Chapter 11

2.The beanlike seed of any of several related plants, as the cowpea. Frijoles are an important article of diet among Spanish-American peoples, being used as an ingredient of many dishes.

Fringe tree. A small oleaceous tree (Chionanthus virginica), of the southern United States, having clusters of white flowers with slender petals. It is often cultivated.

{ Fri*sette", Fri*zette" } (?),n.[F.frisettecurl.] a fringe of hair or curls worn about the forehead by women.

Frit"fly` (?),n.(Zoöl.)A small dipterous fly of the genusOscinis, esp.O. vastator, injurious to grain in Europe, andO. Trifole, injurious to clover in America.

Friv"ol (?),v. i.To act frivolously; to trifle.Kipling. -- Friv"ol*er (#), Friv"ol*ler,n.[All Colloq.]

Frizz,v. t. & i.[Partly imitative, but cf. Fry.] To fry, cook, or sear with a sizzling noise; to sizzle.

Friz"zle (?),v. t. & i.[imp. & p. p.Frizzled (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Frizzling (?).] [Freq. of an imitative wordfrizz, in dial. use.]1.To fry, toast, or broil with a sputtering sound to cook with a sizzling noise. Also fig.Hawthorne.

2.To cook, in certain way, so as to curl or crinkle up.

Drain and heat it [shaved smoked beef] in one tablespoonful of hot butter, to curl orfrizzleit.

Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book).

Froe*bel"i*an (?),a.Pertaining to, or derived from, FriedrichFroebel, or the kindergarten system of education, which he organized. --n.One who teaches by, or advocates the use of, the kindergarten system.

Frog"-eyed` (?),a.Spotted with whitish specks due to a disease, or produced artificially by spraying; -- said of tobacco used for cigar wrappers.

Front (?),n.1.(Fort.)All the works along one side of the polygon inclosing the site which is fortified.

2.(Phon.)The middle of the upper part of the tongue, -- the part of the tongue which is more or less raised toward the palate in the pronunciation of certain sounds, as the voweliinmachine,einbed, and consonantyinyou.See Guide to Pronunciation, §10.

3.The call boy whose turn it is to answer the call, which is often the word "front," used as an exclamation. [Hotel Cant]

Frost"bow` (?),n.A white arc or circle in the sky attending frosty weather and formed by reflection of sunlight from ice crystals floating in the air; the parhelic circle whose center is at the zenith.

Frost" sig`nal.(Meteor.)A signal consisting of a white flag with a black center, used by the United States Weather Bureau to indicate that a local frost is expected. It is used only in Florida and along the coasts of the Pacific and the Gulf Mexico.

||Frou"frou` (?),n.[F., of imitative origin.] A rustling, esp. the rustling of a woman's dress.

Fu (?),n.[Chin.] A department in China comprising several hsein; also, the chief city of a department; -- often forming the last part of a name; as, Paoting-fu.

Fudge,n.A kind of soft candy composed of sugar or maple sugar, milk, and butter, and often chocolate or nuts, boiled and stirred to a proper consistency.

Full house.(Poker)A hand containing three of a kind and a pair, as three kings and two tens. It ranks above a flush and below four of a kind.

||Fu`ma*to"ri*um (?),n.;L. pl.-ria(#). [NL., fr. L.fumare,fumatum, to smoke.] An air-tight compartment in which vapor may be generated to destroy germs or insects; esp., the apparatus used to destroy San José scale on nursery stock, with hydrocyanic acid vapor.

Fu"ma*to*ry (?),a.[See Fumatorium.] Pert. to, or concerned with, smoking. - -n.;pl.-ries(&?;). A place for subjecting things to smoke or vapor.

Fume,n.(Metal.)Solid material deposited by condensation of fumes; as, leadfume(a grayish powder chiefly lead sulphate).

Fumed oak (?).(Cabinetwork)Oak given a weathered appearance by exposure in an air-tight compartment to fumes of ammonia from uncorked cans, being first given a coat of filler.

||Fu`met" (?),n.[F.] A high- flavored substance, such as extract of game, for flavoring dishes of food; less properly, a ragout of partridge and rabbit braised in wine.

Func"tion (?),n.1.(Eccl.)A religious ceremony, esp. one particularly impressive and elaborate.

Every solemn ‘function' performed with the requirements of the liturgy.

Card. Wiseman.

2.A public or social ceremony or gathering; a festivity or entertainment, esp. one somewhat formal.

Thisfunction, which is our chief social event.

W. D. Howells.

Fun"gi (?),n. pl.(Bot.)A group of thallophytic plants of low organization, destitute of chlorophyll, in which reproduction is mainly accomplished by means of asexual spores, which are produced in a great variety of ways, though sexual reproduction is known to occur in certainPhycomycetes, or so-called algal fungi.

TheFungiappear to have originated by degeneration from various algæ, losing their chlorophyll on assuming a parasitic or saprophytic life. By some they are divided into the subclassesPhycomycetes, the lower or algal fungi; theMesomycetes, or intermediate fungi; and theMycomycetes, or the higher fungi; by others into thePhycomycetes; theAscomycetes, or sac-spore fungi; and theBasidiomycetes, or basidial-spore fungi.

||Fun"gi Im`per*fec"ti (?),pl.[L.imperfectiimperfect.](Bot.)A heterogenous group of fungi of which the complete life history is not known. Some undoubtedly represent the conidium stages of various Ascomycetes. The group is divided into the orders Sphæropsidales, Melanconiales, and Moniliales.

Funk (?),n.One who funks; a shirk; a coward. [Colloq.]

Funk,v. t.1.To funk at; to flinch at; to shrink from (a thing or person); as, tofunka task. [Colloq.]

2.To frighten; to cause to flinch. [Colloq.]

{ Fuse, or Fuze },n.(Elec.)A wire, bar, or strip of fusible metal inserted for safety in an electric circuit. When the current increases beyond a certain safe strength, the metal melts, interrupting the circuit and thereby preventing possibility of damage.

Fu*see" (?),n.1.(Railroads)A signal used principally for the protection of trains, consisting of a tube filled with a composition which burns with a bright colored light for a definite time.

2.(a)A friction match for smokers' use having a bulbous head which when ignited is not easily blown out even in a gale of wind.(b)A kind of match made of paper impregnated with niter and having the usual igniting tip.

Fu"se*lage (?),n.(Aëronautics)An elongated body or frame of an aëroplane or flying machine; sometimes, erroneously, any kind of frame or body. Many aëroplanes have no fuselage, properly so called.

