Abbo of Fleury,122‛Abdallāh ibn al-Ḥasan,92‛Abdallatīf ibn Yūsuf,93‛Abdalqādir ibn ‛Alī al-Sakhāwī,6Abenragel,34Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Ezra,seeRabbi ben EzraAbū ‛Alī al-Ḥosein ibn Sīnā,74Abū 'l-Ḥasan,93,100Abū 'l-Qāsim,92Abū 'l-Ṭeiyib,97Abū Naṣr,92Abū Roshd,113Abu Sahl Dunash ibn Tamim,65,67Adelhard of Bath,5,55,97,119,123,126Adhemar of Chabanois,111Aḥmed al-Nasawī,98Aḥmed ibn ‛Abdallāh,9,92Aḥmed ibn Moḥammed,94Aḥmed ibn ‛Omar,93Akṣaras,32Alanus ab Insulis,124Al-Baġdādī,93Al-Battānī,54Albelda (Albaida) MS.,116Albert, J.,62Albert of York,103Al-Bīrūnī,6,41,49,65,92,93Alcuin,103Alexander the Great,76Alexander de Villa Dei,11,133Alexandria,64,82Al-Fazārī,92Alfred,103Algebra, etymology,5Algerian numerals,68Algorism,97Algorismus,124,126,135Algorismus cifra,120Al-Ḥaṣṣār,65‛Alī ibn Abī Bekr,6‛Alī ibn Aḥmed,93,98Al-Karābīsī,93Al-Khowārazmī,4,9,10,92,97,98,125,126Al-Kindī,10,92Almagest,54Al-Maġrebī,93Al-Maḥallī,6Al-Māmūn,10,97Al-Manṣūr,96,97Al-Mas‛ūdī,7,92Al-Nadīm,9Al-Nasawī,93,98Alphabetic numerals,39,40,43Al-Qāsim,92Al-Qass,94Al-Sakhāwī,6Al-Ṣardafī,93Al-Sijzī,94Al-Sūfī,10,92Ambrosoli,118Aṅkapalli,43Apices,87,117,118Arabs,91-98Arbuthnot,141Archimedes,15,16Arcus Pictagore,122Arjuna,15Arnold, E.,15,102Ars memorandi,141Āryabhaṭa,39,43,44Aryan numerals,19Aschbach,134Ashmole,134Aśoka,19,20,22,81Aṣ-ṣifr,57,58Astrological numerals,150Atharva-Veda,48,49,55Augustus,80Averroës,113Avicenna,58,74,113Babylonian numerals,28Babylonian zero,51Bacon, R.,131Bactrian numerals,19,30Bæda,2,72Bagdad,4,96Bakhṣālīmanuscript,43,49,52,53Ball, C. J.,35Ball, W. W. R.,36,131Bāṇa,44Barth, A.,39Bayang inscriptions,39Bayer,33Bayley, E. C.,19,23,30,32,52,89Beazley,75Bede,seeBædaBeldomandi,137Beloch, J.,77Bendall,25,52Benfey, T.,26Bernelinus,88,112,117,121Besagne,128Besant, W.,109Bettino,36Bhandarkar,18,47,49Bhāskara,53,55Biernatzki,32Biot,32Björnbo, A. A.,125,126Blassière,119Bloomfield,48Blume,85Boeckh,62Boehmer,143Boeschenstein,119Boethius,63,70-73,83-90Boissière,63Bombelli,81Bonaini,128Boncompagni,5,6,10,48,49,123,125Borghi,59Borgo,119Bougie,130Bowring, J.,56Brahmagupta,52Brāhmaṇas,12,13Brāhmī,19,20,31,83Brandis, J.,54Bṛhat-Saṃhita,39,44,78Brockhaus,43Bubnov,65,84,110,116Buddha, education of,15,16Büdinger,110Bugia,130Bühler, G.,15,19,22,31,44,49Burgess,25Bürk,13Burmese numerals,36Burnell, A. C.,18,40Buteo,61Calandri,59,81Caldwell, R.,19Calendars,133Calmet,34Cantor, M.,5,13,30,43,84Capella,86Cappelli,143Caracteres,87,113,117,119Cardan,119Carmen de Algorismo,11,134Casagrandi,132Casiri,8,10Cassiodorus,72Cataldi,62Cataneo,3Caxton,143,146Ceretti,32Ceylon