Chapter 12

{ Hire purchase,or, more fully, Hire purchase agreement,orHire and purchase agreement}.(Law)A contract (more fully called contract of hire with an option of purchase) in which a person hires goods for a specified period and at a fixed rent, with the added condition that if he shall retain the goods for the full period and pay all the installments of rent as they become due the contract shall determine and the title vest absolutely in him, and that if he chooses he may at any time during the term surrender the goods and be quit of any liability for future installments upon the contract. In the United States such a contract is generally treated as a conditional sale, and the termhire purchaseis also sometimes applied to a contract in which the hirer is not free to avoid future liability by surrender of the goods. In England, however, if the hirer does not have this right the contract is a sale.

Hit"tite (?),n.[From Heb.KhittmHittites.] A member of an ancient people (or perhaps group of peoples) whose settlements extended from Armenia westward into Asia Minor and southward into Palestine. They are known to have been met along the Orontes as early as 1500 b. c., and were often at war with the Egyptians and Assyrians. Especially in the north they developed a considerable civilization, of which numerous monuments and inscriptions are extant. Authorities are not agreed as to their race. While several attempts have been made to decipher the Hittite characters, little progress has yet been made.

Hit"torf rays (?).(Elec.)Rays (chiefly cathode rays) developed by the electric discharge in Hittorf tubes.

Hit"torf tube.(Elec.)(a)A highly exhausted glass tube with metallic electrodes nearly in contact so as to exhibit the insulating effects of a vacuum. It was used by the German physicist W. Hittorf (b. 1824).(b)A Crookes tube.

Hob,n.A peg, pin, or mark used as a target in some games, as an iron pin in quoits; also, a game in which such a target is used.

Hob,n.(Zoöl.)The male ferret.

Hob"ble skirt. A woman's skirt so scant at the bottom as to restrain freedom of movement after the fashion of a hobble. -- Hob"ble-skirt`ed,a.

Ho"bo (?),n.; pl.HobosorHoboes(#). [Of uncertain origin.] A professional tramp; one who spends his life traveling from place to place, esp. by stealing rides on trains, and begging for a living. [U. S.] -- Ho"bo*ism (#),n.

Hol"arc*tic (?),a.[Holo-+arctic.] Of or pert. to the arctic regions collectively; specif.(Zoögeography), designating a realm or region including the northern parts of the Old and the New World. It comprises thePalearcticandNearcticregions or subregions.

Hold,v. t.--To hold up. To stop in order to rob, often with the demand to hold up the hands. [Colloq.]

Hole,n.(Games)(a)A small cavity used in some games, usually one into which a marble or ball is to be played or driven; hence, a score made by playing a marble or ball into such a hole, as in golf.(b)(Fives)At Eton College, England, that part of the floor of the court between the step and the pepperbox.

Hole in the air.(Aëronautics)= Air hole, above.

{ Hol`lan*daise" sauce, or Hol`lan*daise" } (?),n.[F.hollandaise, fem. ofhollandaisDutch.](Cookery)A sauce consisting essentially of a seasoned emulsion of butter and yolk of eggs with a little lemon juice or vinegar.

Hol"lus*chick`ie (?),n. sing. & pl.[Prob. of Russ.goluishkabare of possessions, offspring, etc., fr.goluinaked.](Zoöl.)A young male fur seal, esp. one from three to six years old; -- called alsobachelor, because prevented from breeding by the older full- grown males.

Theholluschickieare the seals that may legally be killed for their skins.

But he'll lie down on the killing grounds where theholluschickiego.

Kipling.

Hol"stein (?),n.(Zoöl.)One of a breed of cattle, originally from Schleswig-Holstein, valued for the large amount of milk produced by the cows. The color is usually black and white in irregular patches.

Home,n.In various games, the ultimate point aimed at in a progress; goal; as:(a)(Baseball)The plate at which the batter stands.(b)(Lacrosse)The place of a player in front of an opponent's goal; also, the player.

Hom"ing (?),p.a.Home- returning.

Homing pigeon, a pigeon trained to return home from a distance. Homing pigeons are used for sending back messages or for flying races. By carrying the birds away and releasing them at gradually increasing distances from home, they may be trained to return with more or less certainty and promptness from distances up to four or five hundred miles. If the distance is increased much beyond this, the birds are unable to cover it without stopping for a prolonged rest, and their return becomes doubtful. Homing pigeons are not bred for fancy points or special colors, but for strength, speed, endurance, and intelligence or homing instinct.

Hone (?),v. i.[Cf. F.hongerto grumble.] To grumble; pine; lament; long. [Dial.Eng. & Southern U. S.]

Hon"ey*ber`ry (?),n.; pl.- berries. The fruit of either of two trees having sweetish berries:(a)An Old World hackberry (Celtis australis).(b)In the West Indies, the genip (Melicocca bijuga).

||Hon"véd (?),n.[Hung.honvd;honhome +vddefense.]1.The Hungarian army in the revolutionary war of 1848-49.

2.= Honvédség.

||Hon"véd*ség` (?),n.[Hung.honvdsg;honvd + sg, an abstract or collective suffix.](Hungary)See Army organization, above.

Hoo"doo,v. t.To be a hoodoo to; to bring bad luck to by occult influence; to bewitch. [Colloq., U. S.]

Hoo"doo,n.A natural rock pile or pinnacle of fantastic shape. [Western U. S.]

Hoof,n.--On the hoof, of cattle, standing (on the hoof); not slaughtered.

Hook,n.(Geog.)A spit or narrow cape of sand or gravel turned landward at the outer end; as, SandyHook.

