Chapter 3

WHEN A MAN BECOMES OF AGE.The question sometimes arises whether it man is entitled to vote at anelection held on the day preceding the twenty-first anniversary of hisbirth. Blackstone, in his Commentaries, book 1, page 463, says: "Fullage in male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on the daypreceding the anniversary of a person's birth, who, till that time, isan infant, and so styled in law." The late Chief Justice Sharswood, inhis edition of Blackstone's Commentaries, quotes Christian's note on theabove as follows: "If he is born on the 16th day of February, 1608, heis of age to do any legal act on the morning of the 15th of February,1629, though he may not have lived twenty-one years by nearlyforty-eight hours. The reason assigned is that in law there is nofraction of a day; and if the birth were on the last second of one dayand the act on the first second of the preceding day twenty-one yearsafter, then twenty-one years would be complete, and in the law it is thesame whether a thing is done upon one moment of the day or another."DREAMS AND THEIR MEANINGThe Bible speaks of dreams as being sometimes prophetic, or suggestiveof future events.This belief has prevailed in all ages and countries, and there arenumerous modern examples, apparently authenticated, which would appearto favor this hypothesis.The interpretation of dreams was a part of the business of thesoothsayers at the royal courts of Egypt, Babylon and other ancientnations.Dreams and visions have attracted the attention of mankind of every ageand nation. It has been claimed by all nations, both enlightened andheathen, that dreams are spiritual revelations to men; so much so, thattheir modes of worship have been founded upon the interpretation ofdreams and visions. Why should we discard the interpretation of dreamswhile our mode of worship, faith and knowledge of Deity are founded uponthe interpretation of the dreams and visions of the prophets and seersof old.Dreams vividly impressed upon the mind are sure to be followed by someevent.We read in the Holy Scripture the revelation of the Deity to His chosenpeople, through the prophet Joel: "And it shall come to pass, afterward,that I will pour out My Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and yourdaughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your youngmen shall see visions, and also upon the servants and the handmaids inthose days will I pour out My Spirit." (Joel ii, 28.)Both sacred and profane history contain so many examples of thefulfilment of dreams that he who has no faith in them must be veryskeptical indeed.Hippocrates says that when the body is asleep the soul is awake, andtransports itself everywhere the body would be able to go; knows andsees all that the body could see or know were it awake; that it touchesall that the body could touch. In a word, it performs all the actionsthat the body of a sleeping man could do were he awake.A dream, to have a significance, must occur to the sleeper while inhealthy and tranquil sleep. Those dreams of which we have not a vividconception, or clear remembrance, have no significance.Those of which we have a clear remembrance must have formed in the mindin the latter part of the night, for up to that time the faculties ofthe body have been employed in digesting the events of the day.DICTIONARY OF DREAMS.(Note.--If you do not find the word you want, look for a word ofidentical or closely similar meaning.)AAbundance--Deceitful security.Accident--Unexpected meeting.Acorn--Irreparable fault.Account--(Of possessions) bankruptcy.Adultery--(That you commit) scandal, misfortune and disgrace.Air--(Clear and serene) reconciliation; (dark and gloomy) sadness andsickness.Almonds--Peace, happiness; (tree) success in business.Altar--Prosperity, speedy marriage.Alms--(Giving) mediocrity; (receiving) privations.Anchor--Safe enterprise.Angry--(That you are) many powerful enemies.Ape--Enemies, deceit.Apples--Gain, profit; (to be eating) disappointment.Apricots--Health, contentment.Apple Tree--Good news; (if dead) ill news.Artichokes--Embarrassment, pain.Argument--Justice done.Arm--(Right arm cut off) death of a female relative; (both arms cut off)captivity and sickness; (broken or withered) sorrows, losses andwidowhood; (swollen) sudden fortune coming to a dear friend.Ashes--Misfortune.Asparagus--Success, profit.Ass--Quarrel between friends; (one sleeping) security; (one braying)dishonor; (ears of one) scandal; (one laden) profit.Aunt--Wealth and friends.Angel--Good news.Ants--Time spent to no purpose.Authority--(To have) easy times.BBabe--Happy marriage.Baker--Gain.Balloon--Literary note.Barley--Good fortune.Basket--Increase.Babboon--Affronts.Ball--(For dancing) jealousy, rage, then harmony.Bank--Never to be rich, except by saving.Barber--A long story, discontent.Barn--(Full) wealthy marriage.Bath--Marriage; (too cold) grief; (too hot) separation; (in runningwater) disappointment; (in stagnant water) misfortune.Beggar--Help when not expected.Bells--Alarm, misfortune.Bear--Danger, misfortune.Beans--Quarrels.Bed--Botheration, unrest.Beer--Fatigue to no purpose.Bees--Profit; (to catch) success; (stung by) to be over-worked.Blind Person--False friends.Blows--(To give) forgiveness; (to receive) advantage.Boots--(New) success in love and business; (old) quarreling and failure.Bonnet--(New) flirtation; (old or torn) rivalry.Boat--(On clear water) happiness; (in muddy water) disgrace.Bones--Large acquisition by small degrees.Book--Information.Bow and Arrows--Love affairs.Bottles--A feast; (broken) sickness; (empty) melancholy.Bouquet--(To carry) marriage; (to destroy) separation; (to throw away)displeasure.Brandy--Depravity.Brook--(Clear) lasting friendship; (troubled) domestic quarrel.Briars--Disputes.Betrothal--Brief pleasures.Birds--New pleasures; (singing) love, good fortune.Bite--Mistrust, ingratitude.Billiards--Hazards, dissipation.Biscuit--Rejoicings, jolly feasting.Blessing or Benediction--A forced marriage.Blackbird--Scandal, deceit.Bridge--(To pass one) success through industry; (to fall from) loss ofbusiness and disappointment in love.Bread--Profit; (white) lasting affection; (black) inconstancy.Bugs--Enemies seeking to do injury.Bull--(Peaceful) gain; (onset of) apprehension.Butcher--Death of a friend.Butterfly--Inconstancy.Butter--Surprises; (to make) a legacy.CCabbage--Health and long life.Cage--(With bird) liberty; (without bird) imprisonment.Cakes--Meeting with friends; (to make or eat) prosperity.Calf--Assured success.Camel--Riches.Candle--Favors, praise.Candy--Ardent love.Cane--Correction.Cards--Married life.Carpenter--Arrangement of affairs.Cart--Sickness and disgrace.Cave--Quarrel, loss.Carving--Business prosperity.Cat--(To see) treason; (to kill) family quarrels.Cellar--(Full) passing renown; (empty) health.Cemetery--(To see) future prosperity; (to be in) news of a death.Chain--Union; (broken) rupture.Challenge--Rupture, illusion.Cherries--Health; (to gather) deception by a woman; (to eat) love.Chicken--(Cooking) good news.Cheese--Vexation and after success.Chestnuts--Home troubles.Child--(Pretty) pleasure; (ugly) danger; (running) business difficulty.Church--Heritage; (to pray in) deceit; (to speak aloud in) domesticquarrels.Chess--Affairs embarrassed,Cider--Distant heritage, dispute.Clams--Small possessions, stingily kept.Clock--Marriage; (striking) a competency.Coal--Persecution.Cock--Pride, power, success; (one crowing) sudden trouble; (twofighting) expensive follies.Colic--Bickerings, estrangementCorkscrew--Vexatious inquiries.Corpse--Long life; news of the living; (one disinterred) infidelity.Cow--Prosperity, abundance.Cobbler--Long toil, ill paid.Coffee--Misfortune.Coffin--Speedy marriage.Cooking--A wedding.Corn--Riches; (to grind) abundance.Crabs--Ill results of endeavor.Cradle, or Crib--Increase in the family.Cricket--Hospitality, home comfort.Crocodile--A catastrophe.Cross--(To see) disquiet; (to bear) tranquillity.Crow--Disappointed expectations, humiliation; (to hear) disgrace.Crowd--Many matters, much to hear.Crutches--(To use) gambling losses; (to break or leave) recovery.Cucumber--Serious illness.Currants--(Red) friendship; (white) satisfaction; (black) infidelity.Cypress--Despair, death of one cherished.DDancing--(To engage in) successful endeavor; (to see) weariness.Debts--(Denied) business safety; (admitted) distress.Doctor--Robustness; (to be one) enjoyment.Dog--Friendly services; (to play with) suffering through extravagance.Desertion--Good news, permanence.Devil--Temptations.Diamonds--Brief, illusive happiness; (to find) loss; (to sell) peril.Dice--Doubt, risks.Dirt--Sickness, detraction.Dispute--(Friendly) see Argument; (not friendly) see Quarrel.Dishes--Possessions; (breaking) family quarrels.Ditch--Bankruptcy.Door--(Open) opportunities; (closed) unfruitful adventure; (to force)reproof.Dove--Home happiness, a lover.Draughts--(To play at) disappointment.Drawing--A proposal for rejection.Drowning--Happiness.Drum--Small difficulties, trifling loss.Duck--Profit and pleasure; (to kill one) misfortune.Duel--Rivalries; dissension.Dumb--(One's self) quarrels; (another) peace.Dwarf--Feeble foes.Dyer--Embarrassed affairs.EEagle--Worthy ambition; (kill one) gratified wishes.Eating--Botheration.Eclipse--(The sun) loss; (the moon) profit.Eels--(Alive) vexation; (dead) vengeance satisfied.Eggs--(A few) riches; (many) misadventure.Elephant--Power; (feed one) gain of a service.Embroidery--Love, ambition.Epitaph--Indiscretion.Eyes--Bad luck.FFace--(Smiling) joy; (pale) trouble.Fairs--Sudden loss.Falling--Dangerous elevation; (in a hole) calumny, disappointment.Fan----Pride, rivalry.Farmer--Full, good living.Fatigue--Successful enterprise.Father-in-Law--Unlucky.Feast--Trouble ahead.Feathers--(White) great joy, friendship; (black) hindrances.Fields--Joy, good health, domestic happiness.Fingers--(Scalded) envy; (cut) grief; (to see more than five on onehand) new relatives.Figs--(Dried) festivity; (green) hope; (to eat) transient pleasures.Flowers--Happiness; (to gather) benefit; (to cast away) quarrels.Flute--News of a birth.Fire--Anger, danger.Firearms--(To see) anger; (blaze of) spite; (to hear) havoc.Fish--Success, joy; (to catch) deceit of friends.Flag--Contention; (to bear) fame, honor.Flame--(Luminous) good news.Fleas--Unhappiness; (to kill) triumph over enemies.Flies--That some one is jealous of us.Flood--Misfortunes, calumny.Fog--Deception.Forest--Loss, shame.Fountain--Abundance, health.Fox--To be duped; (to kill) to triumph over enemies.Frogs--Distrust; (hopping) vexation, annoyance.Fruits--Joy, prosperity, gain; (to eat) be deceived by a woman;(throwaway) trouble through others' envy.Funeral--Inheritance, news of a birth or marriage.Fur--(On the body) health and long life.GGallows--Dignities and honors (proportionate to height).Gambling--Deception.Game--(Live) adventure.Garden--Bright future days; (well kept) increase of fortune;(disorderly) business losses and failure.Garlic--Deceived by a woman.Garments--Annoyance;  (white) innocence, comfort; (black) death of afriend; (torn or soiled) sadness, misfortune.Garter--Happy marriage.Gauze--Affected modesty.Ghost--(White) consolation; (black) temptation.Gift--(From a man) danger; (from a woman) spite.Gloves--Friendly advances.Goat--(White) prosperity; (black) sickness.Gold--Profit, fortune.Goose--Same as Duck; (catch one) ensnarement.Grandparents--Occasion for repentance.Grapes--Enjoyment, rejoicing; (scant or poor) deprivations.Grass--(Green) long life.Grasshopper--Lost harvest or savings.Grave--(Open) loss of a friend; (filled up) good fortune.Guitar--Deception, ill-conduct.Gypsy--Small troubles.HHail--Trouble, sadness.Hair--(Orderly) comfort, complacency; (tangled) perplexities; (fallingout) anxieties.Ham--Happiness.Harp--A handsome partner.Harvest--Wealth in the country.Hay--Abundance.Heart--(Pain or troubles) sickness, danger.Heaven--Some joyful event will happen.Hell--You lead a bad life and should reform before it is too late.Hen--Profit; (hear one) consolation; (one laying) joy.Herbs--Prosperity; (to eat) grief.Hermit--Treacherous friend.Hill--(Up one) success; (down) misadventure.Hole--Obstacles. See Falling.Holly--Annoyance.Honey--Success in business.Horse--(See white one) unexpected good fortune; (see black one) partialsuccess; (mount or ride) success in enterprise; (curry one) a speedyjourney.Hotel--(See one) wandering; (be in) discomfort.House--(New or strange) consolation; (many) bewilderment.Hunger--Profitable employment.Hunt--Snares, accusations.Husband--If a wife dreams that her husband is married to another itbetokens separation.IIce--Treachery, misadventure.Imps--Occasion for caution.Infants--Connubial felicity.Ink--Reconciliation; (upset) separation.Insanity--Bright ideas, wise thought.Iron--Cruel experience.Island--Solitude, loneliness.Itch--Small foes.Ivory--Profitable enterprise.Intoxication--(One's self) pleasures; (another) scandal.Ivy--Children many and handsome.JJail--(To enter) safety; (leaving one) single blessedness.Jaw--Riches in the family.Jew--Trickery.Joy--Bad news.Judge--Punishment.Jug--Loss through awkwardness or neglect.KKeys--Explanations, progress in knowledge; (to lose) perplexity.Killing--(To see) security; (one's self) love quarrels; (another)jealousy.Kids--Consolation.King--Satisfaction, progress in affairs.Kiss--(In the light) true love; (in the dark) risks; (a stranger) a newlover; (a rival) treason; (married woman kissed by a stranger) a newbaby and a jealous husband.Kitchen--Arrivals.Kite--Vain glory.Knife--Inconstancy, dissension.Knitting--Mischievous talk, malice.Knots--Embarrassments, difficulties.LLabor--Conjugal happiness, increase of fortune.Ladder--(To go up) brief glory; (to go down) debasement.Lady--Humiliation; (many) gossip.Lambs--(To see) peace; (to have) profit; (to carry) success; (to buy)great surprise; (to kill) secret grief.Lame Person--Business misfortune.Lamps--(Unlit) neglect; (lighted) love troubles.Landscape--Unexpected gain.Lantern--(Lighted) safe adventure; (unlit) blunder.Larks--Riches, elevation.Laughter--Troubled happiness, botheration.Leg--(If sound and supple) successful enterprise, prosperous journey.Letter--(To see) discovery; (to receive) good news from afar.Lice--Wealth.Lightning--A love quarrel.Lily--(Faded) vain hopes; (fine) innocence, happiness.Linen--Fortune, abundance.Lion--Future dignity.Liver--Losses, discomforts.Lizard--Snares of dubious origin.Laurel--Honor, gain.Lawyer--Marriage of a friend.Lead--Accusations, ingratitude.Leaves--Transient indisposition.Leech--Aid in trouble; (many of them) extortion, usury.Leeks--Labor.Lettuce--Poverty.Locksmith--Robbery.Lottery Tickets--(Number distinct) success in affairs; (numberindistinct) foolish expenditure.Love--An all round good indication.Lovers--Troubles and joys mixed.MMacaroni--Distress.Man--(Handsome) love; (ugly) wrangles.Mantle--Victimizing.Manure--Depravity, shame.Maps--A journey.Marble--Estrangements.Markets--(A busy one) joyous events; (empty) deprivations.Marsh--Unfruitful endeavors.Masks--Hypocrisy.Measles--Wealth coupled with disgrace.Meat--(Roast) kind reception, (boiled) melancholy.Melon--Hope, Success.Mice--Annoyances.Milestone--Desires accomplished.Milk--Love affairs.Mills--Legacy from a relativeMire--Mistakes, privations.Mirror--(To look in) misunderstanding; (broken) misadventure.Money--Losses in business; (to find) tardy discoveries.Money-Lender--Persecution.Monkey--Harmless mischief.Moon--Love; (bright) continual pleasure; (clouded) sickness, danger toone beloved; (full) wealth; (new) awakening affection; (failing) deceit;(red) renown.Mourning--Impending happiness, invitation to a ball or wedding.Mouth--(Closed so that cannot eat) sudden death; (wider than usual)riches.Mud--Riches.Mule--Difficulty.Music--Ease, pleasure.Mustard--Troubles.Myrtle--Love declaration.NNails--(Broken) misadventure; (very long) emoluments.Nakedness--Threatened danger.Navigating--Approaching journey.Necklace--Jealousy, annoyance.Needles--Disappointment in love.Negro--Vexation, annoyance.Nest--Good luck, profit.Newspaper--Botheration, gossip.Night--(Walking) uneasiness, melancholy.Nightingale--Happy marriage.Nose--(That yours is large) prosperity and acquaintance with richpeople.Nurse--Long life.Nuts--Peace and satisfaction after trouble and difficulty.OOak--(Green) health, strength; (dead or fallen) heavy losses.Oars--Safe enterprise; (to break or lose) dependence.Offer of Marriage--New lovers.Office--(Turn out of) death or loss of property.Oil--Good harvest.Old Person--(Man) prudence, wisdom; (woman) scandal.Olives--Honors and dignities.Onions--Aggravation, dispute with inferiors.Opera--Pleasure followed by pain.Orange Blossom--A marriage.Oranges--Amusement, pleasure; (sour) chagrin, injury.Orchard--Much of nothing.Ostrich--Misadventure through vanity.Oven--Ease, riches; (hot) feasting.Owl--Secrets revealed.Oysters--Satiety.PPain--Trouble and recovery.Painter--That everything will be lovely.Palm-Tree--Honor, power, victory.Paper--Tidings; (colored) deceit; (painted) brief happiness.Parent--Good news.Parrot--A bad neighbor, tale-bearing.Pastry--(To eat) annoyance; (to make) good times.Paths--(Straight) happiness; (crooked) ill to the willful.Pawnbroker--Little result of big endeavor.Peacock--Peril through pride, ambition or unwariness.Peaches--Contentment, pleasure.Pearls--Tears, distress.Pears--Treachery; (to eat) tidings of death; (to gather) festivities.Peas--Good fortune.Pens--Tidings.Peddler--You are mistaken in your estimate of a friend.Pepper--Affliction, vexation.Pheasant--Good fortune; (to kill one) peril; (to carry one) honor.Piano--Disputes.Pig--Pork--(Few) avarice; (many) profits.Pigeon--Reconciliation.Pillow--Disturbance.Pills--Trouble.Pine Tree--Danger.Pins--Contradiction.Pirates--Fortunate adventure.Pitch--Evil companions.Pitchfork--Punishment.Playing--Entertainment.Plums--Pleasure, happiness.Policeman--Trouble.Pomegranate--Power.Postman--News from the absent.Poverty--Thrift, advantage.Preserves--Loss of time and money.Priest--Reconciliation.Procession--Happy love.Pump--(If water) marriage and fortune; (if dry) flirtation.Purchase--(On credit) deprivations; (for cash) possessions.Purse--(Empty) something to get; (full) pride, disquiet.Puzzle--Favors, pleasure.QQuail--Family responsibilities.Quarrel--Constancy, friendship.Queen--Prosperity.Questions--Wisdom.Quill--Particular information.Quoits--Rivalries.RRabbit--(White) friendship; (black) trouble; (many) extensive pleasures.Racing--Success in life.Radishes--That you will discover secrets.Raft--New views.Rain--Legacy or gift.Rainbow--Separation.Rat--Secret enemies; (white) triumph over enemies.Raven--Misfortune; (hear one) grief.Reading--Venturesomeness.Reaper--A picnic party.Revenge--Repentance.Ribbons--Prodigality.Rice--Talking.Ride--(With men) it is a good sign; (with women) a bad sign.Ring--Approaching marriage.Riot--Scarcity through mischief.Rival--Quarrels.River--Success in enterprise; (to fall in) attempts of enemies; (tothrow one's self in) confusion in affairs.Robber--Fear.Rock--Annoyance; (to surmount) difficulties overcome.Roof--Adventure abroad.Roses--Always of happy omen; (full blown) health, joy, abundance;(faded) success, with some drawbacks; (white) innocence; (red)satisfaction; (yellow) jealousy.Ruffles--Honors, profitable occupation.Ruins--Pleasant surprises.Rust--Idle times, decay, failure.SSailor--Tidings from abroad.Salad--Embarrassments.Salt--Wisdom.Satin or Silk--Gain.Sausage--Affliction, sickness.Saw--Satisfactory conclusion in affairs.Scissors--Enemies, hatred.Scratches--Inconveniences, annoyances.Screech-Owl--Death