{ Fuse, or Fuze, plug }.1.(Ordnance)A plug fitted to the fuse hole of a shell to hold the fuse.

2.A fusible plug that screws into a receptacle, used as a fuse in electric wiring.

{ Fu"thorc Fu"thork } (?),n.[Written alsofutharc,futhark.] The Runic alphabet; -- so called from the six lettersf,u,þ(th),o(ora),r,c(=k).

The letters are called Runes and the alphabet bears the nameFuthorcfrom the first six letters.

I. Taylor.

The spellingfutharcrepresents most accurately the original values of these six Runic letters.

Fu"tur*ism (?),n.(Painting)A movement or phase of post-impressionism (which see, below).

Ga*dhel"ic (g*dl"k; gd"el*k),a.[See Gael.] Of, belonging to, or designating, that division of the Celtic languages which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx.

Gad`o*lin"i*a (?),n.[NL. See Gadolinite.] A rare earth associated with yttria and regarded as the oxide (Gd2O3) of a metallic element, Gad`o*lin"i*um (&?;), with an assigned atomic weight of 153.3.

Gaek"war (?),n.[AlsoGaikwar,Guicowar.] [Marathigekwr, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the ruling Prince of Baroda, in Gujarat, in Bombay, India.

Gag law.(Parliamentary Law)A law or ruling prohibiting proper or free debate, as in closure. [Colloq. or Cant]

Gains"borough hat (?). A woman's broad-brimmed hat of a form thought to resemble those shown in portraits by Thomas Gainsborough, the English artist (1727-88).

Gal`a*te"a (?),n.[AfterGalatea, a British man-of-war, the material being used for children's sailor suits.] A kind of striped cotton fabric, usually of superior quality and striped with blue or red on white.

||Galbe (?),n.[F.; OF.garbe, fr. It.garbograce, gracefulness. See Garb dress.](Art)The general outward form of any solid object, as of a column or a vase.

Gal"li*um (?),n.[NL.; perh. fr. L.GalliaFrance.](Chem.)A rare metallic element, found combined in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarkable for its low melting point (86° F., 30° C.). Symbol,Ga; at. wt., 69.9. Gallium is chiefly trivalent, resembling aluminium and indium. It was predicted with most of its properties, under the nameeka-aluminium, by Mendelyeev on the basis of the periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery (in 1875) by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines).

Gal"lize (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Gallized (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Gallizing (?).] [After Dr. L.Gall, a French chemist, who invented the process.] In wine making, to add water and sugar to (unfermented grape juice) so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. -- Gal`li*za"tion (#),n.

Ga*losh" (?),n.1.Same as Galoche, Galoshe.

2.A strip of material, as leather, running around a shoe at and above the sole, as for protection or ornament.

Gam (?),n.[Orig. uncert.](Naut.)(a)A herd, or school, of whales.(b)A visit between whalers at sea; a holding of social intercourse between those on different vessels at sea, or (Local U. S.) between persons ashore.

Gam,v. i.[imp. & p. p.Gammed (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Gam"ming.](Naut.)(a)To gather in a gam; -- said of whales.(b)To engage in a gam, or (Local, U. S.) in social intercourse anywhere.

Gam,v. t.(Naut.)To have a gam with; to pay a visit to, esp. among whalers at sea.

Gam*beer" (?),v. t.[Cf. F.gambiera kind of hook.](Fishing)To gaff, as mackerel.

Gam"ble (?),n.An act of gambling; a transaction or proceeding involving gambling; hence, anything involving similar risk or uncertainty. [Colloq.]

Gam"ete (gm"t; g*mt";the latter usually in compounds),n.[Gr. gameth` wife, or game`ths husband, fr. gamei^n to marry.](Biol.)A sexual cell or germ cell; a conjugating cell which unites with another of like or unlike character to form a new individual. InBot.,gametedesignates esp. the similar sex cells of the lower thallophytes which unite by conjugation, forming azygospore. The gametes of higher plants are of two sorts,sperm(male) andegg(female); their union is calledfertilization, and the resulting zygote anoöspore. InZoöl.,gameteis most commonly used of the sexual cells of certain Protozoa, though also extended to the germ cells of higher forms.

Ga*me"to*phyte (?),n.[Gamete+ Gr. fyto`n plant.](Bot.)In the alternation of generations in plants, that generation or phase which bears sex organs. In the lower plants, as the algæ, the gametophyte is the conspicuous part of the plant body; in mosses it is the so-called moss plant; in ferns it is reduced to a small, early perishing body; and in seed plants it is usually microscopic or rudimentary.

Gam"ma rays.(Physics)Very penetrating rays not appreciably deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances. The prevailing view is that they are non- periodic ether pulses differing from Röntgen rays only in being more penetrating.

Gamp (?),n.A large umbrella; -- said to allude to Mrs. Gamp's umbrella, in Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit."

Ga*nan"cial (?),a.[Sp., pertaining to gain, held in common, fr.gananciagain.](Law)Designating, pertaining to, or held under, the Spanish system of law (calledganancial system) which controls the title and disposition of the property acquired during marriage by the husband or wife.

Gange (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Ganged (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Ganging (?).] [Of uncertain origin.]1.To protect (the part of a line next a fishhook, or the hook itself) by winding it with wire.

2.To attach (a fishhook) to a line or snell, as by knotting the line around the shank of the hook.

Ganz system (?) A haulage system for canal boats, in which an electric locomotive running on a monorail has its adhesion materially increased by the pull of the tow rope on a series of inclined gripping wheels.

Gap,n.(Aëronautics)The vertical distance between two superposed surfaces, esp. in a biplane.

Gape"seed` (?),n.A person who looks or stares gapingly. --Tobuy, or sow,gapeseed, to stare idly or in idle wonderment, instead of attending to business.

Ga`rage" (?),n.[F.]1.A place for housing automobiles.

2.(Aëronautics)A shed for housing an airship or flying machine; a hangar.

3.A side way or space in a canal to enable vessels to pass each other; a siding.

Garageis recent in English, and has as yet acquired no settled pronunciation.

Ga`rage" (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Garaged (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Garaging (?).] To keep in a garage. [Colloq.]

||Gar`çon" (?),n.[F.] A boy; fellow; esp., a serving boy or man; a waiter; -- in Eng. chiefly applied to French waiters.

||Garde` ci`vique" (?). [F.] See Army organization, above.

Garter stitch. The simplest stitch in knitting.

Gas (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Gassed (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Gassing.]1.(Textiles)To singe, as in a gas flame, so as to remove loose fibers; as, togasthread.