Hook,v. i.To move or go with a sudden turn; hence [Slang or Prov. Eng.], to make off; to clear out; -- often withit. "Duncan was wounded, and the escorthookedit."Kipling.

Hook"y (?),n.[Written alsohookey.] [Cf. Hook,v. t., 3.] A word used only in the expressionto play hooky, to run away, to play truant.

This talk about boys . . . playing ball, and "hooky," and marbles, was all moonshine.

F. Hopkinson Smith.

Hoo"sier State. Indiana; -- a nickname of obscure origin.

Hop"per*doz`er (?),n.[Hopper(as in grasshopper) +dozeordose; because conceived as putting insects to sleep or as dosing them with poison.](Agric.)An appliance for the destruction of insects, consisting of a shallow iron box, containing kerosene or coated with tar or other sticky substance, which may be mounted on wheels.

Hor"mone (hôr"mn),n.[From Gr. "orma`ein to excite.](Physiol. Chem.)A chemical substance formed in one organ and carried in the circulation to another organ on which it exerts a stimulating effect; thus, according to Starling, the gastric glands are stimulated by ahormonefrom the pyloric mucous membrane.

||Hors` d'œuvre" (?); pl.Hors d'œuveres(#). [F., lit., outside of work.]1.Something unusual or extraordinary. [R.]

2.A dish served as a relish, usually at the beginning of a meal.

Horse,n.(Student Slang)(a)A translation or other illegitimate aid in study or examination; -- called alsotrot,pony,Dobbin.(b)Horseplay; tomfoolery.

Horse"less,a.Being without a horse; specif., not requiring a horse; -- said of certain vehicles in which horse power has been replaced by electricity, steam, etc.; as, ahorselesscarriage or truck.

Host,n.(Biol.)Any animal or plant affording lodgment or subsistence to a parasitic or commensal organism. Thus a tree is ahostof an air plant growing upon it.

Host plant.(Agric.)A plant which aids, shelters, or protects another plant in its growth, as those which are used for nurse crops.

{Hot bulb, Hot pot}.(Internal-combustion Engines)See Semi-diesel, below.

Hotch"kiss gun (?) [After Benjamin B.Hotchkiss(1826-85), American inventor.] A built-up, rifled, rapid-fire gun of oil-tempered steel, having a rectangular breechblock which moves horizontally or vertically in a mortise cut completely through the jacket. It is made in France.

Hot"-short`,a.[Cf. Cold-short.](Metal.)Brittle when heated, esp. beyond a red heat; as,hot-shortiron.

||Hous*to"ni*a (?),n.[NL. So named after Dr. WilliamHouston, an English surgeon and botanist.](Bot.)A genus of small rubiaceous herbs, having tetramerous salveform blue or white flower. There are about twenty species, natives of North America. Also, a plant of this genus.

Hsien (?),n.[Chin.] An administrative subdivision of a fu, or department, or of an independent chow; also, the seat of government of such a district.

||Hua*ra"cho (?),n.; pl.Huarachos(#). [Amer. Sp., alsoguaracha,guarache,huarache, prob. of Mexican origin.] A kind of sandal worn by Indians and the lower classes generally; -- usually used inpl.[Southern U. S. & Mex.]

Hump (?),v. t.1.To form into a hump; to make hump-shaped; to hunch; -- often withup.

The cattle were very uncomfortable, standinghumpedup in the bushes.

T. Roosvelt.

2.To put or carry on the (humped) back; to shoulder; hence, to carry, in general. [Slang, Australia]

Having collected a sufficient quantity, wehumpedit out of the bush.

C. L. Money.

3.To bend or gather together for strenuous effort, as in running; to do or effect by such effort; to exert; -- usually reflexively or withit; as, you musthumpyourself. [Slang, U. S.]

A half dozen other negroes, some limping and all scared, werehumpingit across a meadow.

McClure's Mag.

Hump"backed` salm"on. A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) which ascends the rivers of the Pacific coast from California to Alaska, and also on the Asiatic side. In the breeding season the male has a large dorsal hump and distorted jaws.

Hum"strum` (?),n.An instrument out of tune or rudely constructed; music badly played.

Hunch,n.A strong, intuitive impression that something will happen; -- said to be from the gambler's superstition that it brings luck to touch the hump of a hunchback. [Colloq. or Slang]

Hun"kers (?),n. pl.[See Hunker.] In the phraseon one's hunkers, in a squatting or crouching position. [Scot. & Local, U. S.]

Siton your hunkers-- and pray for the bridge.

Kipling.

Hunk"y (?),a.[Perh. fr. Hunk.] All right; in a good condition; also, even; square. [Slang, U. S.]

He . . . began to shoot; began to get "hunky" with all those people who had been plugging at him.

Stephen Crane.

Hunt,v. i.1.(Mach.)To be in a state of instability of movement or forced oscillation, as a governor which has a large movement of the balls for small change of load, an arc-lamp clutch mechanism which moves rapidly up and down with variations of current, or the like; also, to seesaw, as a pair of alternators working in parallel.

2.(Change Ringing)To shift up and down in order regularly.

Hunt,v. t.(Change Ringing)To move or shift the order of (a bell) in a regular course of changes.

Hus"ky (?),a.Powerful; strong; burly. [Colloq., U. S.]

A good,huskyman to pitch in the barnyard.

Hamlin Garland.

Hus"ky (?),n.; pl.- kies(#). [Cf. Eskimo.]1.An Eskimo; also, an Eskimo dog.

2.The Eskimo language.

Hut"ton*ing (?),n.[So named after two English bonesetters, Richard and RobertHutton, who made it a part of their method.](Med.)Forcible manipulation of a dislocated, stiff, or painful joint.