of near relative.Sculptor--Profit.Sea--Long journey, large affairs.Seabeach--Tranquilly.Secretary--Fortune.Serenade--News of a marriage.Sermon--Weariness, sleeplessness.Servant--(Man) abuse of confidence; (maid) suspicion.Sewing--Plots.Shawl--(A fine one) honors; (thin or old) shame; (torn) detraction.Sheep--Great gain.Shell--(Filled) success; (empty) ill-omen.Shepherd--Malice.Ship--Wishes fulfilled; (in danger) unexpected good fortune.Shoes--Advantageous speculation; (much worn) a speedy journey.Shop--(To be in) pleasure denied; (to conduct) dues withheld.Shroud--Death.Singing--Vexation.Skating--(To see) hindrances, crosses; (to do) success.Skeleton--Disgust.Sky--(Clear) happiness, peace; (clouded) misfortune.Sleep--Illusive security.Slippers--Comfort, satisfaction.Smoke--Extravagant expectations.Snail--Infidelity, dishonor.Snakes--Treason, betrayal.Sneezing--Long life.Snow--(In season) good harvest; (unseasonable) discouragement.Soap--Revelations, assistance.Soldier--Quarrels.Soup--Return of health or fortune.Spectacles--Melancholy, obstacles.Spider--(In the dark) gain; (in the light) contention; (kill one)pleasure.Sponge--Greed, avarice.Sports--Pleasure and after regrets.Spot--(On clothes) sadness; (on the sun) baseless fears.Spy--(To be one) reprehension; (to see) rumors.Stable--Hospitality, welcome.Stag--Gain; (chase one) business failure.Stammer--Decision, resolution.Stars--Happiness; (pale) affliction; (shooting) death of relative.Stocking--(To pull off) comfort; (to pull on) discomfort; (new) a visit;(a hole in) deceitful fortune.Stones--(Under foot) trouble, suffering; (thrown or falling) malice.Storks--Loss, robbery.Storm--Contest, vexation.Stove--Riches.Stranger--Return of a lost friend.Strange Bed--Contentment.Strange Room--A mystery solved.Strawberries--Unexpected good fortune.Straws--Poverty.Street--(To walk in) a favorable reception.Sugar--Privation and want.Sun--(Bright) discovery of secrets; (clouded) bad news; (rising)success; (setting) losses.Supper--News of a birth.Swallow--Successful enterprise.Swans--Private riches.Swearing--Disagreeables.Sweeping--Confidence well placed.Swimming--Enjoyment.Swords--Misfortune.TTable--Joy; (to set) abundance.Tailor--Unfaithfulness.Tea--Confusion, incumbrance.Tears--Joy, comfort.Teeth--(Handsome) health, goodness; (mean or drawn) vexation, loss.Ten-Pins--Undesirable adventures.Tent--Quarrels.Theater--Sadness, loss.Thicket--Evasions, apprehensions.Thief--(To be one) loss; (to lose by one) good speculations.Thimble--Work hard to find.Thirst--Affliction.Thistle--Disputes, folly.Thorns--Disappointment, pain; (to be pricked by) loss of money.Thread--Intrigue; (tangled) confusion of affairs; (to break) failure;(to split) a secret betrayed.Thunder--Danger; (to see thunderbolt fall) death of a friend.Tiger--Fierce enmity.Toads--Something to disgust.Tomb--Family matters, nuptials, births.Torches--Invitation to a wedding.Trap-Door--(Open) a secret divulged; (shut) mystery.Travel--(On foot) work; (on wheels) fortune.Treasure--(That you find one) disappointment.Trees--In general; (green) hope; (withered) grief; (leafless) deceit;(cut down) robbery; (to climb) change of employment.Trousers--Honors and responsibilities.Turkey--If you dream of a turkey you will shortly see a fool.Turnips--Disappointment, annoyance.Twins--Honors, riches.UUmbrella--(To a lady) A new lover; (to a gentleman) a breach of promisesuit.Uncle--Advantageous marriage.Undress--(One's self) rebuke; (another) scandal.Uniform--(To see) humbling; (to wear) flattery.VVegetables--(In general) weary toil; (to gather) quarrels; (to eat)business losses.Veil--Marriage; (black) death or separation.Veins--Grief.Vermin--Enough and to spare.Villain--Danger of losing property.Vine--Fruitfulness, abundance.Vinegar--(To drink) wrangles; (spoiled) sickness.Violets--Success of undertakings.Violin--(In concert) sympathy, consolation; (alone) bereavement.Visitors--Loneliness.Virgin--Joy without regret; (pretended one) sorrow, evil.Vulture--Bitter enmity; (kill one) triumph over foes; (one feeding)returning fortune.WWagon--(Loaded) emolument; (empty) ease, pleasure.Wake--Poverty and misery.Wall--Obstacles; (to be on) prosperity.War--Misunderstandings and contention.Wardrobe--Advantage.Wash-Day--New friends, good resolutions.Wasps--Annoyance; (to be stung) affronts.Watch--Time well employed.Watchman--Trifling loss.Water--See Bath, Drink; (to drink) a marriage or birth; (to fall into)reconciliation.Water Carrier--Gain.Wax--Desirable marriage.Weasel--To be outwitted.Wedding--Unexpected danger, troubled happiness.Well--(Draw water from) good fortune; (fall into) peril.Wheat--Money.Wheelbarrow, Wheel--Disability, infirmity.Whirlwind--Danger, scandal.Widowhood--Satisfaction, new belongings.Wife--If a man dreams he sees his wife married to another, it betokens aseparation.Wolf--Enmity; (to kill one) gain, success.Woman--Deceit; (fair) love; (ugly) scandal.Wood-Cutter--Labor without profit.Woods--(To rich) loss; (to poor) profit.Work--(Of right hand) prosperity; (of left hand) impecuniosity.Worms--Secret enemies, ill-health.Wreck--Catastrophes, peril.Writing--Pleasant and profitable discovery.YYeast--Increase, abundance.Yoke--Responsibilities, particularly of marriage.Youth--Good time, light responsibilities.THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.Flowers may be combined and arranged so as to express even the nicestshades of sentiment.If a flower is offered reversed, its direct significance is likewisereversed, so that the flower now means its opposite.A rosebud divested of its thorns, but retaining its leaves conveys thesentiment. "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, itsignifies, "There is nothing to hope or fear."A full-blown rose placed over two buds signifies "Secrecy.""Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips."No" by pinching off a petal and casting it away."I am," is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet. "Ihave," by an ivy leaf folded together. "I offer you," by a leaf ofVirginia creeper.Combinations and Their Meaning.Moss, Rosebud and Myrtle--"A confession of love."Mignonette and Colored Daisy--"Your qualities surpass your charms ofbeauty."Lily of the Valley and Ferns--"Your unconscious sweetness has fascinatedme."Yellow Rose, Broken Straw and Ivy--"Your jealousy has broken ourfriendship."Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, and Arbor Vitae--"Itrust you will find consolation, through faith, in your sorrow; beassured of my unchanging friendship."Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel and Colored Daisy--"Yourfolly and coquetry have broken the spell of your beauty."White Pink, Canary Grass and Laurel--"Your talent and perseverance willwin you glory."Golden-Rod and Monkshead, Sweet Pea and Forge-me-not--"Be cautious;danger is near; I depart soon; forget me not."Significance of Single Flowers.Arbor Vitae--Unchanging friendship.Camelia, White--Loveliness.Candy-Tuft--Indifference.Carnation, Deep Red--Alas! for my poor heart.Carnation, White--Disdain.China-Aster--Variety.Clover, Four-Leaf--Be mine.Clover, White--Think of me.Clover, Red--Industry.Columbine--Folly.Columbine, Purple--Resolved to win.Daisy--Innocence.Dead Leaves--Sadness.Deadly Nightshade--Falsehood.Fern--Fascination.Forget-me-not--True love, Forget me not.Fuschia, Scarlet--Taste.Geranium, Rose--Preference.Geranium, Scarlet--Consolation.Golden-Rod--Be cautious.Heliotrope--Devotion.Honey-Flower--Love, sweet and secret.Hyacinth, White--Unobtrusive loveliness.Ivy--Fidelity.Lady's Slipper--Win me and wear me.Lily, Day--Coquetry.Lily, White-Sweetness.Lily, Yellow--Gaiety.Lily of the Valley--Return of happiness.Mignonette--Your qualities surpass your charm.Monkshead--Danger is near.Myrtle--Love.Oats--The witching soul of music.Orange Blossoms--Chastity.Pansy--Thoughts.Passion Flower--Faith.Peach Blossom--I am your captive.Pear--Affection.Primrose--Inconstancy.Quaking Grass--Agitation.Rose--Love.Rose, Deep Red--Bashful shame.Rose, Yellow--Jealousy.Rose, White--I am worthy of you.Rosebud, Moss--Confession of love.Shamrock--Lightheartedness.Straw--Agreement.Straw, Broken--Broken agreement.Sweet Pea--Depart.Tuberose--Dangerous pleasures.Verbena--Pray for me.Witch Hazel--A spell.ALPHABET OF ADVICE TO WRITERS.Aword out of place spoils the most beautiful thought.--Voltaire.Begin humbly. Labor faithfully. Be patient.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.Cultivate accuracy in words and things; amass sound knowledge; avoid allaffectation; write all topics which interest you.--F. W. Newman.Don't be afraid. Fight right along. Hope right along.--S.L. Clemens.Every good writer has much idiom; it is the life and spirit ofLanguage.--W. S. Landor.Follow this: If you write from the heart, you will write to theheart.--BeaconsfieldGenius may begin great works, but only continued labor completesthem.--Joubert.Half the writer's art consists in learning what to leave in theink-pot.--Stevenson.It is by suggestion, not cumulation, that profound impressions are madeon the imagination.--Lowell.Joy in one's work is an asset beyond the valuing in mere dollars.--C. D.Warner.Keep writing--and profit by criticism. Use for a motto Michael Angelo'swise words: "Genius is infinite patience."--L. M. Alcott.Lord, let me never tag a moral to a story, nor tell a story without ameaning.--Van Dyke.More failures come from vanity than carelessness.--Joseph Jefferson.Never do a "pot-boiler." Let one of your best things go to boil thepot.--"O. Henry."Originality does not mean oddity, but freshness. It means vitality, notnovelty.--Norman Hapgood.Pluck feathers from the wings of your imagination, and stick them in thetail of your judgment.--Horace Greeley.Quintessence approximates genius. Gather much though into few words.--Schopenhauer.Revise. Revise. Revise.--E. E. Hale.Simplicity has been held a mark of truth: it is also it mark ofgenius.--Carlyle.The first principle of composition of whatever sort is that it should benatural and appear to have happened so.--Frederick Macmonnies.Utilize your enthusiasms. Get the habit of happiness inwork.--Beveridge.Very few voices but sound repellent under violent exertion.--Lessing.Whatever in this world one has to say, there is a word, and just oneword, to express it. Seek that out and use it.--De Maupassant.Yes, yes; believe me, you must draw your penNot once, nor twice, but o'er and o'er againThrough what you've written, if you would enticeThe man who reads you once to read you twice.-Horace (Conington, Tr.)Zeal with scanty capacity often accomplishes more than capacity with nozeal at all.--George Eliot.WHAT DIFFERENT EYES INDICATE.The long, almond-shaped eye with thick eyelids covering nearly half ofthe pupil, when taken in connection with the full brow, is indicative ofgenius, and is often found in artists, literary and scientific men. Itis the eye of talent, or impressibility. The large, open, transparenteye, of whatever color, is indicative of elegance, of taste, ofrefinement, of wit, of intelligence. Weakly marked eyebrows indicate afeeble constitution and a tendency to melancholia, Deep sunken eyes areselfish, while eyes in which the whole iris shows indicate erraticism,if not lunacy. Round eyes are indicative of innocence; stronglyprotuberant eyes of weakness of both mind and body. Eyes small and closetogether typify cunning, while those far apart and open indicatefrankness. The normal distance between the eyes is the width of one eye;a distance greater or less than this intensifies the character supposedto be symbolized. Sharp angles, turning down at the corners of the eyes,are seen in persons of acute judgment and penetration. Well-openedsteady eyes belong to the sincere; wide staring eyes to the impertinent.THE MYSTERIES OF PALMISTRYThe following points, upon which the Science of Palmistry is based,explain its mysteries, and will be found very interesting, amusing andinstructive:Form of the Hand.Hands are classed into seven types, each of which is illustrated by thecuts on the preceding page, and described as follows:Plate I--The Elementary or Bilious Hand, indicating brutal instinctinstead of reason as the governing power of the character.Plate II--The Square or Jupiter Hand, indicating a practical, stubborn,methodical, and conventional character; one apt to be suspicious ofstrangers and radical in views.Plate III--The Spatulate or Nervous Hand, so named because of itsimagined resemblance to a spatula. It is broad at the base of thefingers, and indicates great energy and push to discover; also, courageand fearlessness.Plate IV--The Philosophic or Venus Hand, has a long, thin, muscularpalm, with long, knotty fingers; indicates a student of nature andsearcher after truth.Plate V--The Mercury or Artistic Hand, indicates quick temper,impulsiveness; a character that is light-hearted, gay and charitable,to-day; and to-morrow, sad, tearful and uncharitable.Plate VI--The Lunar or Idealistic Hand, indicates an extremely sensitivenature.Plate VII--The Harmonic or Solar Hand, indicates a character of greatversatility, brilliant in conversation, and an adept in diplomacy.The Fingers.For fortune-telling the fingers from first to fourth are designated asJupiter, Saturn, Apollo and Mercury.Note the cut on preceding page, representing the different types offingers, numbered from one to eleven.1--Large fingers indicate a person of vulgar tastes and a cruel, selfishdisposition.2--Small, thin fingers indicate a keen, quick acting mind and a personnot very particular about personal appearance.3--Long, lean fingers indicate an inquiring disposition; love of detailsin narrative; short fingers imply simple tastes and selfishness.4--Fat fingers, largely developed at base, indicate sensualness; ifsmall at base, the reverse.5--Smooth fingers indicate artistic ability.6--Knotty fingers indicate truthfulness and good order in businessaffairs.7--Pointed fingers indicate a very magnetic and enthusiasticpersonality.8--Square fingers indicate a strong mind, regularity and love of goodorder.9--Spatulate fingers indicate a character of positiveness in opinionsand lacking in gentleness.10--Fingers of mixed shape indicate a harmonious disposition, withability to easily adapt oneself to all conditions.11--Obtuse fingers indicate coarse and cruel sensibilities.The Phalanges of the Fingers.See plate VIII, 1, 2, 3--The Phalanges of the Thumb: 4, 5, 6--Repeatedon each finger, indicate the phalanges of the four fingers.The Mounts of the Hands.See plate IX--A, Mount Venus; B, Mount Jupiter; C, Mount Saturn; D,Mount Apollo; E. Mount Mercury; F, Mount Luna; G, Mount Mars.The Shape and Length of the Phalangesrepresent certain qualities and features of character, as presented inthe following:Jupiter, the first finger; if the first phalange is longer than thesecond, it indicates ability to control others, direct and maintainorder; if the second phalange is long and well developed, it indicatesleadership; if short and thin, intellectual weakness; if the thirdphalange is long, it indicates love of power in material things.Saturn, second finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,it indicates ability for mastering scientific subjects; if the secondphalange is long, it indicates great interest in subjects requiring deepstudy; if the third phalange is long, it indicates a love of metaphysicsand money.Apollo, third finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,it indicates love of the arts; if the second phalange is long, itindicates success and love of riches; if the third phalange is thick, itindicates an inherited talent of the arts.Mercury, fourth finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,it indicates a taste for and love of research; if the second phalange islong and well developed, it indicates industrious habits; if the thirdphalange is long and fat, it indicates a desire for the comforts oflife.The Mountains.These are points or elevations on the palm.Mount Venus, if prominent, indicates a person of strong passions, greatenergy in business, and admiration of physical beauty in the oppositesex; it also indicates love of children, home and wife, or husband. Whennot well developed there is a lack of love for home, children, wife orhusband; and in a man, it indicates egotism and laziness,--in a woman,hysteria.Mount Jupiter, if prominent, indicates a person who is generous, lovespower, and is brilliant in conversation; if a woman, she desires toshine and be a social leader. When not well developed, it indicates lackof self-esteem, slovenliness and indifference to personal appearance.Mount Saturn, if prominent, indicates a serious-minded person,religiously inclined, slow to reach a conclusion, very prudent, free inthe expression of opinions, but inclined to be pessimistic.Mount Apollo, if prominent, indicates ability as an artist, generosity,courageousness, and a poetical nature, apt to be a spendthrift. When notwell developed, it indicates cautiousness and prudence.Mount Mercury, if prominent, indicates keen perceptions, cleverness inconversation, a talent for the sciences, industry, and deceitfulness. Ifnot well developed, it indicates a phlegmatic, stupid disposition.Mount Luna, if prominent, indicates a dreamy, changeable, capricious,enthusiastic, and inventive nature. When not well developed, itindicates constancy, love of home, and ability to imitate others.Mount Mars, if prominent, indicates self-respect, coolness, and controlof self under trying circumstances, courage, venturesomeness andconfidence in one's ability for anything undertaken. When not welldeveloped, it indicates the opposite of these characteristics.Lines On the Hand.If the lines of the hand are not well defined, this fact indicates poorhealth.Deep red lines indicate good, robust health. Yellow lines indicateexcessive biliousness.Dark-colored lines indicate a melancholy and reserved disposition.The Life Line extends from the outer base of Mount Jupiter, entirelyaround the base of Mount Venus. If chained under Jupiter, it indicatesbad health in early life. Hair lines extending from it imply weakness,and if cut by small lines from Mount Venus, misplaced affections anddomestic broils. If arising from Mount Jupiter, an ambition to bewealthy and learned. If it is joined by the Line of the Head at itsbeginning, prudence and wisdom are indicated. If it joins Heart and Headline's at its commencement, a great catastrophe will be experienced bythe person so marked. A square on it denotes success. All lines thatfollow it give it strength. Lines that cut the Life Line extendingthrough the Heart Line denote interference in a love affair. If it iscrossed by small lines, illness is indicated. Short and badly drawnlines, unequal in size, imply bad blood and a tendency to fevers.The Heart Line, if it extends across the hand at the base of the fingermounts, and is deep and well defined, indicates purity and devotion; ifwell defined from Mount Jupiter only, a jealous and tyrannicaldisposition is indicated; if it begins at Mount Saturn and is withoutbranches, it is a fatal sign; if short and well defined in the Harmonictype of hand it indicates intense affection when it is reciprocated; ifshort on the Mercury type of hand, it implies deep interest inintellectual pursuits; it short and deep in the Elementary type of hand,it implies the disposition to satisfy desire by brutal force, instead ofby love.The Head Line is parallel to Heart Line and forms the second branch ofletter M, generally very plain in most hands; if long and deep itindicates ability to care for one's self; if hair