James II., King of England,54,410overthrow imperative,468Janus,519;book on Ultramontane ideal,511,513Jefferson, Thomas, President, U.S.A.,579irreligion of,585Jesuit attitude to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,1,127,147,148Jesuits, the, and infallibility,498and preparations for Vatican Council,497-98Jews,see alsoIsraelitestreatment of, by Catholics,169;and by Protestants,164,179Joachim, Abbot, and his work,560Joan of Arc,552;authorities on, not consulted by Lea,558John Of Salisbury,45;reputed author of theHistoria Pontificalis,559Joubert, on authority of the Church,463Judæ, Leo, views of, as to persecution,174Julian, apostate, reasons for persecution by,196Julius Cæsar, conversion by, of Roman republic into monarchy,15Jürgens, his estimate of Luther,161Justification by faith, dogma of, as test of orthodoxy,158Justin, summit reached by,406Justinian, code of, greatest obstacle to liberty next to feudalism,79on the absolute authority of the Roman Emperor,31Kolde, effect of works of,408Kampschulte, effect of works of,408Kant, Immanuel,594Kaulbach, pictorial ridicule of Döllinger'sReformation,411Kenrick, on Papal infallibility,540,544Ketteler, W.E. von, Döllinger's lectures praised by,381on Papal infallibility,540,544Kings, status of, in England, Canning on,583-84Kirchmann on political ethics,222citedon the adoption of Machiavelli's policy,227-28Klein. J.L.,citedon Machiavelli's moral purpose,229Kleutgen, garbled version of Strossmayer's protest,542Kliefoth, influence on Döllinger,389work on penitential system,381Knowledge, growth of, freedom of, in the Church,461Knox, John,44"Monstrous Regiment of Women,"45Laboulaye, indictment against democracy,93Labour, supremacy of English nation in art of,60Lacordaire, Henry, advice of, ignored by Montalembert,400citedon political honesty,220Döllinger antagonistic to,401on St. Dominic,428Lafayette,590La Farina, tribute to Machiavelli,226Lamennais and the Church, condemnation and fall, and cause of the latter,398,465,466-73conflict with Rome,462-473classed as Ultramontane,451endeavours of, to exalt Rome,463-4intercourse of, with Döllinger,398and the idea of development,591,593theory of common sense,593Land question, the great difficulty in Ireland,236Languedoc, work in, of St. Dominic,553Lanza,509La Roche-sur-Yon, on the resolutions of the conference of Bayonne,108¬esLarroque, Tamizey de, rejection by, of Arnaud's speech at Beziers,567Lasaulx, Ernst von, estimation of,405Lassalle, Ferdinand, on collective thought,585Laurent,590;Döllinger's praise of,417citedon Machiavelli's doctrines, followed by detractors,226Laval, Bishop of, opposition of, at Vatican Council,522Lavradeo, Count de, Portuguese ambassador to Vatican Council,507Lavaur, fate of Albigenses at,556Law, custom and national qualities, not will of government, makers of,58mediæval opinions on,258in relation to the will of the people, Vergniaud on,276Laws (see alsoLegal system), divine origin of,22of realm, Socratic view that they were only sure guide of conduct,18view of Ghibelline writers respecting,37view of Guelph writers respecting,36Lay representation on Vatican Council, plans for,503-8Lea, Henry Charles,A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, review,551characteristics of,555,559,passim;as historical writer,551League, the, Charles IX.'s refusal to join,129League, Holy, attempts to bring France into,113Le Blanc de Beaulieu on political expediency,225Lecoy de la Marche, collection,559Lee, murder of, note on,65Legal system, English, pioneer work in reform of, of Jeremy Bentham,3'Leges Barbarorum,' principle of, in respect to the Church,244Legislation, liberty independent of domain of,2Legitimate ruler, defence of, first cause of popular risings, 1813.,284Leibniz, Döllinger's gratitude to,393onIl Principe,228influence of, on Döllinger,381Leo I., Pope, and the suppression of heresy at any cost,571Leo X. (Medici), Pope, character of,378treatment of tyrant of Perugia,214Leo XIII., Pope, literary fruits of his liberality,573-4Leopold,401Lepanto, naval battle of,104;effect foiled by Charles IX.,105victory of, less dear to the Pope than the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,134Leti,cited,140Lewis XII., king of France, extermination of Vaudois of Provence by,217Lewis XIII., king of France, Döllinger's lenient estimate of,410Lewis XIV., king of France, death penalty by, indicted for disobedience to his will,48Döllinger's lectures on,433ordinance against Protestants,50as political assassin,410records of reign of,409secret treaty between, and Charles II.,53supreme among tyrants for bad use of his power,49;adulation bestowed on him sign of national subjection to absolutism,49L'Hôpital,126Liberal movement in Latin