Hy"brid (?),n.(Philol.)A word composed of elements which belong to different languages.

Hy"brid*ize (?),v. i.(Biol.)To produce hybrid offspring; to interbreed; to cross.

Hy"dro (?),n.A hydro- aëroplane.

Hy"dro-a"ër*o*plane`.(Aëronautics)An aëroplane with a boatlike or other understructure that enables it to travel on, or to rise from the surface of, a body of water by its own motive power.

Hy"dro*bi"plane,n.A hydro- aëroplane having two supporting planes.

Hy*drol"y*sis (?),n.[Hydro-, 1 +-lysis.](Chem.)A chemical process involving the addition of the elements of water.

Hy"dro*plane (?),n.[Pref.hydro-, 1 +plane.]1.A plane, or any of a number of planes, projecting from the hull of a submarine boat, which by being elevated or depressed cause the boat, when going ahead, to sink or rise, after the manner of an aëroplane.

2.A projecting plane or fin on a gliding boat to lift the moving boat on top of the water; also, a gliding boat.

Hy"dro*plane,v. i.Of a boat, to plane (see Plane, below).

Hy`dro*pneu*mat"ic gun carriage.(Ordnance)A disappearing gun carriage in which the recoil is checked by cylinders containing liquid and air, the air when compressed furnishing the power for restoring the gun to the firing position. It is used with some English and European heavy guns.

Hy"dro*sphere (?),n.[Pref.hydro-, 1 +sphere.]1.(Meteor.)The aqueous vapor of the entire atmosphere.

2.(Phys. Geog.)The aqueous envelope of the earth, including the ocean, all lakes, streams, and underground waters, and the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere.

Hy"dro*stat,n.A device, usually electrical, for indicating or regulating the height of water in a reservoir or receptacle.

Hy`dro*ther`a*peu"tics (?),n.[Hydro-, 1 +therapeutics.](Med.)A system of treating disease by baths and mineral waters.

Hy*drot"ro*pism,n.(Bot.)In a broader sense, any curvature or turning induced in certain growing plant organs under the influence of moisture.

When the movement is toward the moisture, as is the case in most roots, the phenomenon is calledpositive hydrotropism; when away from the moisture, as in the case of hyphae of certain fungi,negative hydrotropism.

Hy`e*tol"o*gy (?),n.[Gr. &?; + rain-logy.] The science which treats of the precipitation of rain, snow, etc. -- Hy`e*to*log"ic*al (&?;),a.

Hyk"sos (?),n.[Gr. &?;, fr. Egypt.hikshasuchiefs of the Bedouins, shepherds.] A dynasty of Egyptian kings, often called theShepherd kings, of foreign origin, who, according to the narrative of Manetho, ruled for about 500 years, forming the XVth and XVIth dynasties. It is now considered that the XVIth is merely a double of the XVth dynasty, and that the total period of the six Hyksos kings was little more than 100 years. It is supposed that they were Asiatic Semites.

Hyp`al*le"lo*morph,n.See Allelomorph.

Hyp"no*scope (?),n.[Gr. &?; +- scope.](Physiol.)An instrument for ascertaining the susceptibility of a person to hypnotic influences.

||Hyp*no"sis,n.The condition of being hypnotized.

Hys`ter*et"ic (?),a.(Elec.)Of or pert. to hysteresis. --Hysteretic constant, the hysteretic loss in ergs per cubic centimeter per cycle.

Ib"sen*ism (?),n.The dramatic practice or purpose characteristic of the writings of Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), Norwegian poet and dramatist, whose best-known plays deal with conventional hypocrisies, the story in each play thus developing a definite moral problem.

Ich"thy*ol (?),n.[Gr. &?;, &?;, a fish + (prob.) L.oleum oil; but cf. Ichthyolite.](Chem.)An oily substance prepared by the dry distillation of a bituminous mineral containing fossil fishes. It is used in medicine as a remedy in some forms of skin diseases.

I"con,n.(Gr. Ch.)A sacred picture representing the Virgin Mary, Christ, a saint, or a martyr, and having the same function as an image of such a person in the Latin Church.

I*con"o*graph (?),n.[See Iconography.] An engraving or other picture or illustration for a book.

I`co*no*ma"ni*a (?),n.[NL. See Icon, and Mania.] A mania or infatuation for icons, whether as objects of devotion, bric-a-brac, or curios.

I*de"al*ism,n.The practice or habit of giving or attributing ideal form or character to things; treatment of things in art or literature according to ideal standards or patterns; -- opposed torealism.

{ I*den"tic, I*den"tic*al },a.In diplomacy (esp. in the formidentic), precisely agreeing in sentiment or opinion and form or manner of expression; -- applied to concerted action or language which is used by two or more governments in treating with another government.

I"do ("d),n.An artificial international language, selected by the "Delegation for the Adoption of an Auxillary International Language" (founded at Paris in 1901), made public in 1907, and subsequently greatly revised and extended by a permanent committee or "Academy." It combines systematically the advantages of previous schemes with a thoroughly logical word formation, and has neither accented constants nor arbitrarily coined pronominal words. For each idea that root is selected which is already most international, on the principle of the "greatest facility for the greatest number of people." The word "Ido" means in the language itself "offspring." The official name is: "Linguo Internaciona di la Delegitaro (Sistema Ido)." -- I"dism (#),n.-- I"dist (#),n.

||I*do"lum (?), ||I*do"lon (&?;),n.; pl.Idola(#). [L. See Idol; cf. Eidolon.] Appearance or image; a phantasm; a spectral image; also, a mental image or idea.