2.To impregnate with gas; as, togaslime with chlorine in the manufacture of bleaching powder.

Gas,n.Gasoline. [Colloq.]

Gas`e*lier" (?),n.[Formed fromgas, in imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas.

Gas engine.(Mach.)A kind of internal- combustion engine (which see) using fixed gas; also, broadly, any internal-combustion engine.

{ Gas"o*line, or Gas"o*lene, en"gine }.(Mach.)A kind of internal-combustion engine; -- in British countries called usuallypetrol engine.

||Gatch (?),n.[Per.gachmortar.] Plaster as used in Persian architecture and decorative art.

Gatch decoration, decoration in plaster often producing design of great beauty. --Gatch work, work in which gatch is employed; also, articles of gatch ornamentation collectively.

||Gau"cho (?),n.A member of an Indian population, somewhat affected by Spanish blood, in the archipelagoes off the Chilean coast.

Gauss (gous),n.[So named after Karl F.Gauss, a German mathematician.](Elec.)The C.G.S. unit of density of magnetic field, equal to a field of one line of force per square centimeter, being thus adopted as an international unit at Paris in 1900; sometimes used as a unit of intensity of magnetic field. It was previously suggested as a unit of magnetomotive force.

||Gauss"age (?),n.(Elec.)The intensity of a magnetic field expressed in C.G.S. units, or gausses.

||Ga`vage" (g`vzh"),n.[F., fr.gaverto gorge.] Forced feeding (as of poultry or infants) by means of a tube passed through the mouth down to the stomach.

Gay"ley proc"ess.(Med.)The process of removing moisture from the blast of an iron blast furnace by reducing its temperature so far that it will not remain suspended as vapor in the blast current, but will be deposited as snow in the cooling apparatus. The resultant uniformly dehydrated blast effects great economy in fuel consumption, and promotes regularity of furnace operation, and certainty of furnace control.

Gee"zer (?),n.[Dial. corrupt. of Guiser a mummer.] A queer old fellow; an old chap; an old woman. [Contemptuous, Slang or Dial.]

Gei"sha (g"sh),n.; pl.Geisha(-sh),Geishas(- shz). [Jap.] A Japanese singing and dancing girl.

Gen"er*a`tor,n.(Elec.)Any machine that transforms mechanical into electrical energy; a dynamo.

Gen"ip (?),n.,orGenip tree.1.Any tree or shrub of the genusGenipa.

2.The West Indian sapindaceous treeMelicocca bijuga, which yields the honeyberry; also, the related treesExothea paniculataandE. trifoliata.

Gen"o*a cake (?).(Cookery)A rich glazed cake, with almonds, pistachios, filberts, or other nuts; also, a rich currant cake with almonds on the top.

||Gen"re (?),n.Kind; genus; class; form; style, esp. in literature.

French drama was lisping or still inarticulate; the great Frenchgenreof the fabliau was hardly born.

Saintsbury.

A particular demand . . . that we shall pay special attention to the matter ofgenres-- that is, to the different forms or categories of literature.

W. P. Trent.

Gen"tle*men's a*gree"ment (?). An agreement binding only as a matter of honor; often, specif., such an agreement among the heads of industrial or merchantile enterprises, the terms of which could not be included and enforced in a legal contract.

Gen*too" (jn*t"),n.; pl.Gentoos(-tz"). A penguin (Pygosceles tæniata). [Falkland Is.]

{ Ge`o*cen"tric (?), Ge`o*cen"tric*al (?) },a.} Having, considering, or based on, the earth as center; as, thegeocentrictheory of the universe.

Ge`o*chem"is*try (j`*km"s*tr),n.[Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth +chemistry.] The study of the chemical composition of, and of actual or possible chemical changes in, the crust of the earth. -- Ge`o*chem"ic*al (#),a.-- Ge`o*chem"ist (#),n.

Geor"gi*an (?),a.Of or pertaining to Georgia, one of the United States.

Georgian architecture. British or British colonial architecture of the period of the four Georges, especially that of the period before 1800.

Germ,n.(Biol.)The germ cells, collectively, as distinguished from thesomaticcells, orsoma.Germis often used in place ofgerminalto form phrases; as,germarea,germdisc,germmembrane,germnucleus,germsac, etc.

Germ cell.(Biol.)A cell, of either sex, directly concerned in the production of a new organism.

Ger"mi*nal,a.(Biol.)Of or pertaining to the germ, or germ cells, as distinguished from the somatic cells.

Germ theory.1.(Biol.)The theory that living organisms can be produced only by the development of living germs. Cf. Biogenesis, Abiogenesis.

2.(Med.)The theory which attributes contagious and infectious diseases, suppurative lesions, etc., to the agency of germs. The science of bacteriology was developed after this theory had been established.

||Ges"so (?),n.[It., chalk, plaster.]1.Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, esp. as prepared for use in painting, or in making bas-reliefs and the like; by extension, a plasterlike or pasty material spread upon a surface to fit it for painting or gilding, or a surface so prepared.

2.A work of art done in gesso. [Obs.]

||Ges"so du"ro (?). [It., hard plaster.] A variety of gesso which when dried becomes hard and durable, often used in making bas-relief casts, which are colored and mounted in elaborate frames.

Geusd"ism (gd"z'm),n.The Marxian socialism and programme of reform through revolution as advocated by the French political leader Jules Basile Guesde (pron.gd) (1845- ). -- Guesd"ist (#),n. & a.

{ ||Ghaz"al (?), ||Ghaz"el (?) },n.[Ar.ghazal.] A kind of Oriental lyric, and usually erotic, poetry, written in recurring rhymes.

||Gha"zi (?),n.[Ar.ghz.] Among Mohammedans, a warrior champion or veteran, esp. in the destruction of infidels.

Ghet"to (?),n.A quarter of a city where Jews live in greatest numbers.

Ghost dance. A religious dance of the North American Indians, participated in by both sexes, and looked upon as a rite of invocation the purpose of which is, through trance and vision, to bring the dancer into communion with the unseen world and the spirits of departed friends. The dance is the chief rite of theGhost- dance,orMessiah,religion, which originated about 1890 in the doctrines of the Piute Wovoka, the Indian Messiah, who taught that the time was drawing near when the whole Indian race, the dead with the living, should be reunited to live a life of millennial happiness upon a regenerated earth. The religion inculcates peace, righteousness, and work, and holds that in good time, without warlike intervention, the oppressive white rule will be removed by the higher powers. The religion spread through a majority of the western tribes of the United States, only in the case of the Sioux, owing to local causes, leading to an outbreak.