Europe, its objects,280-81Liberalism, European,582-3Liberals, eighteenth century, their care only for the individual,273of the French Restoration, limitations of,282Liberty(see alsoFreedom), change in constitution not effected by, in Italy and Germany,225definition of,3and democracy,63essential condition and guardian of, religion,4essential to the subsistence of a country, Rousseau on,294failure of Protestant systems to secure,181influences of Christianity on,203Luther's attitude to,156and property, connection between,54realisation of, on what depended,288reconciled to religion, dispute concerning,467-9theory of, as regards nationality,289religion and nationality, causes united in revolutions after 1815.,284sacrificed to unity, by Machiavelli,229views on, of Hegel, and of Flint,596vulgar definition of,580Liberty, American, Judge Cooley on,580civil and religious, point of unison between,151English, adversary of old despotic policy,276English, adversary of former despotic power,276municipal, vigorous growth of, in Belgium,38religious, definition of,151-2effect on, of State control,151-3in Maryland,187necessary conditions of,152-3not impossible,367Liddon, Canon, intimacy with Döllinger,416Liebig,377Lightfoot (Bishop of Durham), Church history of,418Lilburne, political writer in advance of his time,50;his enlightened ideas on democracy,83Limborch,563Lipsius, R.A., study of Machiavelli by,215Lisle, Ambrose de,423Littré,590Locke, John,54doctrine of resistance,54inconsistent ideas regarding liberty,53on rules of morality,221Lombard law of Frederick II., as affecting heretics,152,555,556Lombardy, the heresy of (Waldensian),559work of St. Dominic in,553Longpérier,cited, on Italy's adoption of Machiavelli's policy,227Lorraine, Cardinal of (Guise), on Anjou's hatred of Protestants and its consequences,105& noteapproval expressed by, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,140high position of,111;on his initiative in the Huguenot massacre, his praise of Charles IX.,112& note;complicity of, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,129-30quarrels with, of Ferralz,129;its reason, the Pope's attitude to him,130on the price of the Navarre marriage,128slain by Henry III., attitude of the Pope,121Louis XVI., king of France, policy of,57powerlessness of, to effect reform,85why he perished,280Louis Philippe, king of the French, his good opinion of republican government,56,90decline of his popularity,92Love of country, Bossuet on,294noteLow Countries(see alsoHollandandNetherlands), Alva's failure in,103Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Society of Jesus,113Luca, Cardinal de, proposed discussion of infallibility at Vatican Council denied by,518Reisach's deputy as president,534Lucchesini, sermon against Machiavelli,215Lucius, attack of, on Philo,419Luther, Martin,502attitude of, to the marriage difficulties of Henry VIII.,160and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse,160Döllinger's estimate of,397early utterances of, on toleration,153-5;his change of view,155influence of, on politics,81Möhler on,378persecuting principles involved in his system,164,590teaching of, wherein differing from that of Wycliffe and of Hus,271views of, on government,42;on polygamy,159,162;on the relations of Church and Slate,156,157-58,161-63,173,177,180;logical outcome of his theory,159;its inconsistency,162;work of, on the Civil Power,154¬e;citedon toleration of Anabaptists,157Lutheranattitude to heretics, gradual change in,154,157to Huguenots,145-6theory of persecution, political element in,172Lutheranism, decline of,327-9in Denmark,341description of,343-5national character of,319-320roused by abuses in the Church,495in Sweden,341Lyons, massacre of Huguenots at,119;news of, sent to Rome,132;horror aroused by, in Provence,144;letter from, on the massacres at that place,131Macaulay, T.B.,580historical limitation of,385injustice of Döllinger to,391-2opinion of, on Father Paul,432on the study of history,232Machiavelli, Niccolo (see alsoIl Principe), character of,225-6;its complexity,212-14crime of Catherine de' Medici not instigated by,216denouncement of, to Inquisition, by Muzio,214-15doctrine of,40,41;impulse given by, to absolutism,41influence on succeeding generations,40,41;political,49;held by rulers before and since,216-19;estimated by early historians,225-231ignorance of, displayed by great men,218-19indulgent views taken of methods of,224Medici patron and his daughter,122merits of, admitted by later historians,230-231methods of,225-6secret patriotism of, upheld by various historians,229-230in touch with reasoners and imitators, by theory of success,223zenith of power,225-7Mackintosh, Sir James, on constitutions,581Macmaster, on