IHVH. [Written alsoJHVH,YHVH.] A transliteration of the four constants forming the Hebrew tetragrammaton or "incommunicable name" of the Supreme Being, which in latter Jewish tradition is not pronounced save with the vowels ofadonaiorelohim, so that the true pronunciation is lost.

Numerous attempts have been made to represent the supposed original form of the word, as Jahaveh, Jahvaj, Jahve, Jahveh, Yahve, Yahveh, Yahwe, Yahweh, etc.

Im*mune" (?),n.One who is immune; esp., a person who is immune from a disease by reason of previous affection with the disease or inoculation.

Im*mun"i*ty,n.The state of being insusceptible to poison, the contagion of disease, etc.

||Im`passe" (N`päs"; E. m*ps"),n.[F.] An impassable road or way; a blind alley; cul-de-sac; fig., a position or predicament affording no escape.

The issue from the presentimpassewill, in all probability, proceed from below, not from above.

Arnold White.

Im*ped"ance (?),n.[Impede+-ance.](Elec.)The apparent resistance in an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current, analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current, being the ratio of electromotive force to the current. It is equal toR2+ X2, whereR= ohmic resistance,X= reactance. For an inductive circuit,X = 2πfL, wheref= frequency andL= self-inductance; for a circuit with capacityX = 1 ÷ 2πfC, whereC= capacity.

||Im*ped`i*men"ta (?),n. pl.[L. See Impediment, Impede.] Things which impede or hinder progress; incumbrances; baggage; specif.(Mil.), the supply trains which must accompany an army.

On the plains they will have horses dragging travoises, dogs with travoises, women and children loaded withimpedimenta.

Julian Ralph.

Im*pe"ri*al,n.A game at cards differing from piquet in some minor details, and in having a trump; also, any one of several combinations of cards which score in this game.

Im*pe"ri*al*ism,n.The policy, practice, or advocacy of seeking, or acquiescing in, the extension of the control, dominion, or empire of a nation, as by the acquirement of new, esp. distant, territory or dependencies, or by the closer union of parts more or less independent of each other for operations of war, copyright, internal commerce, etc.

The tide of English opinion began to turn about 1870, and since then it has run with increasing force in the direction of what is calledimperialism.

James Bryce.

||Im*pe"ri*um (?),n.; pl.Imperia(#). [L. See Empire.]1.Supreme power; absolute dominion; empire.

2.(Law)The right to command, which includes the right to employ the force of the state to enforce the laws. It is one of the principal attributes of the executive power.

||Im"pi (m"p),n.[Zulu.] A body of Kaffir warriors; a body of native armed men. [South Africa]

As early as 1862 he crossed assagais with and defeated a Matabiliimpi(war band).

James Bryce.

In*au`gu*ra"tion Day. The day on which the President of the United States is inaugurated, the 4th of March in every year next after a year divisible by four.

||In`croy`a"ble (?),n.[F., lit., incredible.] A French fop or dandy of the time of the Directory; hence, any fop.

The name is said to have been given in allusion not only to the extravagant dress, but also to the frequent use of the phrase "C'est vraiment incroyable" (That is really incredible.).

In"cu*ba`tor (?),n.1.A contrivance for the cultivation of microörganisms by maintaining a suitable temperature.

2.(Med.)An apparatus for rearing prematurely born babies.

In`de*pend"ence Day. In the United States, a holiday, the 4th of July, commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on that day in 1776.

In"dex,n.The ratio, or formula expressing the ratio, of one dimension of a thing to another dimension; as, the verticalindexof the cranium.

In"di*a steel. Same as Wootz.

In`di*vid"u*al*ism,n.The principle, policy, or practice of maintaining individuality, or independence of the individual, in action; the theory or practice of maintaining the independence of individual initiative, action, and interests, as in industrial organization or in government.

In`do-Ar"yan,a.Pert. to the Indo- Aryans, or designating, or of, the Aryan languages of India.

In`do-Ar"yan,n.A member of one of the native races of India of Aryan speech and blood, characterized by tall stature, dolichocephaly, fair complexion with dark hair and eyes, plentiful beard, and narrow and prominent nose.

In`do-Chi*nese",a.1.Of or pertaining to Indo-China.

2.Of or pert. to the Mongoloid races of India, esp. Farther India, or designating, or of, their languages.

Tradition and comparative philology agree in pointing to northwestern China, between the upper courses of the Yang-tsekiang and of the Ho-ang-ho, as the original home of theIndo-Chineserace.

Census of India, 1901.

In`do-do-Chinese languages. A family of languages, mostly of the isolating type, although some are agglutinative, spoken in the great area extending from northern India in the west to Formosa in the east and from Central Asia in the north to the Malay Peninsula in the south.

In`do-Eu`ro*pe"an. A member of one of the Caucasian races of Europe or India speaking an Indo-European language.

Professor Otto Schrader . . . considers that the oldest probable domicile of theIndo-Europeansis to be sought for on the common borderland of Asia and of Europe, -- in the steppe country of southern Russia.

Census of India, 1901.

In`do*ne"sian (?),a.[Indo-+ Gr. &?; island.] Of or pertaining to Indonesia or Indonesians.

In`do*ne"sian,n.A member of a race forming the chief pre-Malay population of the Malay Archipelago, and probably sprung from a mixture of Polynesian and Mongoloid immigrants. According to Keane, the autochthonous Negritos were largely expelled by the Caucasian Polynesians, themselves followed by Mongoloid peoples of Indo-Chinese affinities, from mixture with whom sprang theIndonesian race.