numerals,36Chalfont, F. H.,28Champenois,60Characters,seeCaracteresCharlemagne,103Chasles,54,60,85,116,122,135Chassant, L. A.,142Chaucer,121Chiarini,145,146Chiffre,58Chinese numerals,28,56Chinese zero,56Cifra,120,124Cipher,58Circulus,58,60Clichtoveus,61,119,145Codex Vigilanus,138Codrington, O.,139Coins dated,141Colebrooke,8,26,46,53Constantine,104,105Cosmas,82Cossali,5Counters,117Courteille,8Coxe,59Crafte of Nombrynge,11,87,149Crusades,109Cunningham, A.,30,75Curtze,55,59,126,134Cyfra,55Dagomari,146D'Alviella,15Dante,72Dasypodius,33,67,63Daunou,135Delambre,54Devanāgarī,7Devoulx, A.,68Dhruva,49Dicæarchus of Messana,77Digits,119Diodorus Siculus,76Du Cange,62Dumesnil,36Dutt, R. C.,12,15,18,75Dvivedī,44East and West, relations,73-81,100-109Egyptian numerals,27Eisenlohr,28Elia Misrachi,57Enchiridion Algorismi,58Eneström,5,48,59,97,125,128Europe, numerals in,63,99,128,136Eusebius Caesariensis,142Euting,21Ewald, P.,116Fazzari,53,54Fibonacci,seeLeonardo of PisaFigura nihili,58Figures,119.Seenumerals.Fihrist,67,68,93Finaeus,57Firdusī,81Fitz Stephen, W.,109Fleet, J. C.,19,20,49Florus,80Flügel, G.,68Francisco de Retza,142François,58Friedlein, G.,84,113,116,122Froude, J. A.,129Gandhāra,19Garbe,48Gasbarri,58Gautier de Coincy,120,124Gemma Frisius,2,3,119Gerber,113Gerbert,108,110-120,122Gerhardt, C. I.,43,56,93,118Gerland,88,123Gherard of Cremona,125Gibbon,72Giles, H. A.,79Ginanni,81Giovanni di Danti,58Glareanus,4,119Gnecchi,71,117Ġobār numerals,65,100,112,124,138Gow, J.,81Grammateus,61Greek origin,33Green, J. R.,109Greenwood, I.,62,119Guglielmini,128Gulistān,102Günther, S.,131Guyard, S.,82
Abbo of Fleury,122‛Abdallāh ibn al-Ḥasan,92‛Abdallatīf ibn Yūsuf,93‛Abdalqādir ibn ‛Alī al-Sakhāwī,6Abenragel,34Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Ezra,seeRabbi ben EzraAbū ‛Alī al-Ḥosein ibn Sīnā,74Abū 'l-Ḥasan,93,100Abū 'l-Qāsim,92Abū 'l-Ṭeiyib,97Abū Naṣr,92Abū Roshd,113Abu Sahl Dunash ibn Tamim,65,67Adelhard of Bath,5,55,97,119,123,126Adhemar of Chabanois,111Aḥmed al-Nasawī,98Aḥmed ibn ‛Abdallāh,9,92Aḥmed ibn Moḥammed,94Aḥmed ibn ‛Omar,93Akṣaras,32Alanus ab Insulis,124Al-Baġdādī,93Al-Battānī,54Albelda (Albaida) MS.,116Albert, J.,62Albert of York,103Al-Bīrūnī,6,41,49,65,92,93Alcuin,103Alexander the Great,76Alexander de Villa Dei,11,133Alexandria,64,82Al-Fazārī,92Alfred,103Algebra, etymology,5Algerian numerals,68Algorism,97Algorismus,124,126,135Algorismus cifra,120Al-Ḥaṣṣār,65‛Alī ibn Abī Bekr,6‛Alī ibn Aḥmed,93,98Al-Karābīsī,93Al-Khowārazmī,4,9,10,92,97,98,125,126Al-Kindī,10,92Almagest,54Al-Maġrebī,93Al-Maḥallī,6Al-Māmūn,10,97Al-Manṣūr,96,97Al-Mas‛ūdī,7,92Al-Nadīm,9Al-Nasawī,93,98Alphabetic