Gi"ba*ro (?),n.; pl.Gibaros(#). [Amer. Sp.jíbarowild.](Ethnol.)The offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian; a Spanish-Indian mestizo. [Sp. Amer.]

Gi*bral"tar (?),n.1.A strongly fortified town on the south coast of Spain, held by the British since 1704; hence, an impregnable stronghold.

2.A kind of candy sweetmeat, or a piece of it; -- called, in full,Gibraltar rock.

||Gigue (zhg),n.[F.] A piece of lively dance music, in two strains which are repeated; also, the dance.

{ ||Gi*ta"na (?),n. fem.; ||Gi*ta"no (?),n. masc.} [Sp., fr. (assumed) LL.Aegyptanus, fem.Aegyptana, Egyptian. Cf. Gypsy.] A Spanish gypsy.

Give (?),v. t.To afford a view of; as, his windowgavethe park.

||Gla`cé" (?),a.[F., p.p. ofglacerto freeze, to ice. Cf. Glacier.] Coated with icing; iced; glazed; -- said of fruits, sweetmeats, cake, etc.

Gle"ba (?),n.; pl.Glebæ(#). [L., a clod.](Bot.)The chambered sporogenous tissue forming the central mass of the sporophore in puff balls, stinkhorns, etc.

Glee club. A club or company organized for singing glees, and (by extension) part songs, ballads, etc.

{ Glen*gar"ry (?),n., or Glen*gar"ry bon"net (?) }. [Name of a valley in Scotland.] A kind of Highland Scotch cap for men, with straight sides and a hollow top sloping to the back, where it is parted and held together by ribbons or strings.

The long silk streamers of hisGlengarry bonnet.

L. Hutton.

Glide,n.(Aëronautics)Movement of a glider, aëroplane, etc., through the air under gravity or its own movement.

Glide,v. i.(Aëronautics)To move through the air by virtue of gravity or momentum; to volplane.

Gliding angle.(Aëronautics)The angle, esp. the least angle, at which a gliding machine or aëroplane will glide to earth by virtue of gravity without applied power.

Gliding machine.(Aëronautics)A construction consisting essentially of one or more aëroplanes for gliding in an inclined path from a height to the ground.

Glis*sade" (?),n.[F., fr.glisserto slip.]1.A sliding, as down a snow slope.

2.A dance step consisting of a glide or slide to one side.

Glock"en*spiel` (?),n.[G.;glockebell +spielplay.](Music)An instrument, originally a series of bells on an iron rod, now a set of flat metal bars, diatonically tuned, giving a bell-like tone when played with a mallet; a carillon.

Glost (?),n.[See 1st Gloss.](Ceramics)The lead glaze used for pottery.

Gly"cose (?),n.[Gr. &?; sweet +- ose.](Physiol. Chem.)One of a class of carbohydrates having from three to nine atoms of carbon in the molecules and having the constitution either of an aldehyde alcohol or of a ketone alcohol. Most glycoses have hydrogen and oxygen present in the proportion to form water, while the number of carbon atoms is usually equal to the number of atoms of oxygen.

Gly`co*som"e*ter (?),n.[Gr. &?; sweet +-meter.](Med.)An apparatus for determining the amount of sugar in diabetic urine.

Glyph (?),n.(Archæol.)A carved figure or character, incised or in relief; a carved pictograph; hence, a pictograph representing a form originally adopted for sculpture, whether carved or painted.

Go (?),n.Something that goes or is successful; a success; as, he made agoof it; also, an agreement.

"Well," said Fleming, "is it ago?"

Bret Harte.

Go*bang" (?),n.[Written alsogoban.] [Jap.gobancheckerboard, fr. Chino-Jap.gochecker +banboard.] A Japanese game, played on a checkerboard, in which the object of the game is to be the first in placing five pieces, or men, in a row in any direction.

Gob"stick` (?),n.[Gobmouth +stick.]1.(Angling)A stick or device for removing the hook from a fish's gullet.

He . . . wrenched out the hook with the short wooden stick he called a "gobstick."

Kipling.

2.A spoon. [Prov. Eng. or Slang]

Go"-dev"il (?),n.(Mach.)(a)A weight which is dropped into a bore, as of an oil well, to explode a cartridge previously lowered.(b)A device, as a loosely fitted plug, which is driven through a pipe by the pressure of the contents behind the plug to clear away obstructions.(c)A rough sled or dray used for dragging logs, hauling stone, etc. [Local, U. S.]

Go"ing,p. pr.of Go. Specif.:(a)That goes; in existence; available for present use or enjoyment; current; obtainable; also, moving; working; in operation; departing; as, he is of the brightest mengoing;goingprices or rate.(b)Carrying on its ordinary business; conducting business, or carried on, with an indefinite prospect of continuance; -- chiefly used in the phrasesa going business,concern, etc.(c)Of or pert. to a going business or concern; as, thegoingvalue of a company.

Gold"en State. California; -- a nickname alluding to its rich gold deposits.

Golf (?),v. i.[imp. & p. p.Golfed (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Golfing.] To play at golf.

Last mystery of all, he learned togolf.

Kipling.

Gon"do*la,n.(Aëronautics)An elongated car under a dirigible.

Gon"go*rism (?),n.An affected elegance or euphuism of style, for which the Spanish poetGongoray Argote (1561-1627), among others of his time, was noted.

Gongorism, that curious disease of euphuism, that broke out simultaneously in Italy, England, and Spain.

The Critic.

The Renaissance riots itself away in Marinism,Gongorism, Euphuism, and the affectations of the Hôtel Rambouillet.

J. A. Symonds.

Good"y (?),a.Weakly or sentimentally good; affectedly good; -- often in the reduplicated formgoody-goody. [Colloq.]

Goose egg. In games, a zero; a score or record of naught; -- so named in allusion to the egglike outline of the zero sign 0. Called alsoduck egg. [Slang]

Goose"-rumped` (?),a.(Zoöl.)Having the tail set low and buttocks that fall away sharply from the croup; -- said of certain horses.

Go"pher State. Minnesota; -- a nickname alluding to the abundance of gophers.

Gorge,n.(Angling)A primitive device used instead of a fishhook, consisting of an object easy to be swallowed but difficult to be ejected or loosened, as a piece of bone or stone pointed at each end and attached in the middle to a line.

Circle of the gorge(Math.), a minimum circle on a surface of revolution, cut out by a plane perpendicular to the axis. --Gorge fishing, trolling with a dead bait on a double hook which the fish is given time to swallow, or gorge.

||Gor`gon*zo"la (?),n.[It.] A kind of Italian pressed milk cheese; -- so called from a village near Milan.