The termIndonesian, introduced by Logan to designate the light-colored non-Malay inhabitants of the Eastern Archipelago, is now used as a convenient collective name for all the peoples of Malaysia and Polynesia who are neither Malay nor Papuans, but of Caucasic type. . . . The trueIndonesiansare of tall stature (5 ft. 10 in.), muscular frame, rather oval features, high, open forehead, large straight or curved nose, large full eyes always horizontal and with no trace of the third lid, light brown complexion (cinnamon or ruddy brown), long black hair, not lank but often slightly curled or wavy, skull generally brachycephalous like that of the melanochroic European.

A. H. Keane.

TheIndonesians[of the Philippines], with the tribal population of some 251, 200, live almost exclusively on the great island of Mindanao. They are not only physically superior to the Negritos, but to the peoples of the Malayan race as well, and are, as a rule, quite intelligent.

Rep. Phil. Com. , 1902.

In*duced" cur"rent.(Elec.)A current due to variation in the magnetic field surrounding its conductor.

In*duc"tance (?),n.(Elec.)Capacity for induction; the coefficient of self- induction.

The unit of inductance is thehenry.

In*duc"tance coil.(Elec.)A choking coil.

In*duc"tion gen"er*a`tor. A machine built as an induction motor and driven above synchronous speed, thus acting as an alternating-current generator; -- called alsoasynchronous generator. Below synchronism the machine takes in electrical energy and acts as an induction motor; at synchronism the power component of current becomes zero and changes sign, so that above synchronism the machine (driven for this purpose by mechanical power) gives out electrical energy as a generator.

Induction motor.(Elec.)A type of alternating-current motor comprising two wound members, one stationary, called thestator, and the other rotating, called therotor, these two members corresponding to a certain extent to the field and armature of a direct-current motor.

In*ed"i*ble (?),a.[LL.inedibilis. See In- not, and Edible.] Not edible; not fit for food. -- In*ed`i*bil"i*ty (#),n.

In"fan*tile pa*ral"y*sis.(Med.)An acute disease, almost exclusively infantile, characterized by inflammation of the anterior horns of the gray substance of the spinal cord. It is attended with febrile symptoms, motor paralysis, and muscular atrophy, often producing permanent deformities. Called alsoacute anterior poliomyelitis.

In*farct" (?),n.[See Infarce.](Med.)(a)An obstruction or embolus.(b)The morbid condition of a limited area resulting from such obstruction; as, a hemorrhagicinfarct.

In*fec"tious dis*ease".(a)Any disease caused by the entrance, growth, and multiplication of bacteria or protozoans in the body; a germ disease. It may not be contagious.(b)Sometimes, as distinguished fromcontagious disease, such a disease communicated by germs carried in the air or water, and thus spread without contact with the patient, as measles.

In*fer"no (?),n.[It. See Infernal.] The infernal regions; hell. Also used fig.

At each sudden explosion in theinfernobelow they sprang back from the brink [of the volcanic crater].

D. C. Worcester.

In`fra-red" (?),a.[Infra-+red.](Physics)Lying outside the visible spectrum at its red end; -- said of rays less refrangible than the extreme red rays.

||In`gé`nue" (N`zh`n"),n.; pl.-nues(#). [F., fem. ofingénuingenious.] An ingenuous or naïve girl or young woman, or an actress representing such a person.

In"got steel. Steel cast in ingots from the Bessemer converter or open-hearth furnace.

In*i"ti*a*tive (?),n.(Political Science)The right or procedure by which legislation may be introduced or enacted directly by the people, as in the Swiss Confederation and in many of the States of the United States; -- chiefly used withthe. The procedure of the initiative is essentially as follows: Upon the filing of a petition signed by a required number or percentage of qualified voters the desired measure must be submitted to a popular vote, and upon receiving the required majority (commonly a majority of those voting on the measure submitted) it becomes a law. In some States of the United States the initiative is only local; in others it is state-wide and includes the making of constitutional amendments.

In"pa`tient (?),n.A patient who receives lodging and food, as well as treatment, in a hospital or an infirmary; -- distinguished fromoutpatient.

||In rem (?). [L.](Law)Lit., in or against a (or the) thing; -- used:(a)Of any right (calledright, or jus,in rem) of such a nature as to be available over its subject without reference to one person more than another, or, as generally expressed, a right competent, or available, against all persons. Rightsin reminclude not alone rights over physical property, but all rights available against all persons indifferently, as those of life, liberty, and reputation.(b)Of actions for recovering or reducing to possession or enjoyment a specific object, as in the enforcement of maritime liens against a vessel, which is made the defendant by a sort of personification. Most actions for the specific recovery of property in English and American law are in the nature of actions in personam against a person alleged to be unlawfully withholding the property.

||In"ro (?),n.[Jap.inr;inseal +rbox.] A small closed receptacle or set of receptacles of hard material, as lacquered wood, iron, bronze, or ivory, used by the Japanese to hold medicines, perfumes, and the like, and carried in the girdle. It is usually secured by a silk cord by which the wearer may grasp it, which cord passes through an ornamental button or knob called a netsuke.

||In si"tu (?). [L.] In its natural or original position or place; in position; -- said specif., in geology, of a rock, soil, or fossil, when in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.

In"stroke` (?),n.An inward stroke; specif., in a steam or other engine, a stroke in which the piston is moving away from the crank shaft; -- opposed tooutstroke.

In`stru*men"tal*ism (?),n.(Philos.)The view that the sanction of truth is its utility, or that truth is genuine only in so far as it is a valuable instrument. -- In`stru*men"tal*ist,n.