numerals,39,40,43Al-Qāsim,92Al-Qass,94Al-Sakhāwī,6Al-Ṣardafī,93Al-Sijzī,94Al-Sūfī,10,92Ambrosoli,118Aṅkapalli,43Apices,87,117,118Arabs,91-98Arbuthnot,141Archimedes,15,16Arcus Pictagore,122Arjuna,15Arnold, E.,15,102Ars memorandi,141Āryabhaṭa,39,43,44Aryan numerals,19Aschbach,134Ashmole,134Aśoka,19,20,22,81Aṣ-ṣifr,57,58Astrological numerals,150Atharva-Veda,48,49,55Augustus,80Averroës,113Avicenna,58,74,113
Abbo of Fleury,122
‛Abdallāh ibn al-Ḥasan,92
‛Abdallatīf ibn Yūsuf,93
‛Abdalqādir ibn ‛Alī al-Sakhāwī,6
Abenragel,34
Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Ezra,seeRabbi ben Ezra
Abū ‛Alī al-Ḥosein ibn Sīnā,74
Abū 'l-Ḥasan,93,100
Abū 'l-Qāsim,92
Abū 'l-Ṭeiyib,97
Abū Naṣr,92
Abū Roshd,113
Abu Sahl Dunash ibn Tamim,65,67
Adelhard of Bath,5,55,97,119,123,126
Adhemar of Chabanois,111
Aḥmed al-Nasawī,98
Aḥmed ibn ‛Abdallāh,9,92
Aḥmed ibn Moḥammed,94
Aḥmed ibn ‛Omar,93
Akṣaras,32
Alanus ab Insulis,124
Al-Baġdādī,93
Al-Battānī,54
Albelda (Albaida) MS.,116
Albert, J.,62
Albert of York,103
Al-Bīrūnī,6,41,49,65,92,93
Alcuin,103
Alexander the Great,76
Alexander de Villa Dei,11,133
Alexandria,64,82
Al-Fazārī,92
Alfred,103
Algebra, etymology,5
Algerian numerals,68
Algorism,97
Algorismus,124,126,135
Algorismus cifra,120
Al-Ḥaṣṣār,65
‛Alī ibn Abī Bekr,6
‛Alī ibn Aḥmed,93,98
Al-Karābīsī,93
Al-Khowārazmī,4,9,10,92,97,98,125,126
Al-Kindī,10,92
Almagest,54
Al-Maġrebī,93
Al-Maḥallī,6
Al-Māmūn,10,97
Al-Manṣūr,96,97
Al-Mas‛ūdī,7,92
Al-Nadīm,9
Al-Nasawī,93,98
Alphabetic numerals,39,40,43
Al-Qāsim,92
Al-Qass,94
Al-Sakhāwī,6
Al-Ṣardafī,93
Al-Sijzī,94
Al-Sūfī,10,92
Ambrosoli,118
Aṅkapalli,43
Apices,87,117,118
Arabs,91-98
Arbuthnot,141
Archimedes,15,16
Arcus Pictagore,122
Arjuna,15
Arnold, E.,15,102
Ars memorandi,141
Āryabhaṭa,39,43,44
Aryan numerals,19
Aschbach,134
Ashmole,134
Aśoka,19,20,22,81
Aṣ-ṣifr,57,58
Astrological numerals,150
Atharva-Veda,48,49,55
Augustus,80
Averroës,113
Avicenna,58,74,113
Babylonian numerals,28Babylonian zero,51Bacon, R.,131Bactrian numerals,19,30Bæda,2,72Bagdad,4,96Bakhṣālīmanuscript,43,49,52,53Ball, C. J.,35Ball, W. W. R.,36,131Bāṇa,44Barth, A.,39Bayang inscriptions,39Bayer,33Bayley, E. C.,19,23,30,32,52,89Beazley,75Bede,seeBædaBeldomandi,137Beloch, J.,77Bendall,25,52Benfey, T.,26Bernelinus,88,112,117,121Besagne,128Besant, W.,109Bettino,36Bhandarkar,18,47,49Bhāskara,53,55Biernatzki,32Biot,32Björnbo, A. A.,125,126Blassière,119Bloomfield,48Blume,85Boeckh,62Boehmer,143Boeschenstein,119Boethius,63,70-73,83-90Boissière,63Bombelli,81Bonaini,128Boncompagni,5,6,10,48,49,123,125Borghi,59Borgo,119Bougie,130Bowring, J.,56Brahmagupta,52Brāhmaṇas,12,13Brāhmī,19,20,31,83Brandis, J.,54Bṛhat-Saṃhita,39,44,78Brockhaus,43Bubnov,65,84,110,116Buddha, education of,15,16Büdinger,110Bugia,130Bühler, G.,15,19,22,31,44,49Burgess,25Bürk,13Burmese numerals,36Burnell, A. C.,18,40Buteo,61