Graf*fi"to (?),n.[It., fr.graffioa scratching.](Art)Production of decorative designs by scratching them through a surface of layer plaster, glazing, etc., revealing a different-colored ground; also, pottery or ware so decorated; -- chiefly used attributively.

Graft,n.[Prob. orig. so called because illegitimate or improper profit was looked upon as agraft, or sort of excrescence, on a legitimate business undertaking, in distinction from its natural proper development.]1.Acquisition of money, position, etc., by dishonest or unjust means, as by actual theft or by taking advantage of a public office or any position of trust or employment to obtain fees, perquisites, profits on contracts, legislation, pay for work not done or service not performed, etc.; illegal or unfair practice for profit or personal advantage; also, anything thus gained. [Colloq.]

2.A "soft thing" or "easy thing;" a "snap." [Slang]

Graft"age (?),n.(Hort.)The science of grafting, including the various methods of practice and details of operation.

Gram"o*phone (?),n.[Gr. &?; a thing drawn or written (fr. &?; write) +-phone, as intelephone.] An instrument for recording, preserving, and reproducing sounds, the record being a tracing of a phonautograph etched in some solid material. Reproduction is accomplished by means of a system attached to an elastic diaphragm.

{Gran"ger railroads, or Granger roads }.(Finance)Certain railroads whose traffic largely consists in carrying the produce of farmers or grangers; -- specifically applied to the Chicago & Alton; Chicago, Burlington & Quincey; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; and Chicago & Northwestern, railroads. [U. S.].

Granger stocks or shares. Stocks or shares of the granger railroads.

Gran"ite State. New Hampshire; -- a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite.

Graph (?),n.[See -graph.](Math.)1.A curve or surface, the locus of a point whose coördinates are the variables in the equation of the locus.

2.A diagram symbolizing a system of interrelations by spots, all distinguishable from one another and some connected by lines of the same kind.

Gra*phol"o*gy.(Math.)The system or notation used in dealing with graphs.

Graph"o*phone (?),n.[Gr. &?; to write +-phone, as intelephone.] A kind of photograph.

Graph"o*scope (?),n.[Gr. gra`fein to write +-scope.] An optical device for showing (or photographing) an image when projected upon the atmosphere as a screen.

||Gra`tin" (?),n.[F.](Cookery)The brown crust formed upon a gratinated dish; also, dish itself, as crusts bread, game, or poultry.

Grat"i*nate (?),v. t.[F.gratiner, v.i., to form a crust.](Cookery)To cook, as macaroni, in a savory juice or sauce until juice is absorbed and a crisp surface forms.

Grat"ing (?),n.(Optics)A system of close equidistant parallel lines or bars, esp. lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction. Gratings have been made with over 40,000 such lines to the inch, but those with a somewhat smaller number give the best definition.

{ Grease cock or cup }.(Mach.)A cock or cup containing grease, to serve as a lubricator.

Great White Way. Broadway, in New York City, in the neighborhood chiefly occupied by theaters, as from about 30th Street about 50th Street; -- so called from its brilliant illumination at night.

Greek calendar.1.Any of various calendars used by the ancient Greek states. TheAttic calendardivided the year into twelve months of 29 and 30 days, as follows:

1. Hecatombæon (July-Aug.). 2. Metageitnion (Aug.-Sept.). 3. Boëdromion (Sept.-Oct.). 4. Pyanepsion (Oct.-Nov.). 5. Mæmacterion (Nov.-Dec.). 6. Poseideon (Dec.-Jan.). 7. Gamelion (Jan.-Feb.). 8. Anthesterion (Feb.-Mar.). 9. Elaphebolion (Mar.-Apr.). 10. Munychion (Apr.-May). 11. Thargelion (May-June). 12. Scirophorion (June-July).

A fixed relation to the seasons was maintained by introducing an intercalary month, "the second Poseideon," at first in an inexact way, afterward in years 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 19 of the Metonic cycle. Dates were reckoned in Olympiads.

2.The Julian calendar, used in the Greek Church.

Greek calends or kalends. A time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

Grey"hound`,n.A swift steamer, esp. an ocean steamer.

Grid,n.(Elec.)A plate or sheet of lead with perforations, or other irregularities of surface, by which the active material of a secondary battery or accumulator is supported.

Griff,n.A person of mixed blood.

Griffe,n.A person of mixed negro and American Indian blood.

Grif"fon (grf"fn),n.[F.] One of a European breed of rough-coated dogs, somewhat taller than the setter and of a grizzly liver color. They are used in hunt game birds. TheBrussels griffonis a very small, wiry- coated, short-nosed pet dog of Belgian origin.

Grill (?),n.1.A figure of crossed bars with interstices, such as those sometimes impressed upon postage stamps.

2.A grillroom.

Grill,v. t.To stamp or mark with a grill.

Grill,v. i.To undergo the process of being grilled, or broiled; to broil.

He hadgrilledin the heat, sweated in the rains.

Kipling.

Grill"room` (?),n.A room specially fitted for broiling food, esp. one in a restaurant, hotel, or club&?;house, arranged for prompt service.

Grin"go (?),n.[Amer. Sp., fr. Sp.gringogibberish; cf.griegoGreek, F.grigouwretch.] Among Spanish Americans, a foreigner, esp. an Englishman or American; -- often used as a term of reproach.

Grip,n.1.Specif., an apparatus attached to a car for clutching a traction cable.

2.A gripsack; a hand bag; a satchel. [Colloq.]

3.(Med.)The influenza; grippe.

Grip car. A car with a grip to clutch a traction cable.

Griz"zle (?),v. t. & i.To make or become grizzly, or grayish.

Hardship of the way such as wouldgrizzlelittle children.

R. F. Burton.

I foundgrizzlingman whom men addressed as Collins Bey.

Pall Mall Mag.

Griz"zle,v. i. & t.[Etym. uncertain.] To worry; to fret; to bother; grumble. [Prov. Eng.] " Don't sitgrizzlingthere."Charles Reade.

Gro"bi*an (?),n.[G., fr.grobrude. Cf. Gruff,a.] A rude or clownish person; boor; lout.

Gro"lier` (?),n.The name by which JeanGrolierde Servier (1479-1565), a French bibliophile, is commonly known; -- used in naming a certain style of binding, a design, etc.

Grolier binding, a book binding decorated with a pattern imitated from those given covers of books bound for Jean Grolier, and bearing his name and motto. --Grolierdesign or school, the pattern of interlacing bars, bands, or ribbons, with little scrolls of slender gold lines, assumed to be an imitation of the designs on Jean Grolier's book bindings.