Instrumentalismviews truth as simply the value belonging to certain ideas in so far as these ideas are biological functions of our organisms, and psychological functions whereby we direct our choices and attain our successes.

Josiah Royce.

In*suf"flate (?),a.[See Insufflation.] To blow upon; to breath upon or into; to use insufflation upon.

In`su*la"tion,n.The material or substance used in insulating.

In"swept` (?),a.Narrowed at the forward end; -- said of an automobile frame when the side members are closer together at the forward end than at the rear.

In*ten"sive,a.(Agric.)Designating, or pertaining to, any system of farming or horticulture, usually practiced on small pieces of land, in which the soil is thoroughly worked and fertilized so as to get as much return as possible; -- opposed toextensive.

In"ter*crop` (?),v. t. & i.[imp. & p. p.-cropped (?);p. pr. & vb. n.-cropping.](Agric.)To cultivate by planting simultaneous crops in alternate rows; as, tointercropan orchard. Also, to use for catch crops at seasons when the ground is not covered by crops of the regular rotation.

In"ter*crop`,n.(Agric.)A crop grown among or between the rows of another crop; a catch crop.

In`ter*de*nom`i*na"tion*al (?),a.Occurring between or among, or common to, different denominations; as,interdenominationalfellowship or belief.

In`ter*fe*rom"e*ter (?),n.[See Interfere and-meter.](Physics)An instrument for measuring small movements, distances, or displacements by means of the interference of two beams of light; -- called alsorefractometer.

In*ter"nal-com*bus"tion,a.(Mach.)Designating, or pertaining to, any engine (called an Internal-combustion engine) in which the heat or pressure energy necessary to produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by the explosion of a gas, and not in a separate chamber, as in a steam-engine boiler. The gas used may be a fixed gas, or one derived from alcohol, ether, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, oil (petroleum), etc. There are three main classes: (1)gas enginesproper, using fixed gases, as coal, blast-furnace, or producer gas; (2) engines using the vapor of a volatile fluid, as the typicalgasoline (petrol) engine; (3)oil engines, using either an atomized spray or the vapor (produced by heat) of a comparatively heavy oil, as petroleum or kerosene. In all of these the gas is mixed with a definite amount of air, the charge is composed in the cylinder and is then exploded either by a flame of gas (flame ignition-- now little used), by a hot tube (tube ignition) or the like, by an electric spark (electric ignition, the usual method is gasoline engines, or by the heat of compression, as in the Diesel engine. Gas and oil engines are chiefly of the stationary type. Gasoline engines are largely used for automobile vehicles, boats, etc. Most internal- combustion engines use the Otto (four-stroke) cycle, though many use the two-stroke cycle. They are almost universally trunk engines and single-acting. Because of the intense heat produced by the frequent explosions, the cylinders must be cooled by a water jacket (water-cooled) or by air currents (air cooled) to give the maximum thermodynamic efficiency and to avoid excessive friction or seizing.

In*terne" (?),n.[F.] (F. pron.N`târn")(Med.)A resident physician in a hospital; a house physician.

In`ter*ur"ban (n`tr*ûr"ban),a.Going between, or connecting, cities or towns; as,interurbanelectric railways.

In`ter*vo*cal"ic (?),a.(Phon.)Situated between vowels; immediately preceded and followed by vowel sounds, as,pinoccupy,dinidea, etc.

In`ver*ness" (?),n.,orIn`ver*ness" cape". A kind of full sleeveless cape, fitting closely about the neck.

Robert's wind-blown head and tall form wrapped in anInverness cape.

Mrs. Humphry Ward.

In*vert"ase (?),n.(Chem.)(a)An enzyme capable of effecting the inversion of cane suger, producing invert sugar. It is found in many plants and in the intestines of animals.(b)By extension, any enzyme which splits cane sugar, milk sugar, lactose, etc., into monosaccharides.

I`o*do*cre"sol (?),n.[Iodo-+cresol.](Org. Chem.)Any of several isomeric iodine derivatives of the cresols, C6H3I(CH3)OH, esp. one, an odorless amorphous powder, used in medicine as a substitute for iodoform.

I`o*do*for"mo*gen (?),n.[Iodoform+-genroot of gi`gnesqai to be born.](Pharm.)A light powder used as a substitute for iodoform. It is a compound of iodoform and albumin.

I"o*dol (?),n.[Iodo-+ pyrrol.](Chem.)A crystallized substance of the composition C4I4NH, technically tetra-iodo- pyrrol, used like iodoform.

I`o*do*thy"rin (?),n.[Iodo-+thyro-+-in.](Physiol. Chem.)A peculiar substance obtained from the thyroid gland, containing from nine to ten per cent of iodine.

It is a very stable compound, and is believed to be active principle in thyroid extracts and in the internal secretion of the thyroid gland. It was originally calledthyroiodin.

I"on,n.1.One of the electrified particles into which, according to the electrolytic dissociation theory, the molecules of electrolytes are divided by water and other solvents. Anionconsists of one or more atoms and carries a unit charge of electricity, 3.4 x 10-10electrostatic units, or a multiple of this. Those which are positively electrified (hydrogen and the metals) are calledcations; negative ions (hydroxyl and acidic atoms or groups) are calledanions. Thus, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates, in aqueous solution, into the hydrogen ion, H+, and the chlorine ion, Cl-; ferric nitrate, Fe(NO3)3, yields the ferric ion, Fe+++, and nitrate ions, NO3-, NO3- , NO3-. When a solution containing ions is made part of an electric circuit, the cations move toward the cathode, the anions toward the anode. This movement is calledmigration, and the velocity of it differs for different kinds of ions. If the electromotive force is sufficient, electrolysis ensues: cations give up their charge at the cathode and separate in metallic form or decompose water, forming hydrogen and alkali; similarly, at the anode the element of the anion separates, or the metal of the anode is dissolved, or decomposition occurs.

