria,war with,200.—Bezirksausschuss,270.—Charlottenburg,constitution promulgated at,251.—Circle.SeeKreis.—Civil List,253.—Committees,in Landtag,264.—Commune,organization,272-273.—Constitution,obstacles to establishment,248;promulgated,250;nature,251;amendment,252.—Crown,status and power,252.—Diet,of 1847,249.—Elections,present system,258-260;question of reform,260-263.—Franchise,258-260.—Frederick William III.,and constitutionalism,248-250.—Hardenberg,reform measures,247-265.—Herrenhaus,original provisions of constitution concerning,257;law of 1853,257;composition to-day,257-258.—Interpellation,inLandtag,265.—Judiciary,243-244.—Kreis,organization,271.—Kreisausschuss,271.—Kreistag,271.—Landeshauptmann,270.—Landgerichte,243.—Landrath,271.—Landtag,composition,257-258;electoral system,258-260;electoral reform,260-263;sessions,263;powers,264.—Ministry,composition,254;organization and workings,255-256;subsidiary executive bodies,256.—Napoleon,and Prussia,246-247.—Oberlandesgerichte,243.—Oberpräsident,269.—Oberrechnungskammer,256.—Regierungsbezirk,organization,270-271.—Regierungspräsident,270.—Revolution of 1848,249-250.—Schulze,272.—Social Democratic Party,260-261.—Stadtrath,273.—Stein,reform measures,247,265;and Prussian local government,265.—Parliamentarism,absence of,254.—Province,origins and number,268-269;organs of central administration,269;organs of self-government,269-270.—Provinziallandtag,270.—Provinzialrath,269.—Volkswirthschaftsrath,256.
Referendum,Unionist proposal in Great Britain,109;in Swiss cantons,419-420;in Swiss federal government,430-432.Reichsrath.SeeAustria.Republicanism,in France,297-298,302-304,329-330;in Italy,399.Rigsdag.SeeDenmark.Riksdag.SeeSweden.