Gro*tesqu"er*y (?),n.[Written alsogrotesquerie.] [From Grotesque.] Grotesque action, speech, or manners; grotesque doings. "The sustainedgrotesqueryof Feather-top."K. L. Bates.

Vileness, on the other hand, becomesgrotesquerie, wonderfully converted into a subject of laughter.

George Gissing.

Grun"dy*ism (?),n.Narrow and unintelligent conventionalism. -- Grun"dy*ist,n.

Guai"a*col (?),n.[Guaiacum +-ol.](Chem.)A colorless liquid, C7H8O2, with a peculiar odor. It is the methyl ether of pyrocatechin, and is obtained by distilling guaiacum from wood-tar creosote, and in other ways. It has been used in treating pulmonary tuberculosis.

Guest,n.(Zoöl.)(a)Any insect that lives in the nest of another without compulsion and usually not as a parasite.(b)An inquiline.

Guide rope.(Aëronautics)A rope hung from a balloon or dirigible so as trail along the ground for about half its length, used to preserve altitude automatically, by variation of the length dragging on the ground, without loss of ballast or gas.

||Guil`loche" (?),n.In ornamental art, any pattern made by interlacing curved lines.

||Guimpe (?),n.[F. See 2d Gimp.] A kind of short chemisette, worn with a low-necked dress.

Guin"ea-pig` di*rec"tor. A director (usually one holding a number of directorships) who serves merely or mainly for the fee (in England, often a guinea) paid for attendance. [Colloq.]

Gut"ter*snipe" (?),n.(Slang)(a)A small poster, suitable for a curbstone.(b)A curbstone broker. [U. S.]

{Gyp"sy, or Gip"sy, moth }. A tussock moth(Ocneria dispar)native of the Old World, but accidentally introduced into eastern Massachusetts about 1869, where its caterpillars have done great damage to fruit, shade, and forest trees of many kinds. The male gypsy moth is yellowish brown, the female white, and larger than the male. In both sexes the wings are marked by dark lines and a dark lunule. The caterpillars, when full-grown, have a grayish mottled appearance, with blue tubercles on the anterior and red tubercles on the posterior part of the body, all giving rise to long yellow and black hairs. They usually pupate in July and the moth appears in August. The eggs are laid on tree trunks, rocks, etc., and hatch in the spring.

Hack,v. i.To ride or drive as one does with a hack horse; to ride at an ordinary pace, or over the roads, as distinguished from riding across country or in military fashion.

Hack,v. t.(Football)To kick the shins of (an opposing payer).

Hack,n.(Football)A kick on the shins, or a cut from a kick.

Hade,n.(Geol. & Mining)The deviation of a fault plane from the vertical.

Thedirection of the hadeis the direction toward which the fault plane descends from an intersecting vertical line.

||Hæm`a*tol"y*sis (?),n.[NL.;hæmato-+ Gr. &?; a loosing, dissolving, fr. &?; to loose, dissolve.](Physiol.)Dissolution of the red blood corpuscles with diminished coagulability of the blood; hæmolysis. -- Hæm`a*to*lyt"ic (#),a.

Hæ"mol (?),n.[Gr. &?; blood.](Chem.)A dark brown powder containing iron, prepared by the action of zinc dust as a reducing agent upon the coloring matter of the blood, used medicinally as a hematinic.

||Hæ*mol"y*sis (?),n., Hæm`*lyt"ic (&?;),a.(Physiol.)Same as Hæmatolysis, Hæmatolytic.

Hague Tribunal (?). The permanent court of arbitration created by the "International Convention for the Pacific Settle of International Disputes.", adopted by the International Peace Conference of 1899. It is composed of persons of known competency in questions of international law, nominated by the signatory powers. From these persons an arbitration tribunal is chosen by the parties to a difference submitted to the court. On the failure of the parties to agree directly on the arbitrators, each chooses two arbitrators, an umpire is selected by them, by a third power, or by two powers selected by the parties.

Hai"kwan" (?),n.[Chin.'hai- kuan.] Chinese maritime customs.

Haikwan tael. A Chinese weight ( catty) equivalent to 1 oz. or 37.801 g.

Half nelson.(Wrestling)A hold in which one arm is thrust under the corresponding arm of the opponent, generally behind, and the hand placed upon the back of his neck. In thefull nelsonboth hands are so placed.

{ Half tone, or Half"-tone` },n.1.(Fine Arts)(a)An intermediate or middle tone in a painting, engraving, photograph, etc.; a middle tint, neither very dark nor very light.(b)A half-tone photo- engraving.

2.(Music)A half step.

Half"-tone` (?),a.Having, consisting of, or pertaining to, half tones; specif. (Photo- engraving), pertaining to or designating plates, processes, or the pictures made by them, in which gradation of tone in the photograph is reproduced by a graduated system of dotted and checkered spots, usually nearly invisible to the unaided eye, produced by the interposition between the camera and the object of a screen. The name alludes to the fact that this process was the first that was practically successful in reproducing the half tones of the photograph.

{ Hall"statt (?), Hall*stat"ti*an (?) },a.Of or pert. to Hallstatt, Austria, or the Hallstatt civilization. --Hallstatt, or Hallstattian,civilization, a prehistoric civilization of central Europe, variously dated at from 1000 to 1500 b. c. and usually associated with the Celtic or Alpine race. It was characterized by expert use of bronze, a knowledge of iron, possession of domestic animals, agriculture, and artistic skill and sentiment in manufacturing pottery, ornaments, etc.

TheHallstattian civilizationflourished chiefly in Carinthia, southern Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Silesia, Bosnia, the southeast of France, and southern Italy.

J. Deniker.

--H. epoch, the first iron age, represented by theHallstatt civilization.

Hal"ma (?),n.A game played on a board having 256 squares, by two persons with 19 men each, or by four with 13 men each, starting from different corners and striving to place each his own set of men in a corresponding position in the opposite corner by moving them or by jumping them over those met in progress.

Halve (?),v. t.Of a hole, match, etc., to reach or play in the same number of strokes as an opponent.

||Ha*mal" (?),n.[Written alsohammal,hummaul,hamaul,khamal, etc.] [Turk. & Ar.hamml, fr. Ar.hamalato carry.] In Turkey and other Oriental countries, a porter or burden bearer; specif., in Western India, a palanquin bearer.