lines are attached toit, mental worry; if it divides toward Mount Mercury love affairs willbe first, and business secondary; if well defined its whole length, itimplies a well-balanced brain; a line from it extending into a star onMount Jupiter, great versatility, pride and love for knowledge areindicated; if it extend to Mount Luna interest in occult studies isimplied; separated from the Life Line, indicates aggressiveness; if itis broken, death is indicated from an injury in the head.The Rascettes are lines across the wrist where the palm joins it.It is claimed they indicate length of life; if straight it is a goodsign. One Rascette indicates thirty years of life; two lines, sixty;three lines, ninety.The Fate Line commences at Rascettes, and if it extends straight toMount Saturn, uninterrupted, and alike in both hands, good luck andsuccess are realized without personal exertion. If not in one hand andinterrupted in the other, success will be experienced only by greateffort. If well defined at the wrist the early life is bright andpromising; if broken in the center, misery for middle life is indicated.If this line touches Mounts Luna and Venus, it indicates a gooddisposition and wealth; if inclined toward any mount, it implies successin that line for which the mount stands. If it is made up ofdisconnected links, it indicates serious physical and moral struggles.Should it end at Heart Line, the life has been ruined by unrequitedlove. If it runs through a square, the life has been in danger andsaved. Should it merge into the Heart Line and continue to MountJupiter, it denotes distinction and power secured through love.The Girdle of Venus is a curved line extending from Mount Jupiter toMercury, encircling Saturn and Apollo. It appears on few hands, but itindicates superior intellect, a sensitive and capricious nature; if itextends to base of Jupiter it denotes divorce; ending in Mercury,implies great energy; should it be cut by parallel lines in a man, itindicates a hard drinker and gambler.Lines of Reputation, commencing in the middle of the hand, at the HeadLine, Mount Luna or Mount Mars, indicate financial success fromintellectual pursuits after years of struggling with adversity. If fromHeart Line, real love of occupation and success; if from Head Line,success from selfishness. An island on this line denotes loss ofcharacter, a start on it near Apollo implies that success will bepermanent, and a square, brilliant success. The absence of this lineimplies a struggle for recognition of one's abilities.Line of Intuition, beginning at base of Mount Mercury, extends aroundMars and Luna; it is frequently found in the Venus, Mercury and Lunartypes of hands; when deeply dented with a triangle on Mount Saturn itdenotes clairvoyant power; if it forms a triangle with Fate Line, orLife Line, a voyage will be taken.Health Line commences at center of the Rascettes, takes an obliquecourse from Fate Line, ending toward Mount Mercury. If straight and welldefined, there is little liability to constitutional diseases; when itdoes not extend to Head Line, steady mental labor cannot be performed;when it is broad and deep on Mount Mercury, diminishing as it enters theLife Line, death from heart disease is indicated; small lines cutting itdenote sickness from biliousness. When joined to Heart Line, health andbusiness are neglected for Love; if made up of short, fine lines, thereis suffering from stomach catarrh; if it is checked by islands there isa constitutional tendency to lung disease.Marriage Lines extend straight across Mount Mercury; if short, affairsof the heart without marriage are denoted. When near Heart Line earlymarriage is indicated; if it turns directly to Heart Line, marriage willoccur between the ages of 16 and 21; if close to the top of the mount,marriage will not take place before the 35th year; if it curves upwardit indicates a single life; when pronged and running toward the centeror to Mount Mars, divorce will occur. If the end at this line droops thesubject will outlive wife or husband; if broken, divorce is implied; ifit ends in a cross, the wife or husband will die from an accident. Abranch from this line upward implies a high position attained bymarriage. A black spot on this line means widowhood.Children's Lines are small and upright, extending from the end ofMarriage Lines. If broad and well defined, males; if fine and narrow,females are indicated. A line of this order that is deep and welldefined denotes prominence for that child.Small Lines have a signification depending upon their position andnumber.A single line on Jupiter signifies success; on Saturn, happiness; onApollo, fame and talent.Ascending small lines are favorable, while descending lines areunfavorable signs.Several small lines on Mars indicate warfare constantly.Cross lines, failure.RIDDLES, OLD AND NEW.Feet have they, but they walk not--stoves.Eyes have they, but they see not--potatoes.Noses have they, but they smell not--tea-pots.Mouths have they, but they taste not--rivers.Hands have they, but they handle not--clocks.Ears have they, but they hear not--corn stalks.Tongues have they, but they talk not--wagons.What thing is that which is lengthened by being cut at both ends? Aditch.Why do we all go to bed? Because the bed will not come to us.Why Paris like the letter F? Because it is the capital of France.In which month do ladies talk least? In February.Why is a room full of married folks like an empty room? There is not asingle person in it.Why is a peach-stone like a regiment? It has a kernel (Colonel).Why is an island like the letter T? Because it is in the midst ofwa-t-er.Why is a bee-hive like a spectator? Because it is a beeholder(beholder).What is that which a train cannot move without, and yet is not the leastuse to it? A noise.When is a man over head and ears in debt? When the hat he has on is notpaid for.Why is a man led astray like one governed by a girl?  He is misled(miss-led).Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? He is a Jew ill (jewel).Why are fixed stars like pen, ink and paper? They are stationary(stationery).What is that which is always invisible and never out of sight? Theletter I.Why is a cook like a barber? He dresses hare (hair).Why is a waiter like a race horse? He often runs for a plate or a cup.Why is a madman like two men? He is one beside himself.Why is a good story like a church bell? It is often told (tolled).What is the weight of the moon? Four quarters.What sea would make the best bed-room? Adriatic (a-dry attic).Why is Ireland likely to become rich? Because the capital is alwaysDublin (doubling).What two letters make a county in Massachusetts? S. X. (Essex).Why is a good saloon like a bad one? Both inn convenientWhy do dentists make good politicians? Because they have a great pull.Why is the Hudson River like a shoe? Because it is a great place fortows (toes).Why is a race at a circus like a big conflagration? Because the heat isin tents (intense).Which is the left side of a plum pudding? The part that is not eaten.Why is a man who runs in debt like a clock? He goes on tick.Why is the wick of a candle like Athens? It is in the midst of grease(Greece).Why are deep sighs like long stockings? Heigh-ho's (high hose).What occupation is the sun? A tanner.Why are your eyes like stage horses? They are always under lashes.Why are your teeth like verbs? Regular, irregular and defective?What word makes you sick if you leave out one of its letters? Music.What word of ten letters can be spelled with five? Expediency (X P D NC).Why should red-headed men be chosen for soldiers? They carry fire-locks.Why is the letter D like a sailor? It follows the sea (C).Why is a theological student like a merchant? Both study the Prophets(profits).If the alphabet were invited out to dine what time would U, V, W, X, Yand Z go? After tea (T).How can you take one from nineteen and leave twenty?   XIX--XXLAST WORDS OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN."'Tis well."--George Washington."Tete d'armee."--Napoleon."I thank God that I have done my duty."--Admiral Nelson."I pray thee see me safe up, but for my coming down I can shift formyself," were the last words of Sir Thomas More when ascending thescaffold."God bless you."--Dr. Johnson."I have finished."--Hogarth."Dying, dying."--Thos. Hood."Drop the curtain, the farce is played out."--Rabelais."I am what I am. I am what I am."--Swift."I still live."--Daniel Webster."How grand these rays. They seem to beckon earth to heaven."--Humboldt."It is now time that we depart--I to die, you to live: but which is thebetter destination is unknown."--Socrates."Adieu, my dear Morand, I am dying."--Voltaire."My beautiful flowers, my lovely flowers."--Richter."James, take good care of the horse."--Winfield Scott."Many things are becoming clearer to me."--Schiller."I feel the daisies growing over me."--John Keats."What, is there no bribing death?"--Cardinal Beaufort."Taking a leap in the dark. O, mystery."--Thomas Paine."There is not a drop of blood on my hands."'--Frederick V."I am taking a fearful leap in the dark."--Thomas Hobbes."Don't let that awkward squad fire over my grave."--Burns."Here, veteran, if you think it right, strike."--Cicero."My days are past as a shadow that returns not."--R. Hooker."I thought that dying had been more difficult,"--Louis XIV."O Lord, forgive me specially my sins of omission."--Usher."Let me die to the sounds of delicious music."--Mirabeau."It is small, very small," alluding to her neck.--Anna Boleyn."Let me hear those notes so long my solace and delight."--Mozart."We are as near heaven by sea as by land,"--Sir Humphrey Gilbert."I do not sleep. I wish to meet death awake."--Maria Theresa."I resign my soul to God; my daughter to my country."--Jefferson.TOASTS AND SENTIMENTSMerit to gain a heart, and sense to keep it.Money to him that has spirit to use it.More friends and less need of them.May those who deceive us be always deceived.May the sword of justice be swayed by the hand of mercy.May the brow of the brave never want a wreath of laurel.May we be slaves to nothing but our duty, and friends to nothing butreal merit.May he that turns his back on his friend, fall into the hands of hisenemy.May honor be the commander when love takes the field.May reason guide the helm when passion blows the gale.May those who would enslave become slaves themselves.May genius and merit never want a friend.May the road of happiness be lighted by virtue.May life last as long as it is worth wearing.May we never murmur without a cause, and never have a cause to murmur.May the eye that drops for the misfortunes of others never shed a tearfor its own.May the lovers of the fair sex never want means to support and spirit todefend them. May the tear of misery be dried by the hand ofcommiseration.May the voyage of life end in the haven of happiness.Provision to the unprovided.Peace and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances withnone.Riches to the generous, and power to the merciful.Short shoes and long corns to the enemies of freedom.Success to the lover, and joy to the beloved.The life we love, with whom we love.The friend we love, and the woman we dare trust.The union of two fond hearts.The lovers of honor, and honorable lovers.The unity of hearts in the union of hands.The liberty of the press without licentiousness.The virtuous fair, and the fair virtuous.The road to honor through the plains of virtue.The hero of Saratoga--may his memory animate the breast of everyAmerican.The American's triumvirate, love, honor and liberty.The memory of Washington.May the example of the new world regenerate the old.Wit without virulence, wine without excess, and wisdom withoutaffectation.What charms, arms and disarms.Home pleasant, and our friends at home.Woman--She needs no eulogy, she speaks for herself.Friendship--May its lamp ever be supplied by the oil of truth andfidelity.The American Navy--May it ever sail on the sea of glory.May those who are discontented with their own country leave theircountry for their country's good.Discretion in speech is more than eloquence. May we always rememberthese three things: The manner, the place and the time.Here's a sigh to those who love me,And a smile to those who hate,And whatever sky's above me,Here's a heart for every fate.Were't the last drop in the well,As I gasped upon the brink,Ere my fainting spirit fell,'Tis to thee that I would drink.--Byron.Caddy's Toast in "Erminie"--'Ere's to the 'ealth o' your Royal 'Ighness;hand may the skin o' ha gooseberry be big enough for han humbrella tocover hall your enemies."Here's to the girl I love,And here's to the girl who loves me,And here's to all that love her whom I love,And all those that love her who love me.I will drink to the woman who wrought my woe,In the diamond morning of long ago;To the splendor, caught from Orient skies,That thrilled in the dark of her hazel eyes,Her large eyes filled with the fire of the south,And the dewy wine of her warm red mouth.--Winter.May those that are single get wives to their mind,And those that are married true happiness find.Here's a health to me and mine,Not forgetting thee and thine;And when thou and thineCome to see me and mine,May we and mine make thee and thineAs welcome as thou and thineHave ever made me and mine.Industry.--The right hand of fortune, the grave of care, and the cradleof content.Here's to the prettiest,Here's to the wittiest,Here's to the truest of all who are true.Here's to the sweetest one,Here's to them all in one--here's to you.Our Country.--May she always be in the right--but, right or wrong, OurCountry.-- Stephen Decatur.Here's to our sweethearts and our wives. May our sweethearts soon becomeour wives and our wives ever remain our sweethearts.Here's to the girls of the American shore;I love but one, I love no mare.Since she's not here to drink her part,I drink her share with all my heart.Here's to one and only one,And may that one be sheWho loves but one and only one,And may that one be me.A glass is good and a lass is good,And a pipe to smoke in cold weather.The world is good and the people are good,And we're all good fellows together.Yesterday's yesterday while to-day's here,To-day is to-day till to-morrow appear,To-marrow's to-morrow until to-day's past,And kisses are kisses as long as they last.Our Country.--To her we drink, for her we pray,Our voices silent never;For her we'll fight, come what may;The Stars and Stripes forever.Woman.--The fairest work of the great Author; the edition is large, andno man should be without a copy.Drink to me only with thine eyes,And I will pledge thee mine;Or leave a kiss within the cup,And I'll not look for wine.The thirst that from the soul doth riseDoth ask a drink divine;But might I of Jove's nectar sip,I would not change from thine.--Ben Jonson.Drink to-day and drown all sorrow;You shall perhaps not do't to-morrow;Best while you have it, use your breath;There is no drinking after death.--Beaumont and Fletcher.Home.--The father's kingdom; the child's paradise; the mother's world.Here's to those I love;Here's to those who love me;Here's to those who love those I love,And here's to those who love those who love those who love me.--Ouida's Favorite Toast.A little health, a little wealth,A little house and freedom,With some friends for certain ends,But little cause to need 'em.Here's to the lasses we've loved, my lad,Here's to the lips we've pressed;For of kisses and lasses,Like liquor in glasses,The last is always the best.Come in the evening, come in the morning,Come when you're looked for, come without warning.Here's to a long life and a merry one,A quick death and an easy one,A pretty girl and a true one,A cold bottle and another one.The Man We Love.--He who thinks the most and speaks the least ill of hisneighbor.False Friends.--May we never have friends who, like shadows, keep closeto us in the sunshine only to desert us on a cloudy day or in the night.Here's to those who'd love us if we only cared.Here's to those we'd love if we only dared.Here's to one another and one other, whoever he or she may be.The world is filled with flowers,And flowers are filled with dew,And dew is filled with loveAnd you and you and you.Here's to you as good as you are,And to me as bad as I am;And as good as you are and as bad as I am,I'm as good as you are as bad as I am.The Law.--The only thing certain about litigation is its uncertainty.The Lawyer--Learned gentleman, who rescues your estate from your enemiesand keeps it for himself.A Spreadeagle Toast.--The boundaries of our country: East, by the risingsun; north, by the north pole; west by all creation; and south, by theday of judgment.When going up the bill of prosperity may you never meet a friend comingdown.May the hinges of friendship never grow rusty.Come, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be wellused.--Shakespeare.Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side in the cause ofmankind whether our creeds agree?May all single men be married, and all married men be happy.Our Country's Emblem:--The lily of France may fade,The thistle and shamrock wither,The oak of England may decay,But the stars shine on forever.The Good Things of the World.--Parsons are preaching for them, lawyersare pleading for them, physicians are prescribing for them, authors arewriting for them, soldiers are fighting for them, but true philosophersalone are enjoying them.My life has been like sunny skiesWhen they are fair to view;But there never yet were lives or skiesClouds might not wander through.The Three Great American Generals.--General Peace, General Prosperityand General Satisfaction.America.--Our hearts, our hopes are all with thee,Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears,Our faith triumphant o'er our fears,Are all with thee, are all with thee.Our National Birds.--The American Eagle, the Thanksgiving Turkey: mayone give us peace in all our States--and the other a piece for all ourplates.OPPORTUNITY.Master of human destinies am I.Fame, Love and Fortune on my footsteps wait.Cities and fields I walk; I penetrateDeserts and seas remote, and, passing byHovel, and mart, and palace, soon or lateI knock unbidden once at every gate!If sleeping, wake--if feasting, rise beforeI turn away. It is the hour of fate,And they who follow me reach every stateMortals desire, and conquer every foeCondemned to failure, penury, and woe.Save death; but those who doubt or hesitate,Seek me in vain and uselessly implore:I answer not, and I return no more.--John J. Ingalls.A health to Our Dearest.--May their purses always be heavy and theirhearts always light.An Irishman's Toast.--Here's to the land of the shamrock so green,Here's to each lad and his darling colleen,Here's to the ones we love dearest and most.And may God save old Ireland--that's an Irishman's toast.Here's a health to the future,A sigh for the past.We can love and remember,And hope to the last,And for all the base liesThat the almanacs hold.While there's love in the heart,We can never grow old.Some hae meat and canna' eat,And some wad eat who want it;But we hae meat and we can eat,So let the Lord be thankit.--Burns.A little health, a little wealth,A little house and freedom,With some few friends for certain ends,But little cause to need 'em.If I were a raindrop and you a leaf,I would burst from the cloud above you,And lie on your breast in a rapture of rest,And love you--love you--love you.If I were a brown bee and you were a rose,I would fly to you, love, nor miss you;I would sip and sip from your nectared lip,And kiss you--kiss you--kiss you.