2.One of the small electrified particles into which the molecules of a gas are broken up under the action of the electric current, of ultraviolet and certain other rays, and of high temperatures. To the properties and behavior of ions the phenomena of the electric discharge through rarefied gases and many other important effects are ascribed. At low pressures the negative ions appear to be electrons; the positive ions, atoms minus an electron. At ordinary pressures each ion seems to include also a number of attached molecules. Ions may be formed in a gas in various ways.

I"on*ize (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.Ionized (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Ionizing (?).](Elec. Chem.)To separate (a compound) into ions, esp. by dissolving in water. -- I`on*i*za"tion (#),n.

I"ris,n.(Zoöl.)Inner circle of an oscillated color spot.

I"ris di"a*phragm. An adjustable diaphragm, suggesting the iris of the eye in its action, for regulating the aperture of a lens, consisting of a number of thin pieces fastened to a ring. It is used in cameras and microscopes.

I"rish A*mer"i*can. A native of Ireland who has become an American citizen; also, a child or descendant of such a person.

I"ron ("rn),n.(Golf)An iron-headed club with a deep face, chiefly used in making approaches, lifting a ball over hazards, etc.

Ir`o*quoi"an (r`*kwoi"an),a.Of, pertaining to, or designating, one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North American Indians. The territory of the northern Iroquoian tribes, of whom the Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, were the chief, extended from the shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie south, through eastern Pennsylvania, to Maryland; that of the southern tribes, of whom the Cherokees were chief, formed part of Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. All of the tribes were agricultural, and they were noted for large, communal houses, palisaded towns, and ability to organize, as well as for skill in war. --n.An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe.

Ir`re*vers"i*ble steering gear.(Mach.)A steering gear, esp. for an automobile, not affected by the road wheels, as when they strike an obstacle side ways, but easily controlled by the hand wheel or steering lever.

I"so*bront ("s*brnt),n.[Iso-+ Gr. bronth` thunder.](Meteor.)An imaginary line, or a line on a chart, marking the simultaneous development of a thunderstorm, as noted by observing the time when the thunder is heard at different places.

I"so*chor (?),n.[Iso-+ Gr. xhw`ra space.](Physics)A line upon a thermodynamic diagram so drawn as to represent the pressures corresponding to changes of temperature when the volume of the gas operated on is constant. -- I`so*chor"ic (#),a.

I*soch"ro*nize (?),v. t.[imp. & p. p.-nized;p. pr. & vb. n.-nizing.] [See Isochronous.] To make, or tend to make (the motion of a moving body), uniform in rate of rotation, or in frequency of vibration.

I"so*drome (?),n.[Iso-+ Gr. &?; course.](Nav.)A method of moving a fleet from one formation to another, the direction usually being changed eight points (90°), by means of paths of equal length for each ship. It is prohibited in the United States navy.

I"so*mere (?),n.[Iso-+- mere.](Zoöl.)1.A homologous or corresponding part or segment.

2.(Chem.)= Isomer.

I"so*morph (?),n.(Biol.)An animal, plant, or group having superficial similarity to another, although phylogenetically different.

I`so*mor"phic (?),a.(Biol.)Alike in form; exhibiting isomorphism.

I"so*spore (?),n.(Biol.)(a)One of the spores produced by an isosporous organism.(b)A zygospore.

I*sos"po*rous (?),a.[Iso-+ Gr. &?; fruit.](Biol.)Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns.

I*sos"ta*sy (?),n.[See Iso-; Stasis.] The state or quality of being isostatic. Specif.(Geol.), general equilibrium in the earth's crust, supposed to be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitative stress. By the theory ofisostasyeach unit column of the earth, from surface to center, has approximately the same weight, and the continents stand higher than the ocean beds chiefly because the material of the crust has there less density.

I`so*stat"ic (?),a.[Iso-+static.](Physics & Geol.)Subjected to equal pressure from every side; being in hydrostatic equilibrium, as a body submerged in a liquid at rest; pertaining to, or characterized by, isostasy.

I. W. W. (Abbrev.) Industrial Workers of the World (the name of two American labor organizations, one of which advocates syndicalism).

{ Ix"tle Ix"til} (?),n.The fine, soft fiber of the bromeliaceous plantBromelia sylvestris.

Ja*cal" (hä*käl"; 239),n.[Amer. Sp., fr. Mex.xacalli.] In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction.

{ Jack`a*roo" (?),n.Also Jack`e*roo"}. [Jack+ kangaroo.] A young man living as an apprentice on a sheep station, or otherwise engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. [Colloq., Australia]

Jack`a*roo",v. i.To be a jackaroo; to pass one's time as a jackaroo. [Colloq., Australia]

Jack"y (?),n.; pl.Jackies(#). Dim. or pet from Jack. Hence:(a)A landsman's nickname for a seaman, resented by the latter.(b)English gin. [Dial. Eng.]

Jag,n.1.A leather bag or wallet;pl., saddlebags. [Scot.]

2.Enough liquor to make a man noticeably drunk; a small "load;" a time or case of drunkeness; -- esp. in phr.To have a jag on, to be drunk. [Slang, U. S. & Dial. Eng.]