Babylonian numerals,28
Babylonian zero,51
Bacon, R.,131
Bactrian numerals,19,30
Bæda,2,72
Bagdad,4,96
Bakhṣālīmanuscript,43,49,52,53
Ball, C. J.,35
Ball, W. W. R.,36,131
Bāṇa,44
Barth, A.,39
Bayang inscriptions,39
Bayer,33
Bayley, E. C.,19,23,30,32,52,89
Beazley,75
Bede,seeBæda
Beldomandi,137
Beloch, J.,77
Bendall,25,52
Benfey, T.,26
Bernelinus,88,112,117,121
Besagne,128
Besant, W.,109
Bettino,36
Bhandarkar,18,47,49
Bhāskara,53,55
Biernatzki,32
Biot,32
Björnbo, A. A.,125,126
Blassière,119
Bloomfield,48
Blume,85
Boeckh,62
Boehmer,143
Boeschenstein,119
Boethius,63,70-73,83-90
Boissière,63
Bombelli,81
Bonaini,128
Boncompagni,5,6,10,48,49,123,125
Borghi,59
Borgo,119
Bougie,130
Bowring, J.,56
Brahmagupta,52
Brāhmaṇas,12,13
Brāhmī,19,20,31,83
Brandis, J.,54
Bṛhat-Saṃhita,39,44,78
Brockhaus,43
Bubnov,65,84,110,116
Buddha, education of,15,16
Büdinger,110
Bugia,130
Bühler, G.,15,19,22,31,44,49
Burgess,25
Bürk,13
Burmese numerals,36
Burnell, A. C.,18,40
Buteo,61
Calandri,59,81Caldwell, R.,19Calendars,133Calmet,34Cantor, M.,5,13,30,43,84Capella,86Cappelli,143Caracteres,87,113,117,119Cardan,119Carmen de Algorismo,11,134Casagrandi,132Casiri,8,10Cassiodorus,72Cataldi,62Cataneo,3Caxton,143,146Ceretti,32Ceylon numerals,36Chalfont, F. H.,28Champenois,60Characters,seeCaracteresCharlemagne,103Chasles,54,60,85,116,122,135Chassant, L. A.,142Chaucer,121Chiarini,145,146Chiffre,58Chinese numerals,28,56Chinese zero,56Cifra,120,124Cipher,58Circulus,58,60Clichtoveus,61,119,145Codex Vigilanus,138Codrington, O.,139Coins dated,141Colebrooke,8,26,46,53Constantine,104,105Cosmas,82Cossali,5Counters,117Courteille,8Coxe,59Crafte of Nombrynge,11,87,149Crusades,109Cunningham, A.,30,75Curtze,55,59,126,134Cyfra,55
Calandri,59,81
Caldwell, R.,19
Calendars,133
Calmet,34
Cantor, M.,5,13,30,43,84
Capella,86
Cappelli,143
Caracteres,87,113,117,119
Cardan,119
Carmen de Algorismo,11,134
Casagrandi,132
Casiri,8,10
Cassiodorus,72
Cataldi,62
Cataneo,3
Caxton,143,146
Ceretti,32
Ceylon numerals,36
Chalfont, F. H.,28
Champenois,60
Characters,seeCaracteres
Charlemagne,103
Chasles,54,60,85,116,122,135
Chassant, L. A.,142
Chaucer,121
Chiarini,145,146
Chiffre,58
Chinese numerals,28,56
Chinese zero,56
Cifra,120,124
Cipher,58
Circulus,58,60