Ham"fat`ter (?),n.[From a negro minstrel song called "Theham-fatman."] A low-grade actor or performer. [Theatrical Slang]

Ham"mer,n.(Athletics)A spherical weight attached to a flexible handle and hurled from a mark or ring. The weight of head and handle is usually not less than 16 pounds.

Ham"mer break.(Elec.)An interrupter in which contact is broken by the movement of an automatically vibrating hammer between a contact piece and an electromagnet, or of a rapidly moving piece mechanically driven.

Hammer lock.(Wrestling)A hold in which an arm of one contestant is held twisted and bent behind his back by his opponent.

Hand (?),n.A gambling game played by American Indians, consisting of guessing the whereabouts of bits of ivory or the like, which are passed rapidly from hand to hand.

Hand"ball` (?),n.1.A ball for throwing or using with the hand.

2.A game played with such a ball, as by players striking it to and fro between them with the hands, or alternately against a wall, until one side or the other fails to return the ball.

Hang,v. i.(Cricket, Tennis, etc.)Of a ball: To rebound unexpectedly or unusually slowly, due to backward spin on the ball or imperfections of ground.

Hang (?),v. t.To prevent from reaching a decision, esp. by refusing to join in a verdict that must be unanimous; as, one obstinate juror canhanga jury.

Hank (?),n.(Wrestling)A throw in which a wrestler turns his left side to his opponent, twines his left leg about his opponent's right leg from the inside, and throws him backward.

{ Ha"nuk*ka, or Ha"nuk*kah (?) },n.[Heb.khanukkh.] The Jewish Feast of the Dedication, instituted by Judas Maccabæus, his brothers, and the whole congregation of Israel, in 165 b. c., to commemorate the dedication of the new altar set up at the purification of the temple of Jerusalem to replace the altar which had been polluted by Antiochus Epiphanes (1 Maccabees i. 58, iv. 59). The feast, which is mentioned in John x. 22, is held for eight days (beginning with the 25th day of Kislev, corresponding to December), and is celebrated everywhere, chiefly as a festival of lights, by the Jews.

||Haph*ta"rah (?),n.; pl.- taroth(#). [Heb.haphtrh, prop., valedictory, fr.ptarto depart.] One of the lessons from the Nebiim (or Prophets) read in the Jewish synagogue on Sabbaths, feast days, fasts, and the ninth of Ab, at the end of the service, after the parashoth, or lessons from the Law. Such a practice is evidenced in Luke iv.17 and Acts xiii.15.

Hard steel. Steel hardened by the addition of other elements, as manganese, phosphorus, or (usually) carbon.

Har"vey proc"ess (?).(Metal.)A process of hardening the face of steel, as armor plates, invented by Hayward A.Harveyof New Jersey, consisting in the additional carburizing of the face of a piece of low carbon steel by subjecting it to the action of carbon under long-continued pressure at a very high heat, and then to a violent chilling, as by a spray of cold water. This process gives an armor plate a thick surface of extreme hardness supported by material gradually decreasing in hardness to the unaltered soft steel at the back.

Haul"a*bout` (?),n.A bargelike vessel with steel hull, large hatchways, and coal transporters, for coaling war vessels from its own hold or from other colliers.

Hav"ier (?),n.[Formerlyhaver, prob. fr. Half; cf. L.semimasemasculated, prop., half male.] A castrated deer.

Haviers, or stags which have been gelded when young, have no horns.

Encyc. of Sport.

Hawk"eye` State. Iowa; -- a nickname of obscure origin.

Haz"ard,n.(Golf)Any place into which the ball may not be safely played, such as bunkers, furze, water, sand, or other kind of bad ground.

Head"wa`ter (?),n.The source and upper part of a stream; -- commonly used in the plural; as, theheadwatersof the Missouri.

Hebrew calendar. = Jewish calendar.

Heck"er*ism (?),n.(R. C. Ch.)(a)The teaching of Isaac Thomas Hecker (1819- 88), which interprets Catholicism as promoting human aspirations after liberty and truth, and as the religion best suited to the character and institutions of the American people.(b)Improperly, certain views or principles erroneously ascribed to Father Hecker in a French translation of Elliott's Life of Hecker. They were condemned as "Americanism" by the Pope, in a letter to Cardinal Gibbons, January 22, 1899.

Hec"kle,v. t.To interrogate, or ply with questions, esp. with severity or antagonism, as a candidate for the ministry.

Robert boreheckling, however, with great patience and adroitness.

Mrs. Humphry Ward.

Hedge"hog`,n.(Elec.)A variety of transformer with open magnetic circuit, the ends of the iron wire core being turned outward and presenting a bristling appearance, whence the name.

Heel,n.1.(Golf)The part of the face of the club head nearest the shaft.

2.In a carding machine, the part of a flat nearest the cylinder.

Heel,v. t.1.(Golf)To hit (the ball) with the heel of the club.

2.(Football)To make (a fair catch) standing with one foot advanced, the heel on the ground and the toe up.

Heel"path` (?),n.[So called with a play upon the wordstowandtoe.] The bank of a canal opposite, and corresponding to, that of the towpath; berm. [U. S.]

The Cowles found convenient spiles sunk in theheelpath.

The Century.

Heem"raad` (?),n.; pl.- raaden(#). [Sometimes, incorrectly,Heemraator evenHeemrad.] [D.heemvillage +raadcouncil, councilor.] In Holland, and, until the 19th century, also in Cape Colony, a council to assist a local magistrate in the government of rural districts; hence, also, a member of such a council.

||Heft (?),n.;G. pl.Hefte(#). [G.] A number of sheets of paper fastened together, as for a notebook; also, a part of a serial publication.

The size of "hefts" will depend on the material requiring attention, and the annual volume is to cost about 15 marks.

The Nation.

He"li*o*gram (?),n.[Helio-+-gram.] A message transmitted by a heliograph.

He"li*o*graph (?),v. t.1.To telegraph, or signal, with a heliograph.

2.To photograph by sunlight.

He`li*o*graph"ic,a.(Astron.)Of or pertaining to a description of the sun.

Heliographiclongitudes and latitudes of spots on the sun's surface are analogous to geographic longitudes and latitudes of places on the earth.

He`li*og"ra*phy,n.1.The description of the sun.

2.The system, art, or practice of telegraphing, or signaling, with the heliograph.

3.An early photographic process invented by Nicéphore Niepce, and still used in photo-engraving. It consists essentially in exposing under a design or in a camera a polished metal plate coated with a preparation of asphalt, and subsequently treating the plate with a suitable solvent. The light renders insoluble those parts of the film which is strikes, and so a permanent image is formed, which can be etched upon the plate by the use of acid.