{ Jag"an*nath (?), Jag`an*na"tha (?),n.Also Jug"ger*naut}. [Hind.Jagan- nthlord of the world, Skr.jaganntha.](Hinduism)A particular form of Vishnu, or of Krishna, whose chief idol and worship are at Puri, in Orissa. The idol is considered to contain the bones of Krishna and to possess a soul. The principal festivals are theSnanayatra, when the idol is bathed, and theRathayatra, when the image is drawn upon a car adorned with obscene paintings. Formerly it was erroneously supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed beneath the wheels of this car. It is now known that any death within the temple of Jagannath is considered to render the place unclean, and any spilling of blood in the presence of the idol is a pollution.

Jag"ger*y palm (?). An East Indian palm (Caryota urens) having leaves pinnate with wedge-shaped divisions, the petiole very stout. It is the principal source of jaggery, and is often cultivated for ornament.

Jah"vist (?),n., Jah*vis"tic (&?;),a.See Jehovist, Jehovistic.

{ Jam"bool, Jam"bul (?) },n.[Hind.jamb,jambl, prop., the rose-apple tree or its fruit, fr. Skr.jambu,jamb.] The Java plum; also, a drug obtained from its bark and seeds, used as a remedy for diabetes.

Jam`boo*ree" (?),n.[Etym. uncertain. Cf. Jambone.] A noisy or unrestrained carousal or frolic; a spree. [Slang]Kipling.

A Calcutta-made pony cart had been standing in front of the manager's bungalow when Raja Singh started on hisjamboree.

W. A. Fraser.

Japan current. A branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific, washing the eastern coast of Formosa and thence flowing northeastward past Japan and merging into the easterly drift of the North Pacific; -- called alsoKuro-Siwo, orBlack Stream, in allusion to the deep blue of its water. It is similar in may ways to the Gulf Stream.

Jap"o*nism (?),n.[F.japonisme, fr.JaponJapan.] A quality, idiom, or peculiarity characteristic of the Japanese or their products, esp. in art.

||Jar`di`nière" (?),n.(Cookery)A preparation of mixed vegetables stewed in a sauce with savory herbs, etc.; also, a soup made in this way.

||Ja`spé" (?),a.[F., p.p. ofjasperto mottle. See Jasper.](Ceramics)Having the surface decorated with cloudings and streaks, somewhat as if imitating jasper.

Jef`fer*so"ni*an (?),a.Pert. to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson (third President of the United States) or his political doctrines, which were those of the Republicanism of his time, as opposed to those of the Federalists. --n.An adherent of Jefferson or his doctrines. -- Jef`fer*so"ni*an*ism (#),n.

Jeffersonian simplicity. The absence of pomp or display which Jefferson aimed at in his administration as President (1801-1809), eschewing display or ceremony tending to distinguish the President from the people, as in going to the capital on horseback and with no escort, the abolition of court etiquette and the weekly levee, refusal to recognize titles of honor, etc.

Jel"li*fy (?),v. t. & i.[imp. & p. p.Jellified (?);p. pr. & vb. n.Jellifying (?).] To make, or to become, gelatinous; to jelly. -- Jel`li*fi*ca"tion (#),n.

{ Je*quir"i*ty (?),n., or Je*quir"i*ty bean` }. [Prob. fr. a native name.](Bot.)The seed of the wild licorice (Abrus precatorius) used by the people of India for beads in rosaries and necklaces, as a standard weight, etc.; -- called alsojumble bead.

Jer"ry (?),a.Flimsy; jerry- built. -- Jer"ry*ism (#),n.[Both Builder's Cant]

Jer"ry-build`er (?),n.[Prob. fr. the proper nameJerry, familiar form ofJeremiah.] A professional builder who erects cheap dwellings of poor materials and unsubstantial and slovenly construction.

Je"su (?),n.[L., vocative and oblique cases ofJesus.] Jesus. [Poetical]

Jesu, give the wearyCalm and sweet repose.

S. Baring-Gould.

||Jet` d'eau" (?); pl.Jets d'eau(#). [F., a throw of water.] A stream of water spouting, esp. upward, from a fountain or pipe for ornament; also, the fountain or pipe from which it issues.

||Jeu`nesse" do`rée" (?). [F.] Lit., gilded youth; young people of wealth and fashion, esp. if given to prodigal living; -- in the French Revolution, applied to young men of the upper classes who aided in suppressing the Jacobins after the Reign of Terror.

Jew"ish cal"en*dar. A lunisolar calendar in use among Hebraic peoples, reckoning from the year 3761 b. c., the date traditionally given for the Creation. It received its present fixed form from Hillel II. about 360 a. d. The present names of the months, which are Babylonian-Assyrian in origin, replaced older ones,Abib,Bul, etc., at the time of the Babylonian Exile. Nineteen years constitute a lunar cycle, of which the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years are leap years. The year 5663 [1902-3 a. d.] was the first year of the 299th lunar cycle. The common year is said to bedefective,regular, orperfect(orabundant) according as it has 353, 354, or 355 days. The leap year has an intercalary month, and a total of 383 (defective), 384 (regular), or 385 (perfect, or abundant) days. The calendar is complicated by various rules providing for the harmonious arrangement of festivals, etc., so that no simple perpetual calendar can be constructed. The following table gives the months in order, with the number of days assigned to each. Only three months vary in length. They are: Heshvan, which has 30 days in perfect years; Kislev, which has 30 days in regular and perfect years; and Adar, which has 30 days in leap years. The ecclesiastical year commences with Nisan and the civil year with Tishri. The date of the first of Tishri, or the Jewish New Year, is also given for the Jewish years 5661-5696 (1900- 1935 a. d.). From these tables it is possible to transform any Jewish date into Christian, or vice versa, for the years 1900-1935 a. d.

Months of the Jewish Year.

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