Clichtoveus,61,119,145
Codex Vigilanus,138
Codrington, O.,139
Coins dated,141
Colebrooke,8,26,46,53
Constantine,104,105
Cosmas,82
Cossali,5
Counters,117
Courteille,8
Coxe,59
Crafte of Nombrynge,11,87,149
Crusades,109
Cunningham, A.,30,75
Curtze,55,59,126,134
Cyfra,55
Dagomari,146D'Alviella,15Dante,72Dasypodius,33,67,63Daunou,135Delambre,54Devanāgarī,7Devoulx, A.,68Dhruva,49Dicæarchus of Messana,77Digits,119Diodorus Siculus,76Du Cange,62Dumesnil,36Dutt, R. C.,12,15,18,75Dvivedī,44
Dagomari,146
D'Alviella,15
Dante,72
Dasypodius,33,67,63
Daunou,135
Delambre,54
Devanāgarī,7
Devoulx, A.,68
Dhruva,49
Dicæarchus of Messana,77
Digits,119
Diodorus Siculus,76
Du Cange,62
Dumesnil,36
Dutt, R. C.,12,15,18,75
Dvivedī,44
East and West, relations,73-81,100-109Egyptian numerals,27Eisenlohr,28Elia Misrachi,57Enchiridion Algorismi,58Eneström,5,48,59,97,125,128Europe, numerals in,63,99,128,136Eusebius Caesariensis,142Euting,21Ewald, P.,116
East and West, relations,73-81,100-109
Egyptian numerals,27
Eisenlohr,28
Elia Misrachi,57
Enchiridion Algorismi,58
Eneström,5,48,59,97,125,128
Europe, numerals in,63,99,128,136
Eusebius Caesariensis,142
Euting,21
Ewald, P.,116
Fazzari,53,54Fibonacci,seeLeonardo of PisaFigura nihili,58Figures,119.Seenumerals.Fihrist,67,68,93Finaeus,57Firdusī,81Fitz Stephen, W.,109Fleet, J. C.,19,20,49Florus,80Flügel, G.,68Francisco de Retza,142François,58Friedlein, G.,84,113,116,122Froude, J. A.,129
Fazzari,53,54
Fibonacci,seeLeonardo of Pisa
Figura nihili,58
Figures,119.Seenumerals.
Fihrist,67,68,93
Finaeus,57
Firdusī,81
Fitz Stephen, W.,109
Fleet, J. C.,19,20,49
Florus,80
Flügel, G.,68
Francisco de Retza,142
François,58
Friedlein, G.,84,113,116,122
Froude, J. A.,129
Gandhāra,19Garbe,48Gasbarri,58Gautier de Coincy,120,124Gemma Frisius,2,3,119Gerber,113Gerbert,108,110-120,122Gerhardt, C. I.,43,56,93,118Gerland,88,123Gherard of Cremona,125Gibbon,72Giles, H. A.,79Ginanni,81Giovanni di Danti,58Glareanus,4,119Gnecchi,71,117Ġobār numerals,65,100,112,124,138Gow, J.,81Grammateus,61Greek origin,33Green, J. R.,109Greenwood, I.,62,119Guglielmini,128Gulistān,102Günther, S.,131Guyard, S.,82
Gandhāra,19
Garbe,48
Gasbarri,58
Gautier de Coincy,120,124
Gemma Frisius,2,3,119
Gerber,113
Gerbert,108,110-120,122
Gerhardt, C. I.,43,56,93,118
Gerland,88,123
Gherard of Cremona,125
Gibbon,72
Giles, H. A.,79
Ginanni,81
Giovanni di Danti,58
Glareanus,4,119
Gnecchi,71,117
Ġobār numerals,65,100,112,124,138
Gow, J.,81
Grammateus,61
Greek origin,33
Green, J. R.,109
Greenwood, I.,62,119
Guglielmini,128
Gulistān,102
Günther, S.,131
Guyard, S.,82