He`li*o*grav"ure,n.A plate or picture made by the process of heliogravure.

He"li*um (h"l*m),n.[NL., fr. Gr. "h`lios the sun.](Chem.)An inert, monoatomic, gaseous element occurring in the atmosphere of the sun and stars, and in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere, in several minerals and in certain mineral waters. Symbol,He; at. wt., 4. Helium was first detected spectroscopically in the sun by Lockyer in 1868; it was first prepared by Ramsay in 1895. Helium has a density of 1.98 compared with hydrogen, and is more difficult to liquefy than the latter. Chemically, it belongs to the argon group and cannot be made to form compounds. It is a decomposition product of the radium emanation.

He`ma*tin"ic (?),n.[From Hematin.](Med.)Any substance, such as an iron salt or organic compound containing iron, which when ingested tends to increase the hemoglobin contents of the blood.

Hen`ri*et"ta cloth` (?). A fine wide wooled fabric much used for women's dresses.

Hep"pel*white (?),a.(Furniture)Designating a light and elegant style developed in England under George III., chiefly by Messrs. A.Heppelwhite & Co.

Her"mit,n.(Cookery)A spiced molasses cooky, often containing chopped raisins and nuts.

||Her"ren*haus` (?),n.[G., House of Lords.] See Legislature,Austria,Prussia.

Hertz"i*an (?),a.Of or pert. to the German physicist Heinrich Hertz.

Hertzian telegraphy, telegraphy by means of the Hertzian waves; wireless telegraphy. --H. waves, electric waves; -- so called because Hertz was the first to investigate them systematically. His apparatus consisted essentially in anoscillatorfor producing the waves, and aresonatorfor detecting them. The waves were found to have the same velocity as light, and to undergo reflection, refraction, and polarization.

||Her"zog (?),n.[G., akin to AS.heretoga, lit., army leader. See Harry, and Duke.] A member of the highest rank of nobility in Germany and Austria, corresponding to the British duke.

{ ||He*tæ"ra (?), ||He*tai"ra (?) },n.; pl.-ræ(#). [NL. See Hetairism.](Gr. Antiq.)A female paramour; a mistress, concubine, or harlot. -- He*tæ"ric, He*tai"ric (#),a.

Het`er*œ"cious (?),a.[Hetero-+ Gr. &?; house.](Bot.)Passing through the different stages in its life history on an alternation of hosts, as the common wheat-rust fungus (Puccinia graminis), and certain other parasitic fungi; -- contrasted withautœcious. -- Het`er*œ"cism (#),n.

Hex"a*gram (?),n.[Hexa-+- gram.] A figure of six lines; specif.:(a)A figure composed of two equal triangles intersecting so that each side of one triangle is parallel to a side of the other, and the six points coincide with those of a hexagon.(b)In Chinese literature, one of the sixty-four figures formed of six parallel lines (continuous or broken), forming the basis of the Yih King, or "Book of Changes."S. W. Williams.

Hex"ose (?),n.[Hexa-+- ose.](Chem.)Any member of a group of sugars containing six carbon atoms in the molecule. Some are widely distributed in nature, esp. in ripe fruits.

||Hi*dro"sis (?),n.[Written also, but incorrectly,idrosis.] [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to sweat, &?; sweat.]1.(Physiol.)Excretion of sweat; perspiration.

2.(Med.)Excessive perspiration; also, any skin disease characterized by abnormal perspiration.

Hi*drot"ic (?),a.[Gr. &?; sudorific.](Med.)Causing perspiration; diaphoretic or sudorific.

Hi*drot"ic,n.A medicine that causes perspiration; a diaphoretic or a sudorific.

High"boy`,n.1.One who lives high; also, in politics, a highflyer.

2.A kind of set of drawers. [U. S.] "Mahoganyhighboysglittering with brass handles."K. L. Bates.

High"er crit"i*cism. Criticism which includes the study of the contents, literary character, date, authorship, etc., of any writing; as, thehigher criticismof the Pentateuch. Called alsohistorical criticism.

The comparison of the Hebrew and Greek texts . . . introduces us to a series of questions affecting the composition, the editing, and the collection of the sacred books. This class of questions forms the special subject of the branch of critical science which is usually distinguished from the verbal criticism of the text by the name ofhigher, orhistorical,criticism.

W. Robertson Smith.

High"er-up",n.A superior officer or official; -- used chiefly inpl. [Slang]

Higher thought. See New thought, below.

High five. See Cinch (the game).

High steel. Steel containing a high percentage of carbon; high-carbon steel.

Hike (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Hiked (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Hiking.] [Cf. Hitch.] To move with a swing, toss, throw, jerk, or the like. [Dial. or Colloq.]

Hike (?),v. i.To hike one's self; specif., to go with exertion or effort; to tramp; to march laboriously. [Dial. or Colloq.] "If you persist in heaving andhikinglike this."Kipling.

It'shike,hike,hike(march) till you stick in the mud, and then youhikeback again a little slower than you went.

Scribner's Mag.

Hike,n.The act of hiking; a tramp; a march. [Dial. or Colloq.]

With everyhikethere's a few laid out with their hands crossed.

Scribner's Mag.

{Hin"doo, or Hindu, calendar }. A lunisolar calendar of India, according to which the year is divided into twelve months, with an extra month inserted after every month in which two new moons occur (once in three years). The intercalary month has the name of the one which precedes it. The year usually commences about April 11. The months are follows:

Hin"ter*land` (?),n.[G.;hinterbehind +landland.] The land or region lying behind the coast district. The term is used esp. with reference to the so-calleddoctrine of the hinterland, sometimes advanced, that occupation of the coast supports a claim to an exclusive right to occupy, from time to time, the territory lying inland of the coast.

{Hipe (?),n.Also Hype }. [Etym. uncertain.](Wrestling)A throw in which the wrestler lifts his opponent from the ground, swings him to one side, knocks up his nearer thigh from the back with the knee, and throws him on his back.

Hipe,v. t. & i.[imp. & p. p.Hiped (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Hiping (?).](Wrestling)To throw by means of a hipe. -- Hip"er (#),n.

Hip lock.(Wrestling)A lock in which a close grip is obtained and a fall attempted by a heave over the hip.

Hip"po*drome,n.(Sports)A fraudulent contest with a predetermined winner. [Slang, U. S.]

Hip"po*drome,v. i.[imp. & p. p.-dromed (?);p. pr. & vb. n.-droming.](Sports)To arrange contests with predetermined winners. [Slang, U. S.]

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