--Ella Wheeler Wilcox, in Three Women.Strange--is it not?--that of the myriads whoBefore us passed the door of darkness through,Not one returns to tell us of the road,Which to discover, we must travel too?--Omar.Away with the flimsy idea that life with a past is attended.There's now--only now--and no past. There's never a past; it has ended.Away with the obsolete story and all of its yesterday sorrow!There's only Today, almost gone, and in front of Today stands Tomorrow.--Eugene Ware.God made manFrail as a bubble;God made Love,Love made trouble;God made the vine;Was it a sinThat man made wineTo drown trouble in?"My character may be my own, but my reputation belongs to any old bodythat enjoys gossiping more than telling the truth."May your joy be as deep as the ocean,Your trouble as light as its foam.The man that has no music in himself,Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,Is fit for treasons, stratagems and spoils;The motions of his spirit are dull as night,And his affections dark as Erebus.Let no such man be trusted.Mark the music.--Shakespeare.See the mountains kiss high heaven,And the waves clasp one another;No sister flower would be forgivenIf it disdained its brother;And the sunlight clasps the earth,And the moonbeams kiss the sea;What are all these kissings worth,If thou kiss not me?--Percy Bysshe Shelley.Jest a-wearyin' for you,All the time a-feelin' blue;Wishin' for you, wonderin' whenYou'll be comin' home again;Restless--don't know what to do--Jest a-wearyin' for you.--Frank Stanton.Here's to Love, the worker of miracles. He strengthens the weak andweakens the strong; he turns wise men into fools and fools into wisemen; he feeds the passions and destroys reason, and plays havoc amongyoung and old!--Marguerite de Valois."Good Bye, God Bless You."I like the Anglo--Saxon speechWith its direct revealings;It takes a hold, and seems to reachWay down into our feelingsThat Some folks deem it rude, I know,And therefore they abuse it;But I have never found it so--Before all else I choose it.I don't object that men should airThe Gallic they have paid for,With "Au revoir," "Adieu, ma chere,"For that's what French was made for.But when a crony takes your handAt parting to address you,He drops all foreign lingo andHe says, "Good--bye, God bless you."--Eugene Field.LANGUAGE OF PRECIOUS STONES.The ancients attributed marvelous properties to many of the preciousstones. We give in tabular form the different months and the stonessacred to them, as generally accepted, with their respective meanings.It has been customary among lovers and friends to notice thesignificance attached to the various stones in making birthday,engagement and wedding presents.January, Garnet.--Constancy and fidelity in every engagement.February, Amethyst--Preventive against violent passions.March, Bloodstone--Courage, wisdom and firmness in affection.April, Sapphire--Free from enchantment; denotes repentance.May, Emerald--Discovers false friends, and insures true love.June, Agate--Insures long life, health and prosperity.July, Ruby--Discovers poison; corrects evils resulting from mistakenfriendship.August, Sardonyx--Insures conjugal felicity.September, Chrysolite--Free from all evil passions and sadness of themind.October, Opal--Denotes hope, and sharpens the sight and faith of thepossessor.November, Topaz--Fidelity and friendship. Prevents bad dreams.December, Turquoise--Prosperity in love.Tiffany's list of birth stones is somewhat different from the above andis given below:Birth Stones.  (As given by Tiffany & Co.)January--Garnet.February--Amethyst, hyacinth, pearl.March--Jasper, bloodstone.April--Diamond, sapphire.May--Emerald, agate.June--Cat's-eye, turquoise, agate.July--Turquoise, onyx.August--Sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz.September--Chrysolite.October--Beryl, opal.November--Topaz, pearl.December--Ruby, bloodstone.GRAMMAR-SPELLING-PRONUNCIATIONFive Hundred Common Errors CorrectedConcise Rules for the Proper Use of Words in Writing or Speaking.The most objectionable errors in speaking or writing are those in whichwords are employed that are unsuitable to convey the meaning intended.Thus, a person wishing to express his intention of going to a givenplace says, "I propose going," when, in fact, he purposes going. Thefollowing affords an amusing illustration of this class of error: Avenerable matron was speaking of her son, who, she said, was quitestage-struck: "In fact," remarked the old lady, "he is going to apremature performance this evening!" Considering that most amateurperformances are premature, it cannot be said that this word wasaltogether misapplied, though, evidently, the maternal intention was toconvey quite another meaning.Other errors arise from the substitution of sounds similar to the wordswhich should be employed; that is, spurious words instead of genuineones. Thus, some people say "renumerative," when they mean"remunerative." A nurse, recommending her mistress to have aperambulator for her child, advised her to purchase a preamputator!Other errors are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of English grammar;thus, many people say, "Between you and I," instead of "Between you andme." And there are numerous other departures from the rules of grammar,which will be pointed out hereafter.Misuse of the Adjective--"What beautiful butter!" "What a nicelandscape!" They should say, "What a beautiful landscape!" "What nicebutter!" Again, errors are frequently occasioned by the followingcauses:Mispronunciation of Words--Many persons say pronoun-ciation instead ofpronunciation; others say pro-nun-ce-a-shun, instead ofpro-nun-she-a-shun.Misdivision of Words and Syllables--This defect makes the words anambassador sound like a nambassador, or an adder like a nadder.Imperfect Enunciation--As when a person says hebben for heaven, ebberfor ever, jocholate for chocolate.To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would involve acloser application than most persons could afford, but the simple andconcise rules and hints here given, founded upon usage and the authorityof scholars, will be of great assistance to inquirers.ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL.Who and whom are used in relation to persons, and which in relation tothings. But it was once common to say, "the man which." This should nowbe avoided. It is now usual to say, "Our Father who art in heaven,"instead of "which art in heaven."Whose is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to persons. Wemay therefore say, "The country whose inhabitants are free."Thou is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common language. Ye(plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you in familiarlanguage.The uses of the word it are various, and very perplexing to theuneducated. It is not only used to imply persons, but things, and evenideas, and therefore in speaking or writing, its assistance isconstantly required. The perplexity respecting this word arises from thefact that in using it in the construction of a long sentence, sufficientcare is not taken to insure that when it is employed it really pointsout or refers to the object intended. For instance, "It was raining whenJohn set out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so longthat it was over before he arrived." Now what is to be understood bythis sentence: Was the rain over? or the market? Either or both might beinferred from the construction of the sentence, which, therefore, shouldbe written thus: "It was raining when John set out in his cart to go tomarket, and he was delayed so long that the market was over before hearrived."Rule--After writing a sentence always look through it, and see thatwherever the word it is employed, it refers to or carries the mind backto the object which it is intended to point out.The general distinction between this and that may be thus defined: thisdenotes an object present or near, in time or place; that somethingwhich is absent.These refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while those refersto things that are remote.Who changes, under certain conditions, into whose and whom; but that andwhich always remain the same, with the exception of the possessive case,as noted above.That may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the girl thatwent to school, the dog that bit me, the opinion that he entertains.The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in speaking andwriting than any other cause.When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say: "Which isthe happy man?" not who--"Which of those ladies to you admire?"Instead of "Whom do you think him to be?" say, "Who do you think him tobe?"Whom should I see.To whom do you speak?Who said so?Who gave it to you?Of whom did you procure them?Who was he?Who do men say that I am?Self should never be added to his, their, mine or thine.Each is used to denote every individual of a number.Every denotes all the individuals of a number.Either and or denote an alternative: "I will take either road, at yourpleasure;" "I will take this or that."Neither means not either, and nor means not the other. Either issometimes used for each--"Two thieves were crucified, on either sideone.""Let each esteem others as good as themselves," should be, "Let eachesteem others as good as himself.""There are bodies each of which are so small," should be, "each of whichis so small."Do not use double superlatives, such as most straightest, most highest,most finest.The term worser has gone out of use; but lesser is stilt retained.The use of such words as chiefest, extreamest, etc., has becomeobsolete, because they do not give any superior force to the meanings ofthe primary words, chief, extreme, etc.Such expressions as more impossible, more indispensable, more universal,more uncontrollable, more unlimited, etc., are objectionable, as theyreally enfeeble the meaning which it is the object of the speaker orwriter to strengthen. For instance, impossible gains no strength byrendering it more impossible. This class of error is common with personswho say, "A great large house," "A great big animal," "A little smallfoot," "A tiny little hand."Here, there and where, originally denoting place, may now, by commonconsent, be used to denote other meanings, such as, "There I agree withyou," "Where we differ," "We find pain where we expected pleasure,""Here you mistake me."Hence, whence and thence, denoting departure, etc., may be used withoutthe word from. The idea of from is included in the wordwhence--therefore it is unnecessary to say "From whence."Hither, thither and whither, denoting to a place, have generally beensuperseded by here, there and where. But there is no good reason whythey should not be employed. If, however, they are used, it isunnecessary to add the word to, because that is implied--"Whither areyou going?" "Where are you going?" Each of these sentences is complete.To say, "Where are you going to?" is redundant.Two negatives destroy each other, and produce an affirmative. "Nor didhe not observe them," conveys the idea that he did observe them.But negative assertions are allowable. "His manners are not impolite,"which implies that his manners are in some degree marked by politeness.Instead of "Let you and I." say "Let you and me."Instead of "I am not so tall as him," say "I am not so tall as he."When asked "Who is there?" do not answer "Me," but "I,"Instead of "For you and I," say "For you and me."Instead of "Says I," say "I said."Instead of "You are taller than me," say "You are taller than I."Instead of "I ain't," or "I arn't," say "I am not."Instead of "Whether I be present or no," say "Whether I be present ornot."For "Not that I know on,"' say "Not that I know."Instead of "Was I to do so," say "Were I to do so."Instead of "I would do the same if I was him," say "I would do the sameif I were he."Instead of "I had as lief go myself," say "I would as soon go myself,"or "I would rather."It is better to say "Six weeks ago" than "Six weeks back."It is better to say "Since which time," than "Since when,"It is better to say "I repeated it," than "I said so over again."Instead of "He was too young to have suffered much," say "He was tooyoung to suffer much."Instead of "Less friends," say "Fewer friends." Less refers to quantity.Instead of  "A quantity of people," say "A number of people."Instead of "He and they we know," say "Him and them."Instead of "As far as I can see," say "So far as I can see."Instead of "A new pair of gloves," say "A pair of new gloves."Instead of "I hope you'll think nothing on it," say "I hope you'll thinknothing of it."Instead of "Restore it back to me," say "Restore it to me."Instead of "I suspect the veracity of his story," say "I doubt the truthof his story."Instead of "I seldom or ever see him," say "I seldom see him."Instead of "I expected to have found him," say "1 expected to find him."Instead of "Who learns you music?" say "Who teaches you music?"Instead of "I never sing whenever I can help it," say "I never sing whenI can help it."Instead of "Before I do that I must first ask leave," say "Before I dothat I must ask leave."Instead of saying "The observation of the rule," say "The observance ofthe rule,"Instead of "A man of eighty years of age," say "A man eighty years old."Instead of "Here lays his honored head," say "Here lies his honoredhead."Instead of "He died from negligence," say "He died through neglect," or"in consequence of neglect."Instead of "Apples are plenty," say "Apples are plentiful."Instead of "The latter end of the year," say "The end, or the close, ofthe year."Instead of "The then government," say "The government of that age, orcentury, or year, or time."Instead of "A couple of chairs," say "Two chairs."Instead of "They are united together in the bonds of matrimony," say"They are united in matrimony," or "They are married,"   '.Instead of "We travel slow," say "We travel slowly."Instead of "He plunged down into the river," say "He plunged into theriver."Instead of "He jumped from off the scaffolding," say "He jumped off thescaffolding."Instead of "He came the last of all," say "He came the last."Instead of "universal," with reference to things that have any limit,say "general," "generally approved," instead of "universally approved,""generally beloved," instead of "universally beloved."Instead of "They ruined one another," say "They ruined each other,"Instead of "If in case I succeed," say "If I succeed."Instead of "A large enough room," say "A room large enough."Instead of "I am slight in comparison to you," say "I am slight incomparison with you."Instead of "I went for to see him," say "I went to see him."Instead of "The cake is all eat up," say "The cake is all eaten."Instead of "Handsome is as handsome does," say "Handsome is who handsomedoes."Instead of "The book fell on the floor," say "The book fell to thefloor."Instead of "His opinions are approved of by all," say "His opinions areapproved by all."Instead of "I will add one more argument," say "I will add one argumentmore," or "another argument."Instead of "A sad curse is war," say "War is a sad curse."Instead of "He stands six foot high," say "He measures six feet," or"His height is six feet."Instead of "I go every now and then," say "I go sometimes (or often)."Instead of "Who finds him in clothes," say "Who provides him withclothes."Say "The first two," and "the last two" instead of "the two first" "thetwo last."Instead of "His health was drank with enthusiasm," say "His health wasdrunk enthusiastically."Instead of "Except I am prevented," say "Unless I am prevented."Instead of "In its primary sense," say "In its primitive sense."Instead of "It grieves me to see you," say "I am grieved to see you."Instead of "Give me them papers," say "Give me those papers."Instead of "Those papers I hold in my hand," say "These papers I hold inmy hand."Instead of "I could scarcely imagine but what," say "I could scarcelyimagine that."Instead of "He was a man notorious for his benevolence," say "He wasnoted for his benevolence."Instead of "She was a woman celebrated for her crimes," say "She wasnotorious on account of her crimes."Instead of "What may your name be?" say "What is your name?"Instead of "I lifted it up," say "I lifted it."Instead of "It is equally of the same value," say "It is of the samevalue," or "equal value."Instead of "I knew it previous to your telling me," say "I knew itpreviously to your telling me."Instead of "You was out when I called," say "You were out when Icalled."Instead of "I thought I should have won this game," say "I thought Ishould win this game."Instead of "This much is certain," say "Thus much is certain," or "Somuch is certain."Instead of "He went away as it may be yesterday week," say "He went awayyesterday week."Instead of "He came the Saturday as it may be before the Monday,"specify the Saturday on which he came.Instead of "Put your watch in your pocket," say "Put your watch intoyour pocket."Instead of "He has got riches," say "He has riches."Instead of "Will you set down?" say "Will you sit down?"Instead of "No thankee," say "No, thank you."Instead of "I cannot do it without farther means," say "I cannot do itwithout further means."Instead of "No sooner but," or "No other but," say "than."Instead of "Nobody else but her," say "Nobody but her."Instead of "He fell down from the balloon," say "He fell from theballoon."Instead of "He rose up from the ground," say "He rose from the ground."Instead of "These kind of oranges are not good," say "This kind oforanges is not good."Instead of "Somehow or another," say "Somehow or other."Instead of "Will I give you some more tea?" say "Shall I give you somemore tea?"Instead of "Oh, dear, what will I do?" say "Oh, dear, what shall I do?"Instead of "I think indifferent of it," say "I think indifferently ofit."Instead of "I will send it conformable to your orders," say "I will sendit conformably to your orders."Instead of "To be given away gratis," say "To be given away."Instead of "Will you enter in?" say "Will you enter?"Instead of "This three days or more," say "These three days or more."Instead of "He is a bad grammarian," say "He is not a grammarian."Instead of "We accuse him for." say "We accuse him of."Instead of "We acquit him from," say "We acquit him of."Instead of "I am averse from that," say "I am averse to that."Instead of "I confide on you," say "I confide in you."Instead of "As soon as ever." say "As soon as."Instead of "The very best," or "The very worst," say "The best or theworst."Avoid such phrases as "No great shakes," "Nothing to boast of," "Down inmy boots," "Suffering from the blues." All such sentences indicatevulgarity.Instead of "No one hasn't called," say "No one has called."Instead of "You have a right to pay me," say "It is right that youshould pay me."Instead of "I am going over the bridge," say "I am going across thebridge."Instead of "I should just think I could," say "I think I can."Instead of "There has been a good deal," say "There has been much."Instead of "The effort you are making for meeting the bill," say "Theeffort you are making to meet the bill."To say "Do not give him no more of your money," is equivalent to saying"Give him some of your money." Say "Do not give him any of your money."Instead of saying "They are not what nature designed them," say "Theyare not what nature designed them to be."Instead of saying "I had not the pleasure of hearing his sentiments whenI wrote that letter," say "I had not the pleasure of having heard," etc.Instead of "The quality of the apples were good," say "The quality ofthe apples was good."Instead of "The want of learning, courage and energy are more visible,"say "is more visible."Instead of "We die for want," say "We die of want."Instead of "He died by fever," say "He died of fever."Instead of "I enjoy bad health," say "My health is not good."Instead of "Either of the three," say "Any one of the three."Instead of "Better nor that," say "Better than that."Instead of "We often think on you," say "We often think of you."Instead of "Mine is so good as yours," say "Mine is as good as yours."Instead of "This town is not as large as we thought," say "This town isnot so large as we thought."Instead of "Because why?" say "Why?"Instead of "That there boy," say "That boy."Instead of "The subject-matter of debate," say "The subject of debate."Instead of saying "When he was come back," say "When he had come back."Instead of saying "His health has been shook," say "His health has beenshaken."Instead of saying "It was spoke in my presence," say "It was spoken inmy presence."Instead of "Very right," or "Very wrong," say "Right" or "Wrong."Instead of "The mortgagor paid him the money," say "The mortgagee paidhim the money." The mortgagee lends; the mortgagor borrows.Instead of "I took you to be another person," say "I mistook you foranother person."Instead of "On either side of the river," say "On each side of theriver."Instead of "There's fifty," say "There are fifty."Instead of "The best of the two" say "The better of the two,"Instead of "My clothes have become too small for me" say "I have growntoo stout for my clothes."Instead of "Two spoonsful of physic," say "Two spoonfuls of physic."Instead of "She said, says she," say "She said."Avoid such phrases as "I said, says I," "Thinks I to myself," etc.Instead of "I don't think so," say "I think not."Instead of "He was in eminent danger," say "He was in imminent danger."Instead of "The weather is hot," say "The weather is very warm."Instead of "I sweat," say "I perspire."Instead of "I only want two dollars," say "I want only two dollars."Instead of "Whatsomever," say "Whatever," or "Whatsoever."Avoid such exclamations as "God bless me!" "God deliver me!" "By God!""By Gosh!" "Holy Lord!" "Upon my soul!" etc., which are vulgar on the onehand, and savor of impiety all the other, for--"Thou shalt not take thename of the Lord thy God in vain."ACCENT AND PRONUNCIATION.Accent is a particular stress or force of the voice upon certainsyllables or words. This mark in printing denotes the syllable uponwhich the stress or force of the voice should be placed.A word may have more than one accent. Take as an instance aspiration. Inuttering the word we give a marked emphasis of the voice upon the firstand third syllables, and therefore those syllables are said to beaccented. The first of these accents is less distinguishable than thesecond, upon which we dwell longer; therefore the second accent in pointof order is called the primary, or chief accent of the word.When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel should have a longsound, as in vo'cal; but when it falls on or after a consonant, thepreceding vowel has a short sound, as in hab'it.To obtain a good knowledge of pronunciation it is advisable for thereader to listen to the examples given by good speakers, and by educatedpersons. We learn the pronunciation of words, to a great extent, byimitation, just as birds acquire the notes of other birds which may benear them.But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many wordshaving a double meaning or application, and that the difference ofmeaning is indicated by the difference of the accent, Among these words,nouns are distinguished from verbs by this means: nouns are mostlyaccented on the first syllabic, and verbs on the last.Noun signifies name; nouns are the names of persons and things, as wellas of things not material and palpable, but of which we have aconception and knowledge, such as courage, firmness, goodness, strength;and verbs express actions, movements, etc. If the word used signifieshas been done, or is being done, or is, or is to be done, then that wordis a verb.Thus when we say that anything is "an in'sult," that word is a noun, andis accented all the first syllable; but when we say he did it "toinsult' another person," that word insult' implies acting, and becomes averb, and should be accented on the last syllable.Simple Rules of Pronunciation.C before a, o and u, and in some other situations, is a closearticulation, like k. Before e, i and y, c is precisely equivalent to sin same, this; as in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete,sire, robe, lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude.E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of s; as in lace,lance, and that g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page,challenge.E final in proper English words never forms a syllable, and in the mostused words in the terminating unaccented syllables it is silent. Thus,motive, genuine, examine, granite, are pronounced motiv, genuin, examin,granit.E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable; as syncope,simile.E final is silent after l in the following terminations: ble, cle, dle,fle, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle,mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle, puzzle, which are pronounced a'bl,mana'cl, cra'dl, ruf'fl, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl.E is usually silent in the termination en; as in taken, broken;pronounced takn, brokn. OUS, in the termination of adjectives and theirderivatives, is pronounced us; as is gracious, pious, pompously.CE, CI, TI, before a vowel, have the sound of sh; as in cetaceous,gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate;  pronounced cetashus, grashus,moshun, parshal, ingrashiate.SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh; as in Ephesian,coufusion; pronounced Ephezhan, confushon.GH, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent; as in caught,bought, fright, nigh, sigh; pronounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In thefollowing exceptions, however, gh is pronounced as f: cough, chough,clough, enough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough.When WH begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as inwhat, whiff, whale; pronounced hwat, hwiff, hwale, w having preciselythe sound of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent:---who,whom, whose, whoop, whole.H after r has no sound or use; as in rheum, rhyme; pronounced reum,ryme.H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, abhor,behold, exhaust, inhabit, unhorse.H should always be sounded except in the following words:--heir, herb,honest, honor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives,--suchas humorously, derived from humor.K and G are silent before n; as know, gnaw; pronounced no, naw.W before r is silent; as in wring, wreath; pronounced ring, reath.B after m is silent; as in dumb, numb; pronounced dum, num.L before k is silent; as in balk, walk, talk; pronounced bauk, wauk,tauk.PH has the sound of f; as in philosophy; pronounced  filosofy.NG has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fin-ger.N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn.P before s and t is mute; as in psalm, pseudo, ptarmigan; pronouncedsalm, sudo, tarmigan.R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of wordsand syllables, such as robber, reckon, error; the other is at thetermination of the words, or when succeeded by a consonant, as farmer,morn.Common Errors in Pronunciation.--ace, is not iss, as furnace, not furniss.--age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village.--ain, ane, not in, as certain, certane, not certin.--ate, not it, as moderate, not moderit.--ect, not ec, as aspect, not aspec; subject, not subjec.--ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wickid or wickud.--el, not l, model, not modl; novel, not novl.--en, not n, as sudden, not suddn.--Burden, burthen, garden, lengthen,seven, strengthen, often, and a few others, have the e silent.--ence, not unce, as influence, not influ-unce.--es, not is, as pleases, not pleasis.--ile should be pronounced il, as fertil, not fertile, in all wordsexcept chamomile (cam), exile, gentile, infantile, reconcile, andsenile, which should be pronounced ile.--in, not n, as Latin, not Latn.--nd, not n, as husband, not husban; thousand, not thousan.--ness, not niss, as carefulness, not carefulniss.--ng, not n, as singing, not singin; speaking, not speakin.--ngth, not nth, as strength, not strenth.--son, the o should be silent; as in treason, tre-zn, not tre-son.--tal, not tle, as capital, not capitle; metal, not mettle; mortal, notmortle; periodical, not periodicle.--xt, not x, as next, not nex.SHORT RULES FOR SPELLING.Words ending in e drop that letter on taking a suffix beginning with avowel. Exceptions--words ending in ge, ce, or oe.Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginningwith a consonant. Exceptions--words ending in dge, and truly, duly, etc.Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generallychanged into i on the addition of a suffix. Exceptions--retained beforeing and ish, as pitying. Words ending in ie and dropping the e by Rule1, change the i to y, as lying. Final y is sometimes changed to e, asduteous.Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; oas money, moneys. Y preceded by a consonant is changed to ies in theplural; as bounty, bounties.Final y of a primitive vowel, preceded by a vowel, should not be changedinto i before a suffix; as, joyless.In words containing ei or ie, ei is used after the sound s, as ceiling,seize, except in siege and in a few words ending in cier. Inveigle,neither, leisure and weird also have ei. In other cases ie is used, asin believe, achieve.Words ending in ceous or cious, when relating to matter, end in ceous;all others in cious.Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant; with a single vowel beforeit, double the consonant in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But ifending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they do not doublethe consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc.Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by asingle vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonantin derivatives; as commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined;kidnap, kidnaped.All words of one syllable ending in l, with a single vowel before it,have ll at the close; as mill, sell.All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double vowel before it,have only one l at the close: as mail, sail.The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill retain the double ll oftheir primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retainthe double ll when the accent falls on these words; as dullness,skillful, willful, fullness.PUNCTUATION.A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as,It is true. Do right.A period is also used after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt.An interrogation point (?) after every question.The exclamation point (!) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely!Quotation marks (" ") inclose quoted expressions; as Socrates said: "Ibelieve the soul is immortal."A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided bysemi-colons.A colon is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that isintroduced by as follows, the following, or any similar expression; as,Send me the following: 10 doz. "Armstrong's Treasury," 25 Schulte'sManual, etc.A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas.The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that aredisconnected in sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all isuncertain. When as, namely, that is, is used to introduce an example orenumeration, a semicolon is put before it and a comma after it; as, Thenight was cold; that is, for the time of year.A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and subordinateclauses not restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimesforgotten.A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses, as, "When thewicked entice thee, consent thou not."A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as,Let us, if we can, make others happy.A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as, Thesky, the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight.A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb or otherimportant word.A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as,Who said, "The good die young"?A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity.The marks of parenthesis ( ) are used to inclose an interpolation wheresuch interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in whichit occurs. Interpolations by an editor or by anyone other than theauthor of the sentence should be inclosed in brackets--[ ].Dashes (--) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also todenote an interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significantpause.THE USE OF CAPITALS.1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital.2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with acapital.3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital.4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital.5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions areprinted in capitals.7. The pronoun I, and the exclamation O, are always capitals.8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin withcapitals.9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter.10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals.11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital.12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital.THE NAME OF GOD IN FIFTY LANGUAGES.Hebrew, Eleah, Jehovah;Chaldaic, Eiliah;Assyrian, Eleah;Syrian and Turkish, Alah;Malay, Alla;Arabic, Allah;Languages of the Magi, Orsi;Old Egyptian, Teut;Modern Egyptian, Teun;Armenian, Teuti;Greek, Theos;Cretan, Thios;Aedian and Dorian, Ilos;Latin, Deus;Low Latin, Diex;Celtic Gaelic, Diu;French, Dieu;Spanish, Dios;Portuguese, Deos;Old German, Diet;Provencal, Diou;Low Breton, Done;Italian, Dio;Irish, Dia;Olotu, Deu;German and Swiss, Gott;Flemish, God;Dutch, God;English, God;Teutonic, Goth;Danish and Swedish, Gud;Norwegian, Gud;Slav, Buch;Polish, Bog;Polacca, Bung;Lapp, Jubinal;Finnish, Jumala;Runic, As;Zembilian, As;Pannanlian, Istu;Tartar, Magatai;Coromandel, Brama;Persian, Sire;Chinese, Prussa;Japanese, Goezer;Madagascar, Zannar;Peruvian, Puchecammae.FACTS ABOUT SPONGES.By Albert Hart.Sponges belong to the animal kingdom, and the principal varieties usedcommercially are obtained off the coasts of Florida and the West Indies;the higher grades are from the Mediterranean Sea, and are numerous invariety.A sponge in its natural state is a different-looking object from what wesee in commerce, resembling somewhat the appearance of the jelly fish,or a mass of liver, the entire surface being covered with a thin, slimyskin, usually of a dark color, and perforated to correspond with theapertures of the canals commonly called "holes of the sponge." Thesponge of commerce is, in reality, only the skeleton of a sponge. Thecomposition of this skeleton varies in the different kinds of sponges,but in the commercial grades it consists of interwoven horny fibers,among and supporting which are epiculae of silicious matter in greateror less numbers, and having a variety of forms. The fibers consist of anetwork of fibriles, whose softness and elasticity determine thecommercial quality of a given sponge. The horny framework is perforatedexternally by very minute pores, and by a less number of largeropenings. These are parts of an interesting double canal system, anexternal and an internal, or a centripetal and a centrifugal. At thesmaller openings on the sponge's surface channels begin, which lead intodilated spaces. In these, in turn, channels arise, which eventuallyterminate in the large openings. Through these channels or canalsdefinite currents are constantly maintained, which are essential to thelife of the sponge. The currents enter through the small apertures andemerge through the large ones.The active part of the sponge, that is, the part concerned in nutritionand growth, is a soft, fleshy mass, partly filling the meshes and liningthe canals. It consists largely of cells having different functions;some utilized in the formation of the framework, some in digestion andothers in reproduction. Lining the dilated spaces into which differentcanals lead are cells surmounted by whip-like processes. The motion ofthese processes produces and maintains the water currents, which carrythe minute food products to the digestive cells in the same cavities.Sponges multiply by the union of sexual product. Certain cells of thefleshy pulp assume the character of ova, and others that of spermatozoa.Fertilization takes place within the sponge. The fertilized eggs, whichare called larvae, pass out into the currents of the water, and, in thecourse of twenty-four to forty-eight hours, they settle and becomeattached to rocks and other hard substances, and in time develop intomature sponges. The depth of the water in which sponges grow varies from10 to 50 feet in Florida, but considerably more in the MediterraneanSea, the finer grades being found in the deepest water, having atemperature of 50 to 57 degrees.DON'T BE BURIED ALIVE.From time to time we are horrified by learning that some person has beenburied alive, after assurances have been given of death. Under thesecircumstances the opinion of a rising French physician upon the subjectbecomes of world-wide interest, for since the tests which have been inuse for years have been found unreliable no means should be left untriedto prove beyond a doubt that life is actually extinct before conveyingour loved ones to the grave.Dr. Martinot, as reported in the New York Journal, asserts that anunfailing test may be made by producing a blister on the hand or foot ofthe body by holding the flame of a candle to the same for a few seconds,or until the blister is formed which will always occur. If the blistercontains any fluid it is evidence of life, and the blister only thatproduced by an ordinary burn. If, on the contrary, the blister containsonly steam, it may be asserted that life is extinct. The explanation isas follows:A corpse, says Dr. Martinot, is nothing more than inert matter, underthe immediate control of physical laws which cause all liquid heated toa certain temperature to become steam; the epidermis is raised, theblister produced; it breaks with a little noise, and the steam escapes.But if, in spite of all appearances, there is any remnant of life, theorganic mechanism continues to be governed by physiological laws, andthe blister will contain serous matter, as in the case of any ordinaryburns.The test is as simple as the proof is conclusive. Dry blister: death.Liquid blister: life. Any one may try it; there is no error possible.HOW TO SERVE WINE.A fine dinner may be spoiled by not serving the proper wine at theproper time and at the proper temperature.A white wine (Sauterne, Riesling, Moselle, etc.) should be used from thebeginning of the meal to the time the roast or game comes on. With theroast serve red wine, either claret or Burgundy.Use sparkling wines after the roast.With dessert, serve apricot cordial.Never serve red wine with soup or fish, and never a white wine withgame.Storage, Temperature, Etc.Store your wines in the cellar at 50 to 60 degrees.All bottles should lie flat so that the cork is continually moist.This rule should be specially observed with sparkling wines. Sparklingwine should be served ice cold.Put the wine on the ice--not ice in the wine.Serve red wine at only about 5 degrees cooler than the dining-room.White wine should be about 15 degrees cooler than the temperature of theroom.THE STEPS IN THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LIBERTY.MAGNA CHARTA.About seven hundred years ago there was organized a movement whichresulted in the great charter of English liberty--a movement whichforeshadowed the battle of our American forefathers for politicalindependence. On the 25th of August, 1213, the prelates and Barons,tiring of the tyranny and vacillation of King John, formed a council andpassed measures to secure their rights. After two years of contest, withmany vicissitudes, the Barons entered London and the King fled intoHampshire. By agreement both parties met at Runnymede on the 9th ofJune, 1215, and after several days' debate, on June 15, Magna Charta(the Great Charter), the glory of England, was signed and sealed by thesovereign. The Magna Charta is a comprehensive bill of rights, and,though crude in form, and with many clauses of merely local value, itsspirit still lives and will live. Clear and prominent we find the motto,"No tax without representation." The original document is in Latin andcontains sixty-one articles, of which the 39th and 40th, embodying thevery marrow of our own State constitutions, are here given as translatedin the English statutes:"39. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or be disseised of hisfreehold, or liberties or free customs, or be otherwise destroped[damaged], nor will be press upon him nor seize upon him [condemn him]but by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land."40. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man,either right or justice."The Great Charter recognizes a popular tribunal as a check on theofficial judges and may be looked upon as the foundation of the writ ofHabeas Corpus. It provides that no one is to be condemned on rumor orsuspicion, but only on the evidence of witnesses. It affords protectionagainst excessive emercements, illegal distresses and various processesfor debts and service due to the crown. Fines are in all cases to beproportionate to the magnitude of the offense, and even the villein orrustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chattels. There areprovisions regarding the forfeiture of land for felony. The testamentarypower of the subject is recognized over part of his personal estate, andthe rest to be divided between his widow and children. The independenceof the church is also provided for. These are the most importantfeatures of the Great Charter, which, exacted by men with arms in theirhands from a resisting king, occupies so conspicuous a place in history,which establishes the supremacy of the law of England over the will ofthe monarch, and which still forms the basis of English liberties.THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATIONMore than a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence adocument was drawn up that was almost a model in phraseology andsentiment of the great charter of American freedom. There are variousaccounts of this matter, but the most trustworthy is this:At a public meeting of the residents of Mecklenburg County, NorthCarolina, held at Charlotte on the 20th of May, 1775, it was"Resolved, That whenever directly or indirectly abetted, or in any way,form or manner countenanced, the unchartered and dangerous invasion ofour rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to our country--toAmerica--and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man."Resolved, That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do herebydissolve the political bonds which have connected us to the mothercountry, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the Britishcrown, and abjure all political connection, contract or association withthat nation, which has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties,and inhumanly shed the blood of American patriots at Lexington."Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independentpeople; are and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governingassociation, under the control of no power other than that of our Godand the general government of the Congress. To the maintenance of whichindependence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation,our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."There are two other resolutions, concerning the militia and theadministration of the law, but these, having no present value, are hereomitted.THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.In Congress, July 4, 1776.When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one peopleto dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equalstation to which the laws of Nature and Nature's God entitle them, adecent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they shoulddeclare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal;that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Thatto secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, derivingtheir just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever anyform of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right ofthe people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government,laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers insuch form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety andhappiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments longestablished should not be changed for light and transient causes; andaccordingly all experience has shown that mankind are more disposed tosuffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves byabolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long trainof abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evincesa design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, itis their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guardsfor their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of thesecolonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to altertheir former systems of government. The history of the present King ofGreat Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, allhaving in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny overthese States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary forthe public good.He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressingimportance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent shouldbe obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attendto them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of largedistricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right ofrepresentation in the legislature--a right inestimable to them,formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with hismeasures.He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing withmanly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause othersto be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable ofannihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise,the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers ofinvasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for thatpurpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusingto pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raisingconditions of new appropriation of lands. He has obstructed theadministration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws establishingjudiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of theiroffices and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms ofofficers, to harass our people, and to eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without theconsent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign toour constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent totheir acts of pretended legislation:For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. For protectingthem, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they shouldcommit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. For imposingtaxes on us without our consent.For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury.For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pretended offenses.For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboringprovince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlargingits boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrumentfor introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, andaltering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves investedwith power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection,and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, anddestroyed the lives of our people.He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries,to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begunwith circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in themost barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilizednation.He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of theirfriends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored tobring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of allages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress inthe most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only byrepeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every actwhich may define a tyrant is unfit to be ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We havewarned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature toextend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them ofthe circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We haveappealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjuredthem, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,which would inevitably interrupt our connection and correspondence.They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces ourseparation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies inwar, in peace friends.We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, ingeneral Congress assembled, appealing to the supreme Judge of the worldfor the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by theauthority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish anddeclare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, freeand independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance tothe British crown, and that all political connection between them andthe state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; andthat, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce and to do allother acts and things which independent States may of right do. And forthe support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protectionof Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, ourfortunes and our sacred honor.The foregoing declaration was, by order of the Congress, engrossed, andsigned by the following members:JOHN HANCOCKNew Hampshire--Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.Massachusetts Bay--Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine,Elbridge Gerry.Rhode Island--Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.Connecticut--Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, OliverWolcottNew York--William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.New Jersey--Richard Stockton. John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, JohnHart, Abraham Clark.Pennsylvania--Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, JohnMorton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, GeorgeRoss.Delaware--Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean.Maryland--Samuel Chase, William Paco, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, ofCarrollton.Virginia--George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, BenjaminHarrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.North Carolina--William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.South Carolina--Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr.,Arthur Middleton.Georgia--Button Gwinett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.The following clause formed part of the original Declaration ofIndependence as signed, but was finally left out of the printed copies"out of respect to South Carolina":"He [King George III.] has waged cruel war against human nature itself,violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of adistant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying theminto slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in theirtransportation thither."THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfectunion, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for thecommon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings ofliberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish thisConstitution for the United States of America.Article I.SECTION I.1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congressof the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House ofRepresentatives.SECTION II.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosenevery second year by the people of the several States; and the electorsin each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors ofthe most numerous branch of the State legislature.2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained tothe age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of theUnited States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of thatState in which he shall be chosen.3. Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among theseveral States which may be included within this Union, according totheir respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to thewhole number of free persons, including those bound to service for aterm of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of allother persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three yearsafter the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and withinevery subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by lawdirect. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for everythirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshireshall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Islandand Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; NewJersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six;Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five, and Georgia,three.4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, theexecutive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill suchvacancies.5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and otherofficers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.SECTION III.1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senatorsfrom each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; andeach senator shall have one vote.2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the firstelection, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at theexpiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration ofthe fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixthyear, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and ifvacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of thelegislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporaryappointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall thenfill such vacancies.3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the ageof thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, andwho shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which heshall be chosen.4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of theSenate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a presidentpro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shallexercise the office of President of the United States.6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. Whensitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When thePresident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shallpreside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence oftwo-thirds of the members present.7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than toremoval from office, disqualification to hold and enjoy any office ofhonor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convictedshall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgmentand punishment, according to law.SECTION IV.1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators andrepresentatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislaturethereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter suchregulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and suchmeeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall bylaw appoint a different day.SECTION V.1. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns andqualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shallconstitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjournfrom day to day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absentmembers, in such manner and under such penalties as each house mayprovide.2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish itsmembers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence oftwo-thirds, expel a member.3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time totime publish the same, excepting such parts as in their judgment requiresecrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on anyquestion shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be enteredon the journal.4. Neither house, during the Session of Congress, shall, without theconsent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any otherplace than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.SECTION VI.1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation fortheir services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasuryof the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendanceat the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returningfrom the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shallnot be questioned in any other place.2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he waselected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of theUnited States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereofshall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding anyoffice under the United States shall be a member of either house duringhis continuance in office.SECTION VII.1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House ofRepresentatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments ason other bills.2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives andthe Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to thePresident of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but ifnot he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which itshall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on theirjournal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shalllikewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house,it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both housesshall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the personsvoting for or against the bill be entered on the journal of each houserespectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President withinten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unlessthe Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case itshall not be a law.3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of theSenate and the House of Representatives may be necessary (except on aquestion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of theUnited States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approvedby him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds ofthe Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules andlimitations prescribed in the case of a bill.SECTION VIII.The Congress shall have power--1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to pay thedebts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of theUnited States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniformthroughout the United States;2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the severalStates, and with the Indian tribes;4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws onthe subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, andfix the standard of weights and measures;6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities andcurrent coin of the United States;7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing forlimited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to theirrespective writings and discoveries;9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the highseas, and offenses against the law of nations;11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rulesconcerning captures on land and water;12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to thatuse shall be for a longer term than two years;13. To provide and maintain a navy;14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land andnaval forces;15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of theUnion, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, andfor governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of theUnited States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment ofthe officers, and the authority of training the militia according to thediscipline prescribed by Congress;17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, oversuch district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession ofparticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat ofthe government of the United States, and to exercise like authority overall places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State inwhich the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,dock-yards, and other needful buildings;And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carryinginto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by theConstitution in the Government of the United States, or in anydepartment or officer thereof.SECTION IX1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States nowexisting shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by theCongress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but atax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding tendollars for each person.2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety mayrequire it.3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportionto the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenueto the ports of one State over those or another; nor shall vessels boundto or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties inanother.7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence ofappropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of thereceipts and expenditures of all public moneys shall be published fromtime to time.8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and noperson holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, withoutthe consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office ortitle of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state.SECTION X.1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing theobligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impostor duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessaryfor executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of an duties andimposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use ofthe treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject tothe revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without theconsent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or shipsof war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact withanother State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unlessactually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.Article II.SECTION I.1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the UnitedStates of America. He shall hold his office during the term of fouryears; and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term,be elected as follows:2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereofmay direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senatorsand representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trustor profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote byballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitantof the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all thepersons voted for and of the number of votes for each; which list theyshall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government ofthe United States, directed to the President of the Senate. ThePresident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and Houseof Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall thenbe counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be thePresident, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electorsappointed; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, andhave an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shallimmediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President, and if noperson have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, thesaid House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosingthe President the votes shall be taken by States, the representationfrom each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consistof a member or members from two-thirds of all the States, and a majorityof all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, afterthe choice of the President, the person having the greatest number ofvotes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there shouldremain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose fromthem, by ballot, the Vice-President.4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and theday on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the samethroughout the United States.5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the UnitedStates at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall beeligible to the office of President; neither shall any person beeligible to that office who shall not have attained the age ofthirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the UnitedStates.6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of saidoffice, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congressmay, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation orinability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring whatofficer shall then act as President; and such officer shall actaccordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall beelected.7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services acompensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during theperiod for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receivewithin that period any other emoluments from the United States, or anyof them.8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take thefollowing oath or affirmation:"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute theoffice of President of the United States; and will, to the best of myability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the UnitedStates."SECTION II.1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of theUnited States, and of the militia of the several States, when calledinto the actual service of the United States. He may require theopinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executivedepartments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respectiveoffices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons foroffenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of theSenate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators presentconcur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consentof the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other public ministers andconsuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of theUnited States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper inthe President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads ofdepartments.3. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happenduring the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shallexpire at the end of their next session.SECTION III.1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of thestate of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measuresas he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinaryoccasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case ofdisagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, hemay adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receiveembassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the lawsbe faithfully executed; and shall commission all officers of the UnitedStates.SECTION IV.1. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the UnitedStates shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convictionof, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.Article III.SECTION I1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in oneSupreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time totime ordain and establish. The judges both of the Supreme and inferiorcourts shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, atstated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall notbe diminished during their continuance of office.SECTION II.1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equityarising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, andtreaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to allcases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to allcases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to whichthe United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or moreStates, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizensof different States, between citizens of the same State claiming landsunder grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizensthereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers andconsuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Courtshall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases mentioned, theSupreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law andfact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congressshall make.3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be byjury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimeshall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, thetrial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law havedirected.SECTION III.l. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying waragainst them or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid andcomfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimonyof two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, orforfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.Article IV.SECTION I.1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the publicacts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State; and theCongress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to allprivileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, ondemand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, bedelivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of thecrime.3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the lawsthereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any laws orregulations therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shallbe delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor maybe due.SECTION III.1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but nonew State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of anyother State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or moreStates or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures ofthe States concerned, as well as of Congress.2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needfulrules and regulations respecting the territory or other propertybelonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shallbe so construed as to prejudice any claim of the United States, or ofany particular State.SECTION IV.1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union arepublican form of government, and shall protect each of them againstinvasion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.Article V.1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem itnecessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on theapplication of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution,when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the severalStates, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or theother mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided,that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eighthundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourthclauses in the ninth section of the fifth article; and that no State,without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in theSenate.Article VI.1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoptionof this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States underthis Constitution as under the Confederation.2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall bemade in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall bemade, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme lawof the land; and the judges of every State shall be bound thereby,anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrarynotwithstanding.3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members ofthe several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,both of the United States and the several States, shall be bound by oathor affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shallever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust underthe United States.Article VII.1. The ratification of the convention of nine States shall be sufficientfor the establishment of this Constitution between the States soratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of theStates present, the seventeenth day of December, in the year of our Lordone thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence ofthe United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we havehereunto subscribed our names.GEORGE WASHINGTON,President, and Deputy from Virginia.AMENDMENTS.Article I.Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, orprohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom ofspeech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably toassemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievance.Article II.A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a freestate, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not beinfringed.Article III.No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house withoutthe consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to beprescribed by law.Article IV.The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papersand effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not beviolated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supportedby oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to besearched, and the persons or things to be seized.Article V.No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamouscrime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except incases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when inactual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person besubject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life orlimb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witnessagainst himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, withoutdue process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,without just compensation.Article VI.In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to aspeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and districtwherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall havebeen previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature andcause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses againsthim; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.Article VII.In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceedtwenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and nofact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined, in any court of theUnited States, than according to the rules of the common law.Article VIII.Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, norcruel and unusual punishment inflicted.Article IX.The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not beconstrued to deny or disparage others retained by the people.Article X.The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, norprohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,or to the people. [The preceding ten amendatory articles were proposedto the legislatures of the States by the first Congress, September 25,1789, and notification of ratification received from all the Statesexcept Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts.]Article XI.The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extendto any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of theUnited States by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.