Hamilton's genius,581Madison, James,579on Hamilton's theory of government,581Maffei, on regicide,217Magdeburg, Archbishop of,temp.Gregory IX.,556Mai, Cardinal, as an editor,421Maimbourg,215Maine, Sir Henry, on theDroit du Seigneur,566-7Maistre, Count de, Ultramontane writer,451,468;on the authority of the Church,377and Lamennais's theory,593relation to Savigny,593exaggerations of,378influence on Döllinger,377interpreted by elder Windischmann,381rank of, as writer,417thoughts of, on Nationality,282¬eMalebranche,382Malvenda, authority on the Inquisition,554Mamachi, authority on the Inquisition,554Mandelot, Governor of Lyons, and the Huguenot massacres,119Manin, Daniele,287Manning, Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster, adviser of De Angelis,529on admission of papal infallibility by acknowledgment of supreme authority,543-4Manteuffel, administration of,283Manzoni on temporal power of Papacy,512Marat, madness of,401outcome of Rousseau's teaching on his policy,57,58Maret, book of, on Vatican Council plans,512,513opposition of, at Vatican Council,426and papal infallibility,528Mariana, rejoicing of, over the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,124citedon death of Henry III.,217Marini, as a compiler of history,387occasional removal of, fromIndex,215Marlborough, Duke of (the Great), character of,53Marseilles, Bishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees,549Marsilius of Padua, the Ghibelline,views of, on power and persecution,561-2citedon the relation of kings to the people,37Marshall, John,579;and the development of the American Constitution,581Martens,427Martensen, Bishop, estimate of Döllinger,434tribute to Baader's powers,376Martineau, Dr., and Mill's opinion of results as test of actions,223Mary Tudor, Queen of England,410Maryland, religious history of,187Massachusetts, history of, contrasted with that of Maryland,187Massacre, the, of St. Bartholomew,101defects in plan and execution of, as judged by immediate results,106;sources of the same,117defence of, on political grounds,218Döllinger's work on,430-31evidence concerning, how dealt with, difficult of access,101;best existing sources,102motive inspiring its chief author,121question of numbers slain in,106,137question of premeditation of, contemporary view,106;modern view,107;evidence in support of the former,107et seq.results anticipated from,69;Philip II.,123;view not stated by Alva,124Massillon, Jean-Baptiste,citedon retribution,220Mathieu, Cardinal, share in elections to Commission of Dogma,529,530,532Matter, cited on Machiavelli's influence on liberty,227Maurenbrecher, rank of Döllinger estimated by,386Maurer, Conrad, at Döllinger's house,405Maximillian II., Emperor, information sent to, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,107opinion of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,144toleration of,105urged to follow example of Charles IX.,134¬eMay, Sir Erskine,Democracy in Europe, by,61Mazade, influence on Döllinger,434Mazzini, Giuseppe, association of, with the growth of the idea of Nationality,286association of his revolutionary ideas with conservatism of Niebuhr,59on Machiavelli's politics,219proclaimer of Nationality,273profane criticism by,218Mazzuchelli,114Mechlin, Archbishop of, reply to the Bishop of Orleans by,537Medici, Cosmo de', patron of Machiavelli, father of Catherine,122family of, in disfavour under Paul III.,214Machiavelli not countenanced by followers of,214Mediæval writers on law and right,258Melanchthon, Philip, his theory of persecution,164-170views of, on polygamy, and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse,160¬eon religious assassination,325cited onCromwell's death,217Memorandum of the Powers,183;on temporal power,366Menabrea, circular of, on representation of Vatican Council,509Mendoça, praise of those concerned in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,124Mentz, Bishop of, belief in infallibility doctrine,518Mérode,414Metternich, Prince,283;attitude of, to Nationality,285Metz, Bishop of, repudiation of Döllinger's declaration,538Mexico, nationality in,245-46Meyer, Paul, on the Council of Arles,565Michelet, Jules, Flint compared to,596citedon human action as interpreter of God's commands,223on Machiavelli,213influence on Döllinger,433Döllinger's study of,421Michiel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador,109;on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,110Middle Ages, authority of State inadequate in,4decline of religion in,595history of, reason for its unity,244political advances in,39persecution in,152,168revival of study of,390-91Middle Ages, The, A History of the Inquisition of, by Henry Charles Lea, review,551Mignet, Döllinger's praise of,