[Proposed by the Third Congress, and Congress notified of its adoptionJanuary 8, 1798.]Article XII.1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote byballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shallnot be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall namein their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinctballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall makedistinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all personsvoted for as Vice-President; and of the number of votes for each; whichlists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat ofgovernment of the United States, directed to the President of theSenate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senateand House of Representatives, open the certificates, and the votes shallthen be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes forPresident shall be the President, if such number be a majority of thewhole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority,then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three,on the list of those voted for as President, the House ofRepresentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, therepresentation from each State having one vote; a quorum for thispurpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of theStates, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presidentwhenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourthday of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act asPresident, as in the case of the death or other constitutionaldisability of the President.2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-Presidentshall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the wholenumber of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, thenfrom the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose theVice-President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds ofthe whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shallbe necessary to a choice.3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of Presidentshall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United Stales.[Proposed by the Eighth Congress, and declared adopted September 23,1804, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]Article XIII.1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment forcrime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall existwithin the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriatelegislation.[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress, and declared adopted December18, 1865, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]Article XIV.SECTION I.All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to thejurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the Statewherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shallabridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States,nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,without due process or law, nor deny to any person within itsjurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.SECTION II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the severalStates according to their respective numbers, counting the whole numberof persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when theright to vote at any election for the choice of electors for Presidentand Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress,the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of thelegislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of suchState, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the UnitedStates, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion orother crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in theproportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to thewhole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.SECTION III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress,or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil ormilitary, under the United States, or under any State, who, havingpreviously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer ofthe United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as anexecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitutionof the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellionagainst the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; butCongress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove suchdisability.SECTION IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States,authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions andbounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shallnot be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shallassume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection orrebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss oremancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claimsshall be held illegal and void.SECTION V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriatelegislation, the provisions of this article.[Proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress and declared adopted by concurrentresolution of Congress, July 21, 1868.]Article XV.SECTION I.The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be deniedor abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race,color or previous condition of servitude.SECTION II.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriatelegislation.[Proposed by the Fortieth Congress, and declared adopted by proclamationof the Secretary of State, March 30, 1870.]WORKINGMEN EASILY GULLED.Who fought for King George in 1776? Working people.What interest did they have in being ruled by him? None.Why, then, did they risk their lives for him? Because he hired them.Where did the king get the money to pay them? By taxing them.Then they really paid themselves for fighting? Certainly.In every war ever fought the working people paid the expenses."WHAT constitutes a state?Men who their duties know,But know their rights, and, knowing,Dare maintain."--Jones.JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL POLICY.1. Legal equality of all human beings.2. The people the only source of power.3. No hereditary offices, nor order of "nobility," nor title.4. No unnecessary taxation.5. No national banks or bonds.6. No costly splendor of administration.7. Freedom of thought and discussion.8. Civil authority superior to the military.9. No favored classes; no special privileges; no monopolies.10. Free and fair elections; universal suffrage.11. No public money spent without warrant of law.12. No mysteries in government hidden from the public eye.13. Representatives bound by the instructions of their constituents.14. The Constitution of the United States a special grant of powerslimited and definite.15. Freedom, sovereignty and independence of the respective States.16. Absolute severance of Church and State.17. The Union a compact--not a consolidation nor a centralization.18. Moderate salaries, economy and strict accountability.19. Gold and silver currency--supplemented by treasury notes bearing nointerest and bottomed on taxes.20. No State banks of issue.21. No expensive navy or diplomatic establishment.22. A progressive or graduated tax laid upon wealth.23. No internal revenue system. A complete separation of public moneysfrom bank funds.PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.Declaration of Independence   July 4th, 1776General Washington, first President.   1789 and 1793John Adams   1797Thomas Jefferson   1801 and 1805James Madison   1809 and 1813James Monroe   1817 and 1821John Quincy Adams   1825General Andrew Jackson   1829 and 1833Martin Van Buren   1837General William Henry Harrison (died 4th April)  1841John Tyler (elected as Vice-President).   1841James Knox Polk   1845General Zachary Taylor (died 9th July, 1850)   1849Millard Fillmore (elected as Vice-President)  1850General Franklin Pierce   1853James Buchanan   1857Abraham Lincoln (assassinated 14th April, 1865)   1861 and 1865Andrew Johnson (elected as Vice-President)    1865General Ulysses S. Grant  1869 and 1873Rutherford B. Hayes   1877General J. Abram Garfield (died 19th September, 1881)   1881General Chester A. Arthur (elected as V. Pres.)   1881Grover Cleveland   1885Benjamin H. Harrison   1889Grover Cleveland   1893William McKinley (elected)   1897(Re-elected)  1901(Assassinated September 14, 1901)Theodore Roosevelt (elected Vice-President)  1901(Became President September 14)  1901Theodore Roosevelt (elected)   1905Wm. H. Taft   1909FACTS ABOUT THE LIBERTY BELL.Cast by Thomas Lester, Whitechapel, London.Arrived in Philadelphia in August, 1752.First used in statehouse, Philadelphia, Aug. 27, 1752.Twice recast by Pass & Snow, Philadelphia, to repair crack, September,1752.Muffled and tolled Oct. 5, 1765, on arrival of ship Royal Charlotte withstamps.Muffled and tolled Oct. 31, 1765, when stamp act was put in operation.Summoned meeting to prevent landing of cargo of tea from the ship PollyDec. 27, 1774.Summoned meeting of patriots April 25, 1775, after battle of Lexington.Proclaimed declaration of independence and the birth of a new nation atgreat ratification meeting July 8, 1776.First journey from Philadelphia made in September, 1777, to Allentown,Pa., to escape capture by the British; returned June 27, 1778.Proclaimed treaty of peace April 16, 1783.Tolled for the death of Washington Dec. 26, 1799.Rung on the fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of independence July4, 1826.Last used in tolling for the death of John Marshall July 8, 1835,Principal tours: To New Orleans in 1885; Chicago, 1893; Atlanta, 1895;Boston, 1902; St Louis, 1904.HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED.George Washington's death was the result of a severe cold contractedwhile riding around his farm in a rain and sleet storm on Dec. 10, 1799.The cold increased and was followed by a chill, which brought on acutelaryngitis. He died at the age of 68, on Dec. 14, 1799.John Adams died from old age, having reached his ninety-first milestone.Though active mentally, he was nearly blind and unable to hold a pensteadily enough to write. He passed away without pain on July 4, 1826.Thomas Jefferson died at the age of eighty-three, a few hours beforeAdams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhoea, superinducedby old age, and his physician said the too free use of the waters of thewhite sulphur springs.James Madison also died of old age, and peacefully, on June 28, 1836.His faculties were undimmed to the last. He was eighty-five.James Monroe's demise, which occurred in the seventy-third year of hisage, on July 4, 1831, was assigned to enfeebled health.John Quincy Adams was stricken with paralysis on Feb. 21, 1848, whileaddressing the Speaker of the House of Representatives, being at thetime a member of Congress. He died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He waseighty-one years of age.Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845, seventy-eight years old. Hesuffered from consumption and finally dropsy, which made its appearanceabout six months before his death.Martin Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, from a violent attack of asthma,followed by catarrhal affections of the throat and lungs. He was eightyyears of age.William Henry Harrison's death was caused by pleurisy, the result of acold, which he caught on the day of his inauguration. This wasaccompanied with severe diarrhoea, which would not yield to medicaltreatment. He died on April 4, 1841, a month after his inauguration. Hewas sixty-eight years of age.John Tyler died on Jan. 17, 1862, at the age of seventy-two. Cause ofdeath, bilious colic.James K. Polk was stricken with a slight attack of cholera in the springof 1849, while on a boat going up the Mississippi River. Thoughtemporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return home and died onJune 15, 1849, aged fifty-four years.Zachary Taylor was the second President to die in office. He is said tohave partaken immoderately of ice water and iced milk, and then later ofa large quantity of cherries. The result was an attack of choleramorbus. He was sixty-six years old.Millard Fillmore died from a stroke of paralysis on March 8, 1874, inhis seventy-fourth year.Franklin Pierce's death was due to abdominal dropsy, and occurred onOct. 8, l869, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.James Buchanan's death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was caused byrheumatic gout. He was seventy-seven years of age.Abraham Lincoln was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater,Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died the following day, agedfifty-six.Andrew Johnson died from a stroke of paralysis July 31, 1875, agedsixty-seven.U. S. Grant died of cancer of the tongue, at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July3, 1885.James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2. 1881. DiedSept. 19, 1881.Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield, died suddenly of apoplexy inNew York City, Nov. 18, 1886.Rutherford B. Hayes died Jan. 17, 1803, the result of a severe coldcontracted in Cleveland, Ohio.Benjamin Harrison died March 13, 1901. Cause of death, pneumonia.William McKinley was assassinated Sept. 14, 1901.Grover Cleveland died on June 24, 1908, of debility, aged 71.WHO IS THE AUTHOR?The following literary curiosity found its way recently into the querycolumn of a Boston newspaper. Nobody seems to know who wrote it:O I wish I was in edenWhere all the beastes is feedin,the Pigs an cows an osses.And the long tale Bull wot tossesthe Bulldog and the Rabbit,acaus it is his habbit;Where Lions, Tigurs, monkees,And them long-ear'd things call'd Donkeys,Meat all together dayleeWith Crockedyles all Skaley,Where sparros on the bushisSings to there mates, the thrushis,an Hawks and Littel RensWawks about like Cocks and Ens,One looking at the tutherfor all the World like a Bruther.Where no quarlin is or Phytin,its tru wot ime aritin.O for a wauk at even,somewhere abowt 6 or 7,When the Son be gwain to bed,with his fase all fyree red.O for the grapes and resinsWot ripens at all seesins;the appels and the PlumbsAs Big as my 2 thums;the hayprecocks an peechis,Wot all within our reech is,An we mought pick an heat,paying nothing for the treat.O for the pooty flouersA bloomin at all ours,So that a large BokayYew may gether any dayOf ev'ry flour that blosefrom Colleflour to rose.THE ART OF NOT FORGETTING.A Brief but Comprehensive Treatise Based on Loisette's Famous System ofMemory Culture.So much has been said about Loisette's memory system, the art has beenso widely advertised, and so carefully guarded from all the profane whodo not send five or many dollars to the Professor, that a few pages,showing how man may be his own Loisette, may be both interesting andvaluable.In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth the laborof mastering, and if the directions are implicitly followed there can beno doubt that the memory will be greatly strengthened and improved, andthat the mnemonic feats otherwise impossible may be easily performed.Loisette, however, is not an inventor, but an introducer. He stands inthe same relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to themanufacturer: the one produced the article, the other brings it to thepublic. Even this statement is not quite fair to Loisette, for he hasbrought much practical common sense to bear upon Pick's system, and, inpreparing the new art of mnemonics for the market, in many ways he hasmade it his own.If each man would reflect upon the method by which he himself remembersthings, he would find his hand upon the key of the whole mystery. Forinstance, I was once trying to remember the word "Blythe." Thereoccurred to my mind the words "Bellman," "Belle," and the verse:"---- the peasant upward climbingHears the bells of Buloss chiming.""Barcarole," "Barrack," and so on, until finally the word "Blythe"presented itself with a strange insistence, long after I had ceasedtrying to recall it.On another occasion, when trying to recall the name "Richardson," I gotthe words "hay-rick," "Robertson," "Randallstown," and finally"wealthy," from which, naturally, I got "rich" and "Richardson" almostin a breath.Still another example: Trying to recall the name of an old schoolmate,"Grady," I got "Brady," "grave," "gaseous," "gastronome," "gracious,"and I finally abandoned the attempt, simply saying to myself that itbegan with a "G," and there was an "a" sound after it. The next morningwhen thinking of something entirely different, this name "Grady" came upin my mind with as much distinctness as though someone had whispered itin my ear. This remembering was done without any conscious effort on mypart, and was evidently the result of the exertion made the day beforewhen the mnemonic processes were put to work. Every reader must have hada similar experience which he can recall, and which will fall in linewith the examples given.It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of any system,to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory presents to us words ofsimilar sound or meaning in its journey toward the goal to which we havestarted it. This goes to show that our ideas are arranged in groups inwhatever secret cavity or recess of the brain they occupy, and that thearrangement is not an alphabetical one exactly, and not entirely bymeaning, but after some fashion partaking of both.If you are looking for the word "meadow" you may reach "middle" beforeyou come to it, or "Mexico," or many, words beginning with the "m"sound, or containing the "dow", as window, or "dough," or you may get"field" or "farm"--but you are on the right track, and if you do notinterfere with your intellectual process you will finally come to theidea which you are seeking.How often have you heard people say, "I forget his name, it is somethinglike Beadle or Beagle--at any rate it begins with a B." Each and all ofthese were unconscious Loisettians, and they were practicing blindly,and without proper method or direction, the excellent system which heteaches. The thing, then, to do--and it is the final and simple truthwhich Loisette teaches--is to travel over this ground in the otherdirection--to cement the fact which you wish to remember to some otherfact or word which you know will be brought out by the impliedconditions--and thus you will always be able to travel from your givenstarting-point to the thing which you wish to call to mind.It seems as though a channel were cut in our mind-stuff along which thememory flows. How to construct an easy channel for any event or seriesof events or facts which one wishes to remember, along which the mindwill ever afterward travel, is the secret of mnemonics.Loisette, in common with all the mnemonic teachers, uses the old deviceof representing numbers by letters--and as this is the first and easieststep in the art, this seems to be the most logical place to introducethe accepted equivalents of the Arabic numerals:0 is always represented by s, z or c soft.1 is always represented by t, th or d.2 is always represented by n.3 is always represented by m.4 is always represented by r.5 is always represented by l.6 is always represented by sh, j, ch soft or g soft.7 is always represented by g hard, k, c hard, q or final ng.8 is always represented by f or v.9 is always represented by p or b.All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters in aword count only as one. In fact, the system goes by sound, not byspelling, For instance, "this" or "dizzy" would stand for ten; "catch"or "gush" would stand for 76, and the only difficulty is to make someword or phrase which will contain only the significant letters in theproper order, filled out with non-significants into some guise ofmeaning or intelligibility.You can remember the equivalents given above by noting that z is thefirst letter of "zero," and c of "cipher," t has but one stroke, n hastwo, m three; the script f is very like 8; the script p like 9; r is thelast letter of "four;" l is the Roman numeral for 50, which suggests 5.The others may be retained by memorizing these nonsense lines:Six shy Jewesses chase George.Seven great kings came quarreling.Suppose you wished to get some phrase or word that would express thenumber 3,685, you